Authors
Department of Chemistry, Bayero University, P.M.B 3011, Kano-Nigeria.
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Methane concentrations in Kano municipality have been attributed to the burning of solid and fossil fuels and industrial processes. Using an automatic gas sampling system, methane in the Kano atmosphere was determined. Its distribution in the municipality was skewed towards high frequency of low concentration with a mean and standard deviation of 0.61 ± 0.39 µg/m3. Similarly the distribution in Sabon gari, Bata, Nassarawa and Hotoro were 0.41± 0.28; 0.58 ± 0.29; 0.46 ± 0.31 and 0.71 ± 0.49 µg/m3 respectively while BUK, City Brigade, Kurna-Asabe and other residential areas were (0.54 ± 0.45, 0.74 ± 0.46; 0.61 ± 0.34; 0.78 ± 0.40 µg/m3) respectively. The industrial areas did not show significant variations from each other as in the residential areas.
REFERENCES
Alan, W. (1988) Air Pollution and acid rain: The Biological Impact. Longman Scientific and Technical. John-Wiley and sons Inc. New York. pp.167-168.
Ayodele, J.T and Ahmed, A. (2001) Monitoring air pollution in Kano municipalityby chemical analysis of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L) needles for sulphur. The Environmentalist 21, 145-151.
Ayodele, J.T. and Bernard, E. (2006) Hydrogen Sulphide in Kano Atmosphere. The Intergrator .1, 44-53.
Blake, D.R., Tyler, S.C., Makide, Y., Montague, D.C. and Rowland, F.S. (1982) Global increase in atmospheric methane concentrations between 1978 and 1980. Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 477-480.
Brook, E.J., Harder, S., Severinghaus, J., Steig E.J. and. Sucher, C.M. (2000): On the origin and timing of rapid changes in atmospheric methane during the last glacial period. Global Biogechem. Cycles, 14, 559-572.
Burgett, C.A. and Green, L.E. (1976) A totally automated gas chromatography system for carbon monoxide, methane and total hydrocarbon analysis. Am Lab.,8, 79-81.
Cao, M., Gregson, K. and Marshall, S. (1998) Global methane emission from wetlands 140 Methane in atmosphere and its sensitivity to climatic change. Atmos. Environ. 32, 3293-3299
Chameides, W.L., Liu, S.C. and Cicerone, R.J. (1977) Possible variations in atmospheric methane. J. Geophys. Res. 82, 1795-1798
Cooper, J.C., Birdseye, H.E. and Donnelthy, R.J. (1974) Cryogenic separation of methane from other hydrocarbons in air. Environ. Sci Technol. 8, 671-673.
Crutzen, P.J and Schmailzl, U (1983) Chemical budgets of the stratosphere .Plant, Space science. 31, 1009-1032
Ding, A. and Wang, M.X. (1996) A Model for methane emission from rice field and its application in southern China. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences. 13, 159-168.
Ehhalt, D.H. and Schmidt, U. (1978) Sources and sinks of atmospheric methane. Pure .Appl .Geophys. 116, 452-463. Ehhalt, D.H. (1998) Radical ideas. Science. 279, 1002-1003.
Ehhalt, D.H. (1999) Gas phase chemistry of the troposphere. Chapter 2 in “Global Aspects of Atmospheric Chemistry”, edited by Deutsche Bunsen-Gesellschaft fûr Physikalische Chemie e.V., R. Zellner guest editor, Darmstadt Steinkopff, New York, Springer, pp. 21-109.
Elsom, D.M. (1987) Atmospheric Pollution: causes ,effects and control policies. Basil Blackwell Inc. New York pp. 231
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (1985) Office of Toxic Substances. Methods for Assessing Exposure to Chemical Substances (draft) Vol i& II (Washington DC US EPA.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (1986) National air quality and emissions. Trends Report, 1984 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. US Environmental Protection Agency, 450/4, 86-001.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (2005) /25-05-2005/US-EPA/Methane/EP A-Home/Global Warming Home: assessed 17/12/2005.: http:www.epa.gov/methane
Finlayson-Pitts, B.J and Pitts Jr, J.N. (1986) Atmospheric Chemistry: Fundamentals and Experimental Techniques. John-Wiley and sons. New York.pp. 974-977.
Fung, I., John, J., Lerner, E., Matthews, M., Prather, L.P., Steele and. Fraser, P.J. (1991) Three-dimensional model synthesis of the global methane cycle. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 13033-13065.
Graedel, T.E. and McRae, J.E. (1980) On the possible increase of the atmospheric methane and carbon monoxide concentrations during the last decade. Geophys Res Lett. 7, 977.
Hall, I.W. (1977) Envronmental Management in China. A two part perspective. Part II: the cost benefits of mobilizing the masses against waste. China Geographer. 8, 37-56.
Heidt L.E and Ehhalt, D.H. (1980) Corrections of CH4 concentrations Measured prior to 1974. Geophys. Res. Lett. 7, 1023.
Hein, R., Crutzen, P.J. and Heinmann, M. (1997). An inverse modeling approach to investigate the global atmospheric methane cycle. Global Bogeochem. Cycle. 11, 43-76.
Herman, J.R and McQuillan, R.J. (1985) Atmospheric chlorine and stratospheric ozone. Nonlinearities and trends. J. Geophys Res. 90, 5721.
Howard S.P., Donald, R., Rowe, R., Thobanoglous, G. (1985) Environmental Engineering, McGraw- Hill, Inc. pp. 417-440
Houghton, J.T. (1991) Scientific assessment of climate change: summary of the IPCC working Group1. In Jager, J and Ferguson, H,L. (Eds) Climate change: science,impacts and policy.Proceedings of the Second World Climate Conference. Cambridge University Press, pp. 23-45.
Houghton, J.T., Jenkins, G.J. and Emhraums S.J.J. (Eds) (1990) Climate change. IPCC scientific assessment (report prepared for IPCC by Working Group1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Houghton, J.T., Callender, B.A. and Vaney, S.K. (1992) Climate change 1992: the supplementary report to IPCC scientific assessment. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.
Houweling, S., Dentener, F. and Lelieved, J. (1998) The impact of non-methane hydrocarbon compounds on tropospheric photochemistry.J.Geophys.Res. 103,10673- 10696.
Houweling, S., Kaminski, T., Dentener, F. and Lelieved, J. (1999) Inverse Modeling of Methane sources and sinks using the adjoint of a global transport model. J.Geophys.Res. 104, 26137-26160
IPCC (Intergovernmental panel On Climate Change) (2001) Third Assessment Report: Contributions of IPCC Working Groups. Summaries for Policymakers and Technical Summaries from the three Working Group reports: A Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Bert Metz, Ogunlade Davidson, Jan-Willem Martens, Sascha Van Rooijen, and Laura Van Wie Mcgrory (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 432
Leggett, D.C., Murrwann, R.P., Jenkini, T.J. and Barriers, R. (1972) US N.T.I.S AD Rep. 745125
Logan, J.A., Prather, M.J., Wofsy, S.C. and McElroy, M.B. (1981) Tropospheric chemistry: A Global prspective J. Geophys Res. 86, 7210.
Lelieveld, J.P., Crutzen and Dentener, F.J. (1998) Changing concentration, lifetime and climate forcing of atmospheric methane. Tellus, 50B, 128-150
Marland, G. and Rotty, R.M (1985) Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere: What do we know? J. Air, Pollut. Control. Assoc., 35, 1033.
McDonald, P.I. (1975) New policies for control of environmental pollution in China. Solid Wastes. 65, 543-545.
Miller, G.T. (1990) Living in the environment: An introduction to environmental Science. Belmont: Wadsworth Moiser, A.R., Duxbury, J.M., Freney, J.R., Heinemeyer, O., Minami, K. and Johnson, D.E. (1998) Mitigating agricultural emissions of methane. Climate Change. 40, 39-40.
Morrison, R.F. and Boyd, R.N. ( 2001) Organic Chemistry 6th ed. Prentice Hall,Indi,New Delhi pp. 39-46.
Neue, H.U. and Sass, R. (1998) The budget of methane from rice fields. IG activities News letter. 12, 3-11.
NAPCA (National Air Pollution Control Administration (1970) Air Quality Criteria for Hydrocarbon, Pub. no. AP-6-3 Superintendent of Documents U.S Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
Olivier, J.G.J., Bouwman, A.F., Berdowski, J.J.M., Veldt, C., Bloos, J.P.J., Visschedijk, A.J.H., Vander Mass, C.W.M. and Zasndveld, C.M.P.Y.J. (1999) Sectoral emissions of greenhouse gases for 1990 on a per country basis as well as on 1x1. Environ. Sci. Policy. 2, 241-263.
Petit, J.R., Jouzel, D., Raynaud, N.I., Barkov, J.M., Barnola, I., Basile, M., Bender, J., Chappellaz, D.G., Delaygue, M., Delmotte, V.M., Kotlyakov, M., Legrand, V.Y., Lipenkov, C., Lorius, L., Pepin, C., Ritz, E., Saltzman and Stievenard, M. (1999) Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature, 399, 429-436.
Ramanathan,V., Cicerone,R.J., Singh, H.B. and Kiehl, J.T. (1985) Trace gas Trends and their potential role in climate change. J. Geophys Res., 90, 5547-5566.
Rasmussen, R.A. and Khalil, M.A.K. (1981) Atmospheric methane (CH4): Trends and seasonalcycles. J. Geophys Res. 86, 9826- 9832.
Rasmussen, R.A. and Khalil, M.A.K. (1983) Global Production of Methane by termites. Nature. 301, 700-702.
Sass, R.L., Fisher Jr, F.M., Ding, A. and Huang, Y. (1999) Exchange of methane from rice fields: National, regional, and global budgets. J. Geophys Res. 104, 26943- 26951.
Thomas, G. (1993) The origin of methane (and oil) in the crust of the earth. United States Geological Surveys, Professional paper 1570, the future of energy gases.
Wang, Y. and Shangguan, X. (1996) CH4 emission from various rice fields in Peoples. Repubic of China. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 55, 129-138.
Wang, W.C., Yung, Y.L., Lacis, A.A., Mo, T. and Hansen, J.E. (1976) Green effects due to manmade perturbations of trace gas. Science. 194, 685.
Wang, Y., Logan, J.A. and Jacob, D.J. (1998) Global simulation of tropospheric O3- NOX- hydrocarbon chemistry.2-Model evaluation and global ozone budget, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 10727-10755.
Warr, K. (1991) The ozone layer. In: Smith, P.M. and Warr, K. (Eds.) Global Environmental Issues, Milton, Keynes: Open University Press. pp. 121-171.
Zimmerman, P.R., Greenberg, J.P., Wandiga, S.O. and Crutzen, P.J. (1982) Termites a potentially large source of atmospheric methane, carbon dioxide and molecular hydrogen, Science, 218, 563-565.
Keywords