Development of resistance to fungicides in wheat leaf rust, Puccinia triticina and control strategies

Document Type : Reviewers

Authors

1 Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zh. Zhiembayev, Almaty, Kazakhstan

2 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

3 Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zh. Zhiembayev, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

4 Shakarim State University of Semey, Kazakhstan

Abstract

Wheat leaf rust, caused by the obligate parasite Puccinia triticina, is one of the most destructive and widespread diseases of cereal crops worldwide, leading to substantial yield losses and deterioration of grain quality. The increasing frequency of epidemic outbreaks, exacerbated by climate change and agricultural intensification, highlights the vulnerability of modern agroecosystems and necessitates the adoption of sustainable plant protection strategies. For decades, chemical fungicides have remained the primary method of disease control; however, their intensive and repeated use has imposed strong selection pressure on pathogen populations, resulting in the emergence of fungicide resistance and reduced treatment efficacy. This review synthesizes current knowledge on fungicide classification and modes of action, examines the mechanisms driving resistance development and spread, and summarizes regional data on pathogen sensitivity to major fungicide classes. Particular attention is given to integrated disease management approaches, including agronomic practices, rotation of active ingredients with different modes of action, use of biological control agents, and innovative biotechnological solutions aimed at reducing environmental impacts and enhancing the long-term resilience and sustainability of agroecosystems.

Keywords

References

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Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
Volume 24, Issue 4
October 2026
Pages 1299-1309

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