Scale deformities in three species of the genus Garra (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Developmental Biosystematics Research Laboratory, Zoology Section, Department of Biology, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract

Different types of scale deformities have been reported from fishes worldwide, however there is no available study on the abnormal scales in the genus Garra except for G. variabilis. In the present study, scale deformities of three species of Garra including G. rufa, G. persica and Garra sp. from 6 sites of the Iranian drainages were examined and described. Different deformations were observed in focus, anterior, posterior and lateral sides of scales in the studied species, showing both slight and severe abnormalities. The occurrence of twin scales was one of the most interesting cases among various types of scale deformities observed on G. persica and Garra sp. Genetic disorders, diseases (including infection and lesions), developmental anomalies, incomplete regeneration after wounding, physical, and chemical environmental variables including pollutions might be considered as potential factors for scale abnormalities remained to be investigated.

Keywords


Agassiz, L 1833, Recherches sur les Poissons Fossils, Neuchatel: Petitpierre. 252 p.
Bendoy, CP, Torres, MAJ & Demayo, CG 2011, Image analysis of fish intraspecific scale variations, in Proceedings of the First International Conference on Interdisciplinary Research and Development, Bangkok, Thailand, 73.1-73.8.
Bereiter-Hahn, J & Zylberberg, L 1993, Regeneration of teleost fish scale. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 105: 625-641.
Blaustein, AR & Johnson, PTJ 2003, The complexity of deformed amphibians. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1: 87-94.
Corrales, J, Nye, LB, Baribeau, S, Gassman, NJ & Schmale MC 2000, Characterization of scale abnormalities in pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides, from Biscayne Bay, Florida. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 57: 205–220.
Currey, NA, Benko, WI, Yaru, BT & Kabi R 1992, Determination of heavy metals, arsenic and selenium in Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) from Lake Murray, Papua New Guinea. Science of the Total Environment, 125: 305-320.
Esmaeili, HR 2001, Biology of an exotic fish, silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val., 1844) from Gobindsagar Reservoir, Himachal Pradesh, India, PhD Dissertation, Panjab University, India. 287 p.
Esmaeili, HR, Gholamifard, A, Zarei, N & Arshadi, A 2012, Scale structure of a cyprinid fish, Garra rossica (Nikol’skii 1900) using scanning electron microscope (SEM),  Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transaction A: Science, 4: 487-492.
Esmaeili, HR, Hojat Ansari, T & Teimory, A 2007, Scale structure of a cyprinid fish, Capoeta damascina (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1842) using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transaction A: Science, 31: 255-262.
Esmaeili, HR, Sayyadzadeh, G, Coad, BW & Eagderi, S 2016, Review of the genus Garra Hamilton, 1822 in Iran with description of a new species: a morpho-molecular approach (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 3: 82- 121.
Esmaeili, HR, Sayyadzadeh, Eagderi, S, Abbasi, K 2018, Checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran. FishTaxa, 3: 1-95.
Froese, R, & Pauly, D., (Eds.), FishBase. http://www.fishbase.org, 2017, Cited December 2, 2018.
Heintz, RA, Rice, SD, Wertheimer, AC, Bradshaw, RF, Thrower, FP, Joyce, JE & Short, JW 2000, Delayed effects on growth and marine survival of Onchorhynchus gorbuscha pink salmon after exposure to crude oil during embryonic development. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 208: 205-216.
Helfman, GS, Collette, BB, Facey, DE & Bowen, BW 2009. The diversity of fishes: Biology, Evolution and Ecology, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Oxford. 736 p.
Jawad, LA 2005, Scale deformities in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, (Actinopterygii: Cichlidae) From Sudan. Acta Ichthyologica Et Piscatoria, 35: 61-63.
Jawad, LA, Ibáñez AL, Sadighzadeh, Z, Näslund, J &  Ünlü, E 2017, Scale deformity descriptions for 23 species of fish, from various geographical areas and habitats. Marine and Freshwater Research, 69: 313-324.
Jawad, LA & Ibrahim, M 2017, On some cases of fish anomalies in fishes from the port of Jubail, Saudi Arabia, Arabian Gulf. International Journal of Marine Science, 7: 188-199.
Jawad, LA, Näslund, J, Rutkayová, J, Nebesářová, J, Beneš, K, Wagnerová, P, Didenko, A & Park, JM 2018, Catalogue of morphological scale deformities from 13 species of freshwater fish from the Kaniv Reservoir (Dnieper), Ukraine. Marine and Freshwater Research, 69: 1569-1594.
Johal, MS, Tandon, KK & Sandhu, GS 1999, Age and growth of an endangered cold-water fish golden mahseer Tor putitora (Hamilton) from Gobindsagar, Himachal Pradesh, India, Ichthyology: recent research advances, 59-73.
Khanna, DR, Sarkar, P, Gautam, A & Bhutiani, R 2007, Fish scales as bio-indicator of water quality of River Ganga. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 134: 153-160.
Mookerjee, S 1948, An atypical scale of Sciaena coitor (Hamilton). Nature, 161: 64-65.
Mousavi-Sabet, H & Eagderi, S 2016, Garra lorestanensis, a new cave fish from the Tigris River drainage with remarks on the subterranean fishes in Iran (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). FishTaxa, 1: 45-54.
Pichavant, K, Person-Le Ruyet, J, LeBayon, N, Sévère, A, Le Roux, A, Quémèner, L,  Maxime, V, Nonnotte, G & Boeuf, G 2000, Effects of hypoxia on growth and metabolism of juvenile turbot. Aquaculture, 188: 103-114.
Poppe, TT, Hellberg, H, Griffiths, D & Meldal H 1997, Swimbladder abnormality in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Disease of Aquatic Organisms, 30: 73-76.
Romeo, M 1987, Trace metals in fish Roe from the Maritania Coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 18:: 507-508.
Sayyadzadeh, G, Esmaeili, HR & Freyhof, J 2015, Garra mondica, a new species from the Mond River drainage with remarks on the genus Garra from the Persian Gulf basin in Iran (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa, 4048: 75–89.
Hashemzadeh, S, Abdoli, A, Eagderi, S, Esmaeili, HR, Sayyadzadeh, G, Bernatchez, L, Hallerman, E, Geiger, MF, Özulug, M, Laroche J & Freyhof J 2017, Dressing down: convergent reduction of the mental disc in Garra (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in the Middle East. Hydrobiologia, 785: 47-59.
Sindermann, CJ 1996, Ocean pollution: effects on living resources and humans, CRC Press: Boca Raton, 275 pp.
Sire, JY 1986, Ontogenic development of surface ornamentation in the scales of Hemichromis bimaculatus (Cichlidae). Journal of Fish Biology, 28: 713-724.
Smith, ME & Fuiman, LA 2004, Causes of growth depensation in red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, larvae. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 66: 49–60.
Teimori, A 2016, Scanning electron microscopy of scale and body morphology as taxonomic characteristics of two closely related cyprinid species of genus Capoeta Valenciennes, 1842 in southern Iran. Current Science, 111: 1214–1219.
Vignon, M, Morat, F, Galzin, R & Sasal, P 2008, Evidence for spatial limitation of the bluestripe snapper Lutjanus kasmira in French Polynesia from parasite and otolith shape analysis. Journal of Fish Biology, 73: 2305-2320.
Yamada, J 1961, Studies on the structure and growth of the scales in the goldfish. Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University, 9: 181-226.
Yazdan, K, Nezamoleslami, A & Dorafshan S 2015, Morphological diversity of Garra rufa (Heckel 1843) populations in Iran. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 2: 148-154.
Yazdan, K, Nezamoleslami, A & Dorafshan S & Eagderi, S 2016, Length-weight and length-length relationships in populations of Garra rufa from different rivers and basins of Iran. International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 3: 409-413.
Yedier S, Kontaş S, Bostancı D & Polat N 2016, Otolith and scale morphologies of doctor fish (Garra rufa) inhabiting Kangal Balıklı Çermik thermal spring Sivas, Turkey. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 15: 1593-1608.
Yu, RMK, Chen, EXH, Kong, RYC, Ng, PKS, Mok, HOL & Au, DWT 2006, Hypoxia induces telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene expression in non-tumor fish tissues in vivo: the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) model. BMC Molecular Biology, 7: 27.