The psychological properties of the Arabic BDI-II and the psychological state of the general Moroccan population during the mandatory quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Plant Protection Team, Laboratory of Health and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Meknes, University My Ismail Meknes. Morocco

2 LC2AME, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed 1st University, Morocco

3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates

4 Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agrifood and Health, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Faculty of Sciences Fez, Morocco

Abstract

The main objective of this work is to study the psychological impact (stress and depression) of the mandatory quarantine applied on the Moroccan population in order to limit the spread of the new coronavirus (COVID-19), then the study of the psychometric properties of the Arab BDI-II in the general Moroccan population. 263 respondents were asked to respond to a BDI-II and PSS-10 socio-demographic questionnaire conducted during the first month of quarantine. 55.9% of the respondents were in a normal state of stress and 36.1% in a moderate state. However, 38.4% and 27.8% exhibited minimal and severe depression respectively. The results of factor analysis with the varimax rotation method revealed three factors predicting 55.56% of the total variance of BDI-II, while two factors predicting 60.97% of the total variance of PSS-10. Cronbach's alpha values for BDI and PSS-10 were α = 0.93 and α = 0.58 respectively. In conclusion, the BDI-II is a reliable and valid assessment for measuring symptoms of depression in the general Moroccan population and also very important to pay more attention to the side effects of mandatory quarantine.   

Keywords


  • Adewuya, AO, Ola, BA & Aloba, OO 2007, Prevalence of major depressive disorders and a validation of the beck depression inventory among Nigerian adolescents. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 16: 287-292.

    Al-Musawi, NM 2001, Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with university students in Bahrain. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77: 568-579.

    Azocar, F, Areán, P, Miranda, J & Muñoz, RF 2001, Differential item functioning in a Spanish translation of the Beck Depression Inventory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57: 355-365.

    Bao, Y, Sun, Y, Meng, S, Shi, J & Lu, L 2020, 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society, The Lancet, 395: e37–e38.

    Beck, A, Steer, RA & Brown, GK 1996, Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) | Men’s Health Initiative TX: Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, retrieved May 13, 2020, from <https://www.brown.edu/academics/public-health/research/mens-health-initiative/bdiii>.

    Beck, AT, Steer, RA & Carbin, MG 1988, Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation, Clinical Psychology Review, 8: 77-100.

    Bellinghausen, L, Collange, J, Botella, M, Emery, J-L & Albert, É 2009, Validation factorielle de l’échelle française de stress perçu en milieu professionnel, Santé Publique, 21: 365.

    Ben Loubir, D, Serhier, Z, Battas, O, Agoub, M & Bennani Othmani, M 2014, ‘Evaluation of psychometric properties of the Arabic version of PSS stress measuring scale in the Moroccan population’, SAGE Open, Vol. 4. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014564353

    Bendaif, H, Hammouti, B, Stiane, I, Bendaif, Y, El Ouadi, MA & El Ouadi, Y 2020, Investigation of spread of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in MOROCCO & estimated confinement duration to overcome the danger phase, Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 18: 149-156.

    Broadbent, AJ, Boonnak, K & Subbarao, K 2015, Chapter 59 - Respiratory Virus Vaccines, in: J Mestecky, W Strober, MW Russell, BL Kelsall, H Cheroutre, & BN Lambrecht (Eds.), Mucosal Immunology (4th Edition), Academic Press, Boston, pp. 1129–1170, retrieved April 20, 2020.

    Campos, R & Goncalves, B 2011, ‘The Portuguese version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) preliminary psychometric data with two nonclinical samples. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27: 258-264.

    Cohen, S 1988, Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States, in the social psychology of health, The Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology, Sage Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, US, pp. 31-67.

    Cohen, S, Kamarck, T & Mermelstein, R 1983, ‘A global measure of perceived stress, Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 24: 385-396.

    Covid19 Morocco 2020, The official portal of coronavirus in Morocco, retrieved May 19, 2020.

    Eurosurveillance Editorial 2020, Note from the editors: World Health Organization declares novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) sixth public health emergency of international concern, Eurosurveillance, 25: 200131e.

    Farah, L, Fayyad, JA, Eapen, V, Cassir, Y, Salamoun, MM, Tabet, CC, Mneimneh, ZN & Karam, EG 2009, ADHD in the Arab world: a review of epidemiologic studies. Journal of attention disorders, 13: 211-222.

    García-Batista, ZE, Guerra-Peña, K, Cano-Vindel, A, Herrera-Martínez, SX & Medrano, LA 2018, Validity and reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) in general and hospital population of Dominican Republic, PloS One, 13: e0199750.

    Ghareeb, AG 2000, Manual of the Arabic BDI-II., Cairo, Egypt, Angle Press.

    Gitchel, WD, Roessler, RT & Turner, RC 2011, ‘Gender effect according to item directionality on the perceived stress scale for adults with multiple sclerosis, Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 55: 20-28.

    Harris, CA & D’Eon, JL 2008, Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) in individuals with chronic pain, Pain, 137: 609-622.

    Hiroe, T, Kojima, M, Yamamoto, I, Nojima, S, Kinoshita, Y, Hashimoto, N, Watanabe, N, Maeda, T & Furukawa, TA 2005, Gradations of clinical severity and sensitivity to change assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japanese patients with depression, Psychiatry Research, 135: 229-235.

    Kojima, M, Furukawa, TA, Takahashi, H, Kawai, M, Nagaya, T & Tokudome, S 2002, Cross-cultural validation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japan, Psychiatry Research, 110: 291-299.

    Lee, E-H 2012, Review of the psychometric evidence of the Perceived Stress Scale. Asian Nursing Research, 6:  121-127.

    Limeres Posse, J, Diz Dios, P & Scully, C 2017, Chapter 4 - Viral diseases transmissible by kissing, in J Limeres Posse, P Diz Dios & C Scully (eds.), Saliva Protection and Transmissible Diseases, Academic Press, pp. 53-92, retrieved April 20, 2020.

    Moroccan Ministry of Health 2020, Launching the “Free Telemedicine” initiative to ease transportation to health institutions, http://www.covidmaroc.ma/, retrieved April 27, 2020.

    OIT Observation 2020, Observatoire de l’OIT: le COVID-19 et le monde du travail. 2e édition’, retrieved May 11, 2020.

    Quilty, LC, Zhang, KA & Bagby, RM 2010, The latent symptom structure of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in outpatients with major depression, Psychological Assessment, 22: 603-608.

    Rahat, M, Rahimi, C & Mohamadi, N 2012, Psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the obsessive compulsive beliefs questionnaire-44 in a student population, Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 7: 184190.

    Rajkumar, RP 2020, COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature, Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52: 102066.

    Reis, RS, Hino, AAF & Añez, CRR 2010, Perceived stress scale: Reliability and validity study in Brazil, Journal of Health Psychology, retrieved May 11, 2020.

    Rivera, CL, Bernal, G & Rosselló, J 2005, The Children Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI): Their validity as screening measures for major depression in a group of Puerto Rican adolescents’, International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 5: 485-498.

    Roy, D, Tripathy, S, Kar, SK, Sharma, N, Verma, SK & Kaushal, V 2020, Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety and perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic, Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51: 102083.

    Shigemura, J, Ursano, RJ, Morganstein, JC, Kurosawa, M & Benedek, DM 2020, Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations, Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74: 281-282.

    Smarr, KL & Keefer, AL 2011, ‘Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)’, Arthritis Care & Research, 63 Suppl. 11, pp. S454-466.

    Smith, KJ & Emerson, DJ 2014, An assessment of the psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS10) with a US public accounting sample, Advances in Accounting, 30: 309-314.

    Steer, RA, Ball, R, Ranieri, WF & Beck, AT 1999, Dimensions of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in clinically depressed outpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55: 117-128.

    Subica, AM, Fowler, JC, Elhai, JD, Frueh, BC, Sharp, C, Kelly, EL & Allen, JG 2014, ‘Factor structure and diagnostic validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adult clinical inpatients: comparison to a gold-standard diagnostic interview’, Psychological Assessment, 26: 1106-1115.

    Tbib24 2020, retrieved April 27, 2020.

    The official bulletin 6867 2020, Decree-Law No. 2.20.292 of 28 Rajab 1441 (23 March 2020) on the promulgation of specific provisions for the state of health emergency and the procedures for announcing it. The official bulletin" 6867", pp. 1782-1783.

    Uslu, RI, Kapci, EG, Oncu, B, Ugurlu, M & Turkcapar, H 2008, Psychometric properties and cut-off scores of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Turkish adolescents, Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 15: 225-233.

    Wang, C, Pan, R, Wan, X, Tan, Y, Xu, L, Ho, CS & Ho, RC 2020, Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,  17(5): 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729

    Wang, Y-P, Andrade, LH & Gorenstein, C 2005, Validation of the Beck Depression Inventory for a Portuguese-speaking Chinese community in Brazil, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 38: 399-408.

    WHO 2020a, WHO | pneumonia of unknown cause – China. WHO, retrieved April 19, 2020.

    WHO 2020b, ‘Rolling updates on coronavirus disease (COVID-19). retrieved May 27, 2020.

    Wu, SM & Amtmann, D 2013, Psychometric evaluation of the perceived stress scale in multiple sclerosis. International Scholarly Research Notices, Vol2013, Article ID 608356, 9 pages, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/608356.

    Xiao, C 2020, ‘A novel approach of consultation on 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)-related psychological and mental problems: Structured letter therapy. Psychiatry Investigation, 17: 175-176.

    • Yokokura, A, Silva, AA, Fernandes, J, Del-Ben, C, Figueiredo, F, Barbieri, M & Bettiol, H 2017, Perceived Stress Scale: Confirmatory factor analysis of the PSS14 and PSS10 versions in two samples of pregnant women from the BRISA cohort. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, Vol. 33 (12). DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00184615

    Zandifar, A & Badrfam, R 2020, Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51: 101990.