Ahmadi, M. R., Bazyar, A., Safi, S., Ytrestoyl, T., Bjerkeng, B., (2006) Effects of dietary astaxanthin supplementation on reproductive characteristics of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 22: 388-394.
AOAC., (1995) Official Methods for Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 14th edition. Arlington, VA, 1141 pp.
Beacham, T. D., Murray, C. B., (1990) Temperature, egg size, and development of embryos and alevins of five species of Pacific salmon: a comparative analysis. Transactions of theAmerican Fisheries Society. 119: 927-944.
Benjamin, J., Del Tito, Jr., (1988) Role of Beta-carotene and Lutein in the Synthesis of Vitamin A in Goldfish. The Progressive Fish Culturist. 45: 94-97.
Bjerkeng, B., Storebakken, T., Liaaen-Jensen, S., (2003) Pigmentation of rainbow trout from start feeding to sexual maturation. Aquaculture. 108: 333-346. Black, C. A., Scott, R. J.,
Bernards, M. A. (2013) Seasonal changes in carotenoid and lipid storage by threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 1-6.
Briers, R. A., Waterman, J. O., Galt, K., Campbell, R. N. (2013) Population differentiation and temporal changes of carotenoid pigments and stable isotope ratios in the offspring of anadromous and non-anadromous trout Salmo trutta. Ecology of Freshwater Fish. 22(1): 137-144.
Britton, G., Weesie, R. J., Askin, D., Warburton, J. D., Gallardo-Guerrero, L., Jansen, F. J., de Groot, H. J. M., J. Lugtenburg., (1997) Carotenoid blues:structure studies on carotenoproteins. Pure and Appllied Chemistry. 69: 2075-2084
Bromage, N.R., (1995) Broodstock management and seed quality - general considerations.In:
Bromage, N.R., Roberts, R.J. (Eds.), Broodstock Management and Egg and Larval Quality. Blackwell, London, pp. 1-24.
Brown, J.A., Minkoff, G., Puvanendran, V., (2003) Larviculture of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): progress, protocols and problems. Aquaculture. 227: 357-372.
Bruce, M., Oyen, F., Bell, J.G., Asturiano, J.F., Farndale, B., Carillo, M., Zanuy, S., Ramos, J., Bromage, N.R., (1999) Development of broodstock diets for the European sea bass (Dicnetrarchus labrax) with special emphasis on the importance of n−3 and n−6 highly unsaturated fatty acids to reproductive performance. Aquaculture. 177: 85-97.
Cheeseman, D.F., Lee, W.L., Zagalsky, P.F., (1967) Carotenoproteins in invertebrates. Biol. Rev. 42: 132-160.
Choubert, G., (1985) Effects of starvation and feeding on canthaxanthin depletion in the muscle of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich). Aquaculture. 46: 293-298.
Choubert, G., Manuel, M., Pinto, M., Morais, R.M., (2006) Pigmenting efficacy of Astaxanthin fed to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykis: Effect of dietary Astaxanthin and lipid sources. Aquaculture. 257: 429-436.
Christiansen, R., Torrissen, O.J., Struksnæs, G., and Esterman, R., (1995) The Effects of Dietary Supplementation...228 Astaxanthin deposition in the flesh of Atla-ntic salmon Salmo salar L., in relation to dietary astaxanthin concentration and feeding period. AquacultureNutrition. 1(2): 77- 84.
Craik, J.C.A., (1985) Egg quality and egg pigment content in salmonid fishes. Aquaculture. 47: 61-88. Dall, W., (1995) Carotenoid versus retinoids (Vitamin A) as essential growth factors in penaeid prawns (Penaeus semisulcatus). Marine Biology. 124: 209-213.
Deufel, J., (1965) Pigmentierungsversuche mit Canthaxanthin bei Regenbogenforellen. Archiv Fur Fischereiwissenschaft Stuttgart. 16: 125-132.
George, S.B., Lawrence, J.M., Lawrence, A.L., Smiley, J., Plank, L., (2001) Carotenoids in the adult diet enhance egg and juvenile production in the sea urchin (Lytechinus variegates). Aquaculture. 199: 353-369.
Georgiev, G. S., (1971) Carotenoids and vitamin A content in Salmo irideus eggs and their significance in the initial periods of theembryogenesis.
Folia Balcania. 2: 1-10. Graw, K.J., Adkins-Regan, E., Parker, R. S., (2005) Maternally derived carotenoid pigments affect offspring survival, sex ratio, and sexual attractiveness in a colorful songbird. Naturwissenschaften. 92: 375-380.
Hardy, R., (1985) Salmonid broodstock nutrition. In: Iwamoto, R., Sower, S. (Eds.), Salmonid Reproduction. Washington Sea Grant Programme, University of Washington, Seattle, 98-108. Harris, L.E., (1984)
Effects of a broodfish diet fortified with canthaxanthin on female fecundity and egg color. Aquaculture. 43: 179-183.Harrison, K.E., (1990). The role of nutrition in maturation, reproduction and embryonic development of decapod crustaceans: a review. Journal of Shellfish Research. 9: 1-28.
Harrison, K.E., (1997) Broodstock nutrition and maturation diets. In: Crustacean Nutrition, Vol. 6. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA, pp. 390-408. Hartmann, M., Medem, F. G., Kuhn, R., Bielig, H.-J., (1947) Untersuchungen uber die Befruchtungsstoffe der Regenbogenforelle. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung . 2b: 330-349.
Hata, M., and Hata, M. (1971) Carotenoi pigments i goldfish (Carassius auratus): I. Composition and distribution of carotenoids. International Journal of Biochemistry. 2(7): 11-19.
Heinimaa, S., Heinimaa, P., (2004) Effect of the female size on egg quality and fecundity of the wild Atlanti Salmon in the sub-arctic River tendo, Boreal. Environmental Research. 9: 55-62.
Huang, J.-H., Jiang, S.-G., Lin, H.-Z., Zhou, F.-L., Ye, L., (2008) Effects of dietary highlyunsaturated fatty acids and astaxanthin on the fecundity and lipid content of pond-reared Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) broodstock. AquacultureResearch. 39: 240-251.
Hubbs, C., and Stavenbagen, L., (1958) Effects of maternal carotenoid deficiency on theviahilit of darter Osteichthye sp offspring. Physiological Zoology. 31: 280-283.
Hubhs, C., and Strawn, K., (1957) Survival of F, hybrids between fishes of the subfamily Etheostominae. Journal of Experimental Zoology 134: 33-62.
Karnaukhov, V.N., (1971) Carotenoids in oxidative metabolism of molluscoid neurons. Experimentasl Cell Research. 64: 301-306. Karnaukhov, V.N., (1973). On the nature and function of yellow ageing pigment lipofuscin. Experimentasl Cell Research. 80: 479-483.
Karnaukhov, V.N., 1979. The role of filtrator molluscs rich in carotenoid in the selfcleaning of fresh waters. Symposia Biologica Hungarica. 19: 151-167.
Khara, H, Alijanpour, N, Fallah Shamsi, S. Z, Sattari, M, Amiri, k, Rahbar, M, Ahmadnezhad, M, (2012) Effects of water temperature and migration time on some fecundity indices and fertilization rate of female Kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum, migratory to Shiroud River in the southwest Caspian Sea. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences. 10: 9-14.
Levene, Howard (1960). Robust tests for equality of variances. In Ingram Olkin, Harold Hotelling, et al ia. Stanford University Press. pp. 278-292.
Tizkar et al., 229Linan-Cabello, M. A., Medina-Zendejas, R., Sanchez-Barajas, M.,Herrera, A. M., 2004. Effects of carotenoids and retinol in oocyte maturation of crayfish Cherax quadrucarinatus. Aquaculture Research. 35: 905-911.
Mandal, B., Mukherjee, A., Sarkar, S., Banerjee, S. (2012) Study on the Ornamental Fin Fish of Indian Sundarbans with Special Reference to Few Floral Sources for Carotenoid Pigmentation. World. 4(6): 566-576.
Miki, W., Yamaguchi, K., Konosu, S., Watanabe, T., (1984) Metabolism of dietary carotenoids in eggs of red sea bream. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 77BŽ4: 665-668.
Mikulin, A. Y., (2003): The influence of carotenoids contained in the eggs upon the offspring quality at artificial fish breeding. Proceedings book, Internat. Symp., Coldwater Aquaculture, 8-13,September 2003, St Petersburg, Russia, p. 72.
Mínguez-Mosquera, M.I., Pérez-Gálvez, A., Ga-rrido-Fernández J. 2000. Carotenoid content of the varieties Jaranda and Jazira (Capsicum annuumL.) and response during the industrial slow drying and grinding steps in paprika pro-cessing. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 48: 2972-2976.
Mousavi-Sabet, H, Kamali, A, Soltani, M, Bani, A, Rostami, H, (2012) Age, sex ratio, spawning season, gonadosomatic index, and fecundity of Cobitis faridpaki (Actinopterygii, Cobitidae) from the Siahrud River in the southeastern Caspian Sea basin. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences. 10: 15-23.
Mustafa, A., Turner C., (2011) Pressurized liquid extraction as a green approach in food and herbal plants extraction: A review. Analytica Chimica Acta. 703(1): 8-18. Page, G.I., Russell, P.M., Davies, S.J., (2005) Dietary carotenoid pigment supplementation influences hepatic lipid and mucopolysaccharide levels in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B. 142: 398-402.Page, GI., Davies, SJ., (2003) Hepatic carotenoid uptake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using an isolated organ perfusion model. Aquaculture. 225: 405-419.
Paibulkichakul, C., Piyatiratitivorakul, P., Sorgeloos, P., and Menasveta, P., (2008) Improved maturation of pond-reared, black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon.using fish oil and Astaxanthin feed supplements. Aquaculture. 282: 83-89.
Palace, V. P., Brown, S. B., Baron, C. L., Fitzsimons, J., Woodin, B., Stegeman, J. J.Klaverkamp, J. F., (1998) An evaluation of the relationships among oxidative stress,antioxidant vitamins and early mortality syndrome (EMS) of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Lake Ontario. Aquatic Toxicology. 43: 195-208.
Pavlov, D., Kjorsvik, E., Refsti, T., Anderson, O., (2004) Brood stock and egg production. In: Moksness, E., Kjorsvik, E., Olsen, Y. (Eds.), Culture of Cold-Water Marine Fish. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 129-203.
Pettersson, A., Lignell, A., (1999) Astaxanthin deficiency in eggs and fry of Baltic salmon (Salmo salar) with the M74 syndrome. AMBIO. 28: 43-47. Pingret, D., Fabiano-Tixier, A.S., Chemat, F. (2012) Accelerated Methods for Sample Preparation in Food. Comprehensive Sampling and Sample Preparation Analytical Techniques for Scientists. 4: 441-455.
Quantz, G., (1980) Uber den Einfluss von Carotinoidreichem Trockenfutter auf die Eibefruchtung der Regebogenforelle (Salmo gairdneri). Archiv Fur Fischereiwissenschaft Stuttgart. 31: 29-40.
Quinitio, E. T., Hara, A., Yamauchi, K., Fuji, A., (1990) Isolation and haracterization of vitellin from the ovary of Penaeus monodon. Invertebrate Reproduction & Development. 17: 221-227.
Salze, G., Tocher, D.R., Roy, W.J., Robertson, D.A., (2005) Egg quality eterminants in cod (Gadus morhua. L): egg performance and lipids in eggs from farmed and wild. Aquaculture Research. 36(15): 1488-1499.
Sawanboonchun, J., William,J., (2008) The impact of dietary supplementation with Astaxanthin on egg quality in Atlantic cod broodstock Gadus morhua Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK. Aquacultre. 283: 97-101. The Effects of Dietary Supplementation...230
Sokolowska, M., Peter, R E., Nahorniak, CS., Pan, CH., Chang, J P., Crim, LW., Weil, C., (1984) Induction of ovulation in goldfish, arassiusauratus, by pimozide and analogues of LHRH. Aquaculture. 36: 71-83.
Steven, D.M., (1948) Studies on animal carotenoids. I. Carotenoids of the brown trout Salmo trutta L. Journal of Experimental Biology. 25: 369-387.
Suhnel, S., Lagreze, F, Ferreira, J.F., Campestrini, L.H.and Maraschin, M.(2009) Carotenoid extraction from the gonad of the scallop Nodipecten nodosus(Linnaeus, 1758) (Bivalvia: Pectinidae).Brazilian Journal of Biology. 69: 209-215.Swingle, H.S., (1961)
Relationships of pH of pond waters to their suitability for fish culture. Proceedings of Pacific Science Congress. 10: 72-75. Torrissen, O.J., ( 1984) Pigmentation of salmonids effects of carotenoids in eggs and start feeding diet on survival and growth rate. Aquaculture. 43: 185-193.
Tsushima, M., Matsuno, T., (1998) The role of b-carotene on growth and survival of juvenile Japanese abalone Haliotis discus. Fisheries Science. 64: 660-661.
Tveranger, B., (1986) Effect of pigment content in broodstock diet on subsequent fertilization rate, survival and growth rate of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) offspring. Aquaculture. 53: 85-93.
Tyndale, S. T., Letcher, R. J., Heath, J. W. Heath, D. D., (2008)Why are salmon eggs red? Egg carotenoids and early life survival of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).Evolutionary Ecology Research. 10: 1187-1199.
Vassallo-Agius,. Imaizumi, R. H., Watanabe, T., Yamazaki, T., Satoh, S., Kiron, V., (2001) Effects of dry pellets containing astaxanthin and squid meal on the spawning performance of striped jack Pseudocaranx dentex. Fisheries Science. 67: 260.
Wallace, R.A., Walker, S.L., Hauschap,V., (1967) Crustacean lipovitellin,isolation and characterization of major high-density lipoproteine from eggs of decapods. Biochemistry. 6: 1582-1590.
Wallat, GK., Lazur, AM., Chapman, FA., (2005) Carotenoids of Different Types and Concentrations in Commercial Formulated Fish Diets Affect Color and Its Development in the Skin of the Red Oranda Variety of Goldfish. North American Journal of Aquaculture. 67: 42-51.
West, E. S., Todd, W. R., Mason, H. J., Van Bruggen, J. T., 1966. Textbook of biochemistry, 4th ed. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1595 pp.
Woodall, A.A., Lee, S.W., Weesie, R.J., Jackson, M.J., Britton, G., (1997) Oxidation of carotenoids by free radicals: relationship between structure and reactivity. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta.1336: 33-42.
Young A. J., Lowe, G. M., (2001) Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of carotenoids. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 385: 20-27. Zar, J. H., (1999) Biostatistical Analysis. 4th edn, Prentice Hall International Editions, New Jersey, 663 pp.
)