Abstract
Geometric morphometric method was used to examine body shape variations among all the seven valid species of the genus Alburnus in Iran. In total 409 specimens of A. chalcoides, A. filippii, A. atropatenae, A. caeruleus, A. mossulensis, A. hohenackeri and A. zagrosensis were collected from Babolrud, Baleqlu-Chai, Miriseh, Sarabeleh, Gamasiyab, Mahabad-Chai Rivers and the Gandoman lagoon, respectively. Shape data was extracted by recording 15 landmark points on 2-D pictures of specimens. The PCA, DFA and CVA/MANOVA analysis were used to examine shape differences among the seven species. Significant differences were found among the species in term of body shape. The PCA and CVA/MANOVA showed separation of A. hohenackeri and A. caeruleus from the others. Results revealed that the studied species are divided into two categories; a group with great body depth and short caudal peduncle and the other one with shallow body depth and longer caudal peduncle. The obtained body shape properties can provide a shape-based identification key for the genus Alburnus in Iran, useful for fisheries and stock management or conservation programs.
REFERENCES
Adams, D.C., Rohlf, F.J. and Slice, D.E. (2004) Geometric morphometrics: ten years of progress following the “revolution.” Italian Journal of Zoology, 71, 5–16.
AnvariFar, H. Khyabani, A.R., Farahmand, H., Vatandoust, S., AnvariFar, H. and Jahageerdar, S.H. (2011) Detection of morphometric differentiation between isolated up- and downstream populations of SiahMahi (Capoeta capoeta gracilis) (Pisces: Cyprinidae) in the Tajan River (Iran). Hydrobiologia, 673, 41–52.
Balon, E.K. (1993) Dynamics of biodiversity and mechanisms of change: a plea for balanced attention to form creation and extinction. Biological Conservation, 66, 5-16.
Bogutskaya, N.G., Kucuk, F. and Unlu, E. (2000) Alburnus baliki, a new species of cyprinid fish from the Manavgat River system, Turkey. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 11, 55-64.
Bookstein, F.L. (1991) Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology, Cambridge University Press, New York, (p. 435). New York: Cambridge University Press. Xvii.
Bookstein, F.L. (1996) Biometrics, biomathematics and the morphometric synthesis. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 58(2), 313–365.
Cadrin, S.X. and Friedland, K.D. (1999) The utility of image processing techniques for morphometric analysis and stock identification. Fisheries Research, 43, 129–139.
Cadrin, S.X. and Silva, V.M. (2005) Morphometric variation of yellowtail flounder. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62, 683–694.
Coad, B.W. (2009) Alburnus zagrosensis n. sp., a new species of fish from the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Zoology in the Middle East, 48, 63–70.
Coad, B.W. (2013) Freshwater fishes of Iran. Available at http://www.briancoad.com (accessed on 23 May 2013).
Conover, D.O., Arnott, S.A., Walsh, M.R. and Munch, S.B. (2005) Darwinian fishery science: lessons from the Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 62, 740–737.
Costa, C. and Cataudella, S. (2007) Relationship between shape and trophic ecology of selected species of Sparids of the Caprolace coastal lagoon (central Tyrrhenian Sea). Environmental Biology of Fishes, 78, 115–123.
Dryden, I.L. and Mardia, K.V. (1998) Statistical Shape Analysis. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Freyhof, J. and Kottelat, M. (2007) Alburnus vistonicus, a new species of shemaya from eastern Greece, with remarks on Chalcalburnus chalcoides macedonicus from Lake Volvi (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 18, 205–212.
Gatz, A.J., Jr. (1979) Community organization in fishes as indicated by morphological features. Ecology, 711- 718.
Guill, J.M., Hood, C.S. and Heins, D.C. (2003) Body shape variation within and among three species of darters (Perciformes: Percidae). Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 12, 134–140.
Harris, R.J. (1975) A primer of multivariate statistics. Academic Press, New York.
Heidari, A., Mousavi-Sabet, H., Khoshkholgh, M., Esmaeili, H.R., Eagderi, S. (2013) The impact of Manjil and Tarik dams (Sefidroud River, southern Caspian Sea basin) on morphological traits of SiahMahi Capoeta gracilis (Pisces: Cyprinidae). International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 1(4), 195-201.
Khataminejad, S., Mousavi-Sabet, H., Sattari, M. and Vatandoust, S. (2013) First record of Alburnus atropatenae (Berg, 1925) (Cyprinidae) in Namak basin, central Iran. Croation Journal of fisheries, 71(2), 37-41.
Klingenberg, C.P. (1998) Heterochrony and allometry: the analysis of evolutionary change in ontogeny. Biological Reviews, 73, 79-123.
Kocovsky, P.M., Adams, J.V. and Bronte, C.R. (2009) The effect of sample size on the stability of principal component analysis of truss-based fish morphometrics. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 138, 487–496.
Langerhans, B.R., Laydon, C.A., Langerhans, A.K. and Dewitt, T.J. (2003) Habitat-associated morphological divergence in two Neotropical fish species. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 80, 689–698.
Love, J.W. (2002) Sexual dimorphism in spotted gar Lepisosteus oculatus from southeastern Louisiana. American Midland Naturalist, 147, 393–399.
Magurran, A.E. (1998) Population differentiation without speciation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 353, 275-286.
Matthews, W.J. (1998) Patterns in Freshwater Fish Ecology. New York, Chapman and Hall: 757p.
McGarigal, K., Cushman, S. and Stafford, S. (2000) Multivariate Statistics for Wildlife and Ecology Research. Springer Verlag, New York.
Mousavi-Sabet, H. and AnvariFar, H. (2013) Landmark-based morphometric variation between Cobitis keyvani and Cobitis faridpaki (Pisces: Cobitidae), with new habitat for C. faridpaki in the southern Caspian Sea basin. Folia Zoologica, 62(3), 167–175.
Mousavi-Sabet, H., Vasil'eva, E.D., Vatandoust, S., Vasil'ev, V.P. (2011) Cobitis faridpaki sp. Nova- a New Spined Loach Species (Cobitidae) from the Southern Caspian Sea Basin (Iran). Journal of Ichthyology, 51(10), 925–931.
Mousavi-Sabet, H., Yerli, S.V., Vatandoust, S., Ozeren, S.C., Moradkhani, Z. (2012) Cobitis keyvani sp. nova—a New Species of Spined-loach from South of the Caspian Sea Basin (Teleostei: Cobitidae). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 12, 7-13.
Page, L.M. and Swofford, D.L. (1984) Morphological correlates of ecological specialization in darters. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 11, 139–159.
Richtsmeier, J.T., Deleon, V.B. and Lele, S.R. (2002) The promise of geometric morphometrics. The Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 45, 63–91.
Rohlf, F.J. (2004) TpsDig–Thin Plate Spline Digitize, Version 1.4 [Computer software]. Stony Brook: Dept. of Ecology and Evolution, State Univ. of New York.
Rohlf, F.J. and Marcus, L.F. (1993) “A revolution in morphometrics,”Trends in Ecology and Evolution, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 129–132.
Sage, R.D. and Selander, R.K. (1975) Trophic radiation through polymorphism in cichlid fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 72, 4669– 4673.
Sansom, R.S. (2009) Phylogeny, classification, and character polarity of the Osteostraci (Vertebrata). Journal of Systematic Paleontology, 7, 95-115.
Schluter, D. and McPhail, J.D. (1992) Ecological character displacement and speciation in sticklebacks. American Naturalist, 140, 85–108.
Slice, D.E. (2007) Geometric Morphometrics. Annual Review of Anthropology, 36, 261–281. Small, C. (1996) The statistical theory of shape (p. 227). New York: Springer.
Thompson, D.A.W. (1917) On Growth and Form, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Tzeng, T.D. (2004) Morphological variation between populations of spotted Mackerel Scomberaus tralasicus of Taiwan. Fisheries Research, 68, 45–55.
Winemiller, K.O. (1991) Ecomorphological diversification in lowland freshwater fish as [32] F. L. assemblages from five biotic regions. Ecological Monographs, 1991, 343-365.
Wood, B.M. and Bain, M.B. (1995) Morphology and microhabitat use in stream fish. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 52, 1487–1498.
Keywords
)