SARS-CoV2 neuroinvasive potential in respiratory failure in COVID-19 patients

Document Type : Reviewers

Authors

1 Department of Basic Sciences, Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh Iran

2 Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Region of Kurdistan, Iraq

3 Specialist Neurosurgeon Duhok Emergency Teaching Hospital, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

4 Al-maarif University College, Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-anbar-Ramadi, Iraq

5 Veterinary medicine College, Al-Qasim green University, Al-Qasim, Iraq

6 Iraqi Ministry of Education, Iraq

7 Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq

8 Universidad Continental, Lima, Perú

9 Faculty of Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

10.22124/cjes.2023.6635

Abstract

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the same sequence as SARS-CoV and has been reported with clinical symptoms similar to those of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. This study reviewed the neuro-invasive potential of SARS-CoV2 reported in various studies. We searched keywords containing COVID-19, coronavirus, respiratory infection, SARS‐CoV2, and neuro-invasive potential in PubMed, WOS, Scopus, SID, and Google scholar. The results of our study led to the achievement of articles on the study of COVID-19. This study focused on published articles from 1970 to 2021. Respiratory failure was drawn as the most prominent symptom of COVID-19, while evidence suggests that SARS-CoV2 does not exclusively affect the respiratory system and may lead to neurological disease by invading the central nervous system. SARS-CoV may also cause severe brainstem infection. Some coronaviruses (CoVs) can spread through a synaptic connection to the medullary cardiorespiratory center of mechanical and chemical receptors in the lungs and lower respiratory tract. Neuro-invasive and neurotropic tendency of SARS-CoV2 has potential to cause neuropathological issues in the patients. Since there are many similarities between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2, recognizing the link between potential SARS-CoV2 virus attack and acute respiratory failure in COVID-19 infection is critically important in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 respiratory failure.

Keywords

References

Al-Awade, HAR 2022, Effect of smoking on infection with COVID-19. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20: 407-411, DOI: 10.22124/cjes.2022.5588.
Andries, K & Pensaert, MB 1980, Immunofluorescence studies on the pathogenesis of hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus infection in pigs after oronasal inoculation. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 41: 1372-1378.
Ansari, N, Shokri, S, Pirhadi, M, Abbaszadeh, S & Manouchehri, A 2022, Epidemiological study of COVID-19 in Iran and the world: A review study. Infectious Disorders Drug Targets, 28.
Baker E & Lui, F 2022, Neuroanatomy, vagal nerve nuclei (Nucleus Vagus). StatPearls [Internet]. Jul 31.
Behroozi-Lak, T, Zarei, L, Moloody–Tapeh, M, Farhad, N & Mohammadi, R 2017, Protective effects of intraperitoneal administration of nimodipine on ischemia–reperfusion injury in ovaries: Histological and biochemical assessments in a rat model. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 52: 602-608.
Bernstein, HG, Dobrowolny, H, Keilhoff, G, Steiner, J 2018, Dipeptidyl peptidase, IV, which probably plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, is upregulated in AD brain neurons and associates with amyloid plaques. Neurochemistry International, 114: 55-57.
Boonacker, E & Van Noorden, CJ 2003, The multifunctional or moonlighting protein CD26/DPPIV. European Journal of Cell Biology, 82: 53-73.
Chasey, D & Alexander, DJ, 1976, Morphogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis virus in primary chick kidney cells. Archives of Virology, 52: 101-111.
Donoghue, M, Hsieh, F, Baronas, E, Godbout, K, Gosselin, M, Stagliano, N, Donovan, M, Woolf, B, Robison, K, Jeyaseelan, R & Breitbart, RE 2000, A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme–related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9. Circulation Research, 87(5): e1-9, DOI: 10.1161/01.res.87.5.e1.
Dubé, M, Le Coupanec, A, Wong, AH, Rini, JM, Desforges, M & Talbot, PJ 2018. Axonal transport enables neuron-to-neuron propagation of human coronavirus OC43. Journal of Virology, 92: e00404-18.
Hamming, I, Timens, W, Bulthuis, ML, Lely, AT, Navis, GV & van Goo, RH 2004, Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis.
          Journal of Pathology: Clinical Research, 203: 631-637.
Hatami, A, Hajiloo, A, Bayati, R, Kakavand, P, Nasrollahi, AH, et al 2022, Public COVID-19 vaccination acceptance: A narrative review of correlated factors. Advancements in Life Sciences 9: 143-150.
Harmer, D, Gilbert, M, Borman, R & Clark, KL 2002, Quantitative mRNA expression profiling of ACE 2, a novel homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. FEBS letters, 532: 107-110.
Jaber, AS, Hussein, AK, Kadhim, NA, bojassim, AA, 2022, A Moran’s I autocorrelation and spatial cluster analysis for identifying Coronavirus disease COVID-19 in Iraq using GIS approach. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20: 55-60, DOI: 10.22124/cjes.2022.5392.
Ijaz, S, Afzal, M, Naeem, T, Zaid, N, Gillani, SF, Saeed, A, Rehman, K, Haseeb, S, Najeeb, M 2022, Knowledge, Attitude, Practices (KAP) and Psychological impact of COVID-19 among Pakistani Population A Quick CrossSectional Online Study. Advancements in Life Sciences 8(3): 287-292.
Karimi, M & Gholami-Ahangaran, M, 2021, A Brief Report on Current Evidence of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2. Plant Biotechnology Persa, 3: 34-36.
Koyuncu, OO, Hogue, IB & Enquist, LW 2013, Virus infections in the nervous system. Cell Host & Microbe, 13: 379-393.
Li, K, Wohlford-Lenane, C, Perlman, S, Zhao, J, Jewell, AK, Reznikov, LR, Gibson-Corley, KN, Meyerholz, DK & McCray, Jr PB 2016, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus causes multiple organ damage and lethal disease in mice transgenic for human dipeptidyl peptidase 4. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 213: 712-722.
Li, YC, Bai, WZ, Hashikawa, T, 2020, The neuroinvasive potential of SARS‐CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID‐19 patients. Journal of Medical Virology, 92: 552-555.
Maroufi, NF, Farzaneh, K, Alibabrdel, M, Zarei, L, Cheraghi, O, Soltani, S, Montazersaheb, S, Akbarzadeh, M & Nouri, M 2016, Taq1B polymorphism of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and its effects on the serum lipid levels in metabolic syndrome patients. Biochemical Genetics, 54: 894-902.
Mattern, T, Scholz, W, Feller, AC, Flad, HD & Ulmer, AJ 1991, Expression of CD26 (dipeptidyl peptidase IV) on resting and activated human T‐lymphocytes. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 33: 737-748.
Mengeling, WL, WL, M, AD & B, AE, R 1972, Characteristics of a coronavirus (strain 67N) of pigs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 33: 297-308.
Nakajima, K, Tohyama, Y, Kohsaka, S & Kurihara, T 2001, Ability of rat microglia to uptake extracellular glutamate. Neuroscience Letters, 307: 171-174.
Netland, J, Meyerholz, DK, Moore, S, Cassell, M & Perlman, S 2008, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. Journal of Virology, 82: 7264-7275.
Rothe, C, Schunk, M, Sothmann, P, Bretzel, G, Froeschl, G, Wallrauch, C, Zimmer, T, Thiel, V, Janke, C, Guggemos, W & Seilmaier, M 2020, Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. New England Journal of Medicine, 382: 970-971.
Sadighara, P, Pirhadi, M, Safta, M & Abbaszadeh, S 2022, The gut microflora changes during the COVID-19 pandemic due to exposure to disinfectants. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care, January 29.
Saitgareeva, AR, Bulygin, KV, Gareev, IF, Beylerli, OA & Akhmadeeva, LR 2020, The role of microglia in the development of neurodegeneration. Neuroloogical Science, 41: 3609-3615.
Streit, WJ, Mrak, RE & Griffin, WS 2004, Microglia and neuroinflammation: a pathological perspective. Journal of  Neuroinflammation, 1: 1-4.
Sulandjari, K, Putra, A, Sulaminingsih, S, Adi Cakranegara, P, Yusroni, N & Andiyan, A 2022, Agricultural extension in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic: Issues and challenges in the field. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20: 137-143, DOI: 10.22124/cjes.2022.5408
To, KF, Lo & AW 2004, Exploring the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): the tissue distribution of the coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) and its putative receptor, angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The Journal of Pathology: Review in Medical Microbiology, 203: 740-743.
Von Bernhardi, R 2007, Glial cell dysregulation: A new perspective on Alzheimer's disease. Neurotoxicity Research, 12: 215-232.
Yachou, Y, El Idrissi, A, Belapasov, V & Benali, SA 2020, Neuroinvasion, neurotropic, and neuroinflammatory events of SARS-CoV-2: understanding the neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients. Neurological Sciences, 28: 1-3.
Yu, F, Du, L, Ojcius, DM, Pan, C & Jiang, S 2020, Measures for diagnosing and treating infections by a novel coronavirus responsible for a pneumonia outbreak originating in Wuhan, China. Microbes and Infection, 22: 74-79.
Zhou, X, Huang, F, Xu, L, Lin, Z, de Vrij, F, Ayo-Martin, AC, van der Kroeg, M, Zhao, M, Yin, Y, Wang, W & Cao, W 2017, Hepatitis E virus infects neurons and brains. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 215: 1197-1206.
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
Volume 21, Issue 2
April 2023
Pages 467-472

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics