Appraisal of the geostatistical methods to estimate Mazandaran coastal ground water quality

Authors

1 1*, A. Shahnazari2

2 0

Abstract

The present study was carried out to evaluate three interpolation methods including weighted moving average (WMA) with the power of 2 and 3, Kriging and Cokriging methods. Data of 23 wells in Mazandaran province were collected in fall and spring 2006. Seven parameters including electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), total hardness (TH), chloride concentration (Cl- ) and sulphate concentration (SO42- ) have been chosen as groundwater quality indices in the study area. Variogram analysis and extracting the spatial distribution maps of groundwater quality parameters were done using Geostatistics extension program in GIS environment. All interpolation methods have been evaluated based on mean bias error (MBE) and mean absolute error (MAE) criteria. The spherical model for semi-variograms had the less value of RSS (residual sum of square) for Cl-, EC, pH, SAR and SO42- parameters. TDS and TH parameters followed a Gaussian model. All semi-variograms and cross variograms had high confident level due to little values of nugget effects (Co) relative to sill. The covariance matrix demonstrated that magnesium concentration (Mg2+), sodium concentration (Na+), Total anions, Cl-, EC and TDS parameters have been the best covariate for estimating TH, SO42-, Cl-, PH, TDS and EC parameters, respectively. Co-Kriging was the best method for estimating all parameters far apart TH for which Kriging method was the best. Spatial distribution maps of groundwater quality indices demonstrated that the groundwater in the study area is slightly basic and the values of EC exceeded the permeable limit in more than 40% of the study area. Also there was sodium hazard and high concentration of TDS in the north-east part. Therefore, further studies are needed to recognize the pollution sources in order to reclaim the polluted part in the study area.

Keywords


Ah m ed , S., (2002). Grou n d w ater monitoring network design: Application of geostatistics w ith a few case stu d ies from a gran itic aqu ifer in a sem i-arid region. In: Groundwater Hydrology, M.M. Sh erif, V.P. Sin gh an d M. Al-Rashed (Eds.), Balkema, Tokyo, Japan, 2: 37-57. Akh avan , R., Zah ed i Am iri, Gh . An d Zobeiri, M., (2010). Sp atial variability of forest grow ing stock u sin g geostatistics in th e Casp ian region of Iran . Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences,8(1): 43-53. Am ad i, A. N ., Olaseh ind e, P. I., Yisa, J., Okosu n, E. A., N w an kw oala, H . O an d Y. B., Alkali, (2012). Geostatistical Assessm en t of Grou n d w ater Qu ality from Coastal Aqu ifers of Eastern N iger Delta, Nigeria, Geosciences,2(3): 51-59. Annon, (1946). Drin king w ater stan d ard s, A merican Journal of W ater W orks Association, 938: 361-370. AWWA, (1971). W ater quality and treatment,McGraw-Hill, NY. p :654. Barcae, E., Passarella, G., (2008). Sp atial evalu ation of th e risk of grou n d w ater qu ality d egrad ation : A com p arison betw een d isju n ctive kriging an d geostatistical sim u lation, Journal of Environmental M onitoring and Assessment,133: 261-273. BIS IS 10500, (1983).Bu reau of In d ian stan d ard s, In d ian stand ard s sp ecification for drinking Water. p:24. Karandish and ShahnazariDagostin o, V., E.A. Greene, G. Passarella an d M. Vu rro, (1998).Sp atial and tem p oral stu d y of n itrate con cen tration in grou n d w ater by m ean s of regionalization. Environmental Geology,36: 285-295. Davis, S.N . an d R.J. De Wiest, (1966). Hydrogeology,Joh n Wiley an d Son s In c., NY. p :463. Fetou ani, S., Sbaa, M., Van clooster, M., Ben d ra, B., (2008).Assessing grou n d w ater qu ality in th e irrigated p lain of Triffa (N n orth -east Morocco). A gricultural W ater M anagement, 95: 133-142. Gau s, I., Kinn ibu rgh, D.G., Talbot, J.C. an d R. Webster, (2003). Geostatistical an alysis of arsenic con cen tration in grou n d w ater in Ban glad esh u sing d isju n ctive kriging. Environmental Geology, 44: 939-948. H abash i, H ., (2007). Evalu atin g th e accu racy and valid ity of in terp olation m eth od s in estim ating total soil con tam in an ts of N O3 u sing geograp hic in form ation system (GIS). The third conference of spatial information systems, p: 5.Istock, J.D. an d R.M. Coop er, (1998). Geostatistics Ap p lied to Grou n d w ater Pollu tion . III: Global Estim ates. Journal of Environmental Engineering,114(4): 915-928. N azariZad e, F., Arshad iyan, B. and K. ZandVakily, (2006). Stu d y of sp atial variability of Grou n d w ater qu ality of Balarood Plain in Kh u zestan p rovin ce. Th e first con gress of op tim ized exp loitation from w ater sou rce of Karoon and Zayan d erood Plain.Sh ah rekord Un iversity, Persian Version , pp: 1236-1240. Obiefuna, G.I. and D.M. Razulike, (2010). Physicochemical Characteristics of groundwater quality from Yola Area, Northeastern Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and environmental management, 14(1): 5 11. Rizzo, D.M. an d J. M. Mou ser, (2000).Evalu ation of Geostatistics for Com bin ed H yd rochem istry an d Microbial Com m u n ity Fingerp rin ting at a Waste Disp osal Site, 1-11pp. Hydrology 287, 95e123. Robin n ove, C.J., H angbird , R.H . an d J.W. Brook H an t. (1958). Salin e w ater resou rces of N orth Dakota, USGS Water Supply Paper, p :77. Safari, M., (2002). Determ in ation filtration n etw ork of Grou nd w ater u sing geostatistic m eth od . M.Sc Thesis.TarbiyatMod ares University Agricu ltu ral Facu lty, Persian Version . p: 150. Sayana ,V.B.M., Aru n babu , E., Mah esh Ku m ar, L., Ravichan d ran , S., and Karu nakaran , K., (2010). Grou n d w ater resp on ses to artificial rech arge of rain w ater in Ch en n ai, In d ia: a case stu d y in an ed u cational in stitu tion campus. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 3(2): 124-130. Satish Ku m ar, T., Su d arsh an , V. an d G. Kalpana. (2007). Geoch em ical ch aracterization of grou nd w ater, ban ks of Mu siriver, H yd erabad city, A. P., Indian Poll Research, 26(4): 795-800. Su nith a, V., Rajesh w ar, R. B., an d Su d arshan , V., (2002). H yd rogeoch em istry of grou n d w ater in th e Kated an an d Rajen d ranagar in d u strial area, Ran ga Red d y d istrict, A.P. Environmental Geochemistry.5 (1&2): 17-22. TaghizadehMehrjerd i, R., Zareian, M., Mah m od i, S.h . an d A. H eid ari, (2008). Sp atial d istribu tion of grou n d w ater qu ality w ith geostatistics ( Case stu d y: Yazd-Ard akan p lain ). WorldApplied Science Journal, 4(1): 9-17. Ud ayalaxm i, G., H im abin d u , D. an d G. Ramadass, (2010).Geochemical evalu ation of grou nd w ater qu ality in selected areas of Hyderabad, A.P., India. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 3(5): 546-553. World H ealth Organization (WH O), (1984). Guidelines for drinking water quality,Geneva. 1& 2 p: 335. WorldH ealth Organ ization , WH O, (2003). International Standards for Drinking Water. 3rd Edition, Geneva, 346-385.