University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 17 1 2019 03 01 Extraction, purification and characterization of peroxidase from Vitis vinifera wastes 1 9 3339 10.22124/cjes.2019.3339 EN Kobra Alijanipoor Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Reza Hajihosseini Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Reyhaneh Sariri Department of Biology, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Atusa Vaziri Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2018 07 04 The proper consumption of plant wastes could not only provide a possible source of natural products, but it also is an environmental friendly research. The aim of this study was to use grape wastes as a source of peroxidase.  In practice, one isoenzyme of peroxidase (POD₁) was partially purified from <em>Vitis vinifera</em> wastes, the plant which is widely harvested in Iran. The activity of this novel peroxidase was determined using guaiacol as its substrate. The new peroxidase was partially purified and its kinetic parameters determined. The values of K_m and V_max of peroxidase for guaiacol were 83.2 mM and 0.35 M/min respectively. Optimum pH and temperature were determined for guaiacol to be 6.2 and 60°C respectively. According to SDS-PAGE results, the molecular weight of isozymes was 38-40 KD. The results indicate that agricultural leftovers from <em>Vitis vinifera</em> are a considerable source for a peroxidase with reliable kinetic behaviors. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_3339_ce69d560098296ffcf592622eaa8f47b.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 17 1 2019 03 01 The Embryotoxicity of Some Phenol Derivatives on Zebrafish, Danio rerio 11 22 3340 10.22124/cjes.2019.3340 EN Zeynep Ceylan Atatürk University Engineering Faculty, Department of Environment Engineering, Erzurum, Turkey Turgay Sisman Atatürk University Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Erzurum, Turkey Hatice Dane Atatürk University Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Erzurum, Turkey Şeymanur Adil Atatürk University Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Erzurum, Turkey Journal Article 2018 09 05 The existence of toxicants in ecosystems has been increased dramatically in recent years, especially in aquatic environments. Phenols and chlorinated phenol derivatives are toxic industrial compounds. Phenols and derivatives are known to be environmental contaminants. In the present study, 2,4-Dichlorophenol, 2-Chlorophenol and substituted phenol were tested for embryotoxicity and mortality in a four-day period using zebrafish, <em>Danio rerio</em> embryos. Tested phenol derivatives caused teratogenicity and embryo mortality in the embryos. The semi static 48-h LC₅₀ (median lethal concentration) value for Substituted-phenol was 13.850 mg L^-1; the corresponding values for 2-Chlorophenol and 2,4-Dichlorophenol were 8.378 mg L^-1 and 6.558 mg L^-1, respectively. The endpoints are incomplete eyes, head and tail, heart and chorda deformity, yolk sac edema, tail curvature, shrunken eyes, lordosis, delayed hatching, weak pigmentation, heart edema and non-pigmentation after exposure to the compounds. 2,4-Dichlorophenol was found to be more toxic than the others. This paper is the first to describe the relative toxicity of a suite of phenols in the early life stages of zebrafish. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_3340_eb9b2aa6adab5efa35f81e3807b870aa.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 17 1 2019 03 01 Multivariate and geostatistical analysis of spatial distribution and potential sources of heavy metals in surface waters 23 41 3341 10.22124/cjes.2019.3341 EN Mohammad Rafiee Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Akbar Eslami Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Reza Saeedi Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Safety and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehrnoosh Abtahi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahsa Jahangiri Rad Water purification research center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2018 10 02 Although economic growth from industrialization has improved health and quality of life indicators, however, it has intensified the release of chemicals into the environment, with severe effects on health. The present work confers toxic metals contamination levels of surface waters in Zanjan Province, Iran, encompassing several rich mines of lead and zinc. The soluble concentrations of Fe, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn and AS in water samples were determined using ICP-MS and the level of contamination was appraised by heavy metal pollution index (HPI). Multivariate statistical methods comprising Pearson’s correlation analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and principal component analysis were applied to evaluate the relationships between heavy metals. Geostatistical analyses were carried out to conduct the distribution characteristics and the sources of pollution. The results showed that concentrations of studied heavy metals were higher in the spring compared to the winter, however, the calculated HPI values did not exceed the limit of 15. Anthropogenic activities, for the most part, control the quality of water in this study area with minor natural/geogenic input. All the measured heavy metals were strongly homologous in spring based on correlation coefficients. However, this correlation gets weaker in the winter due to a degree of heterogeneity between Zn, Cd, As and other elements. Distribution pattern of the heavy metals pollution index of surface waters with different land uses decreased in the order of: agricultural>dry farming/water bodies>built up areas>forest areas. Multi hotspots for the above mentioned heavy metals were located in the southeast study areas. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_3341_4936fa6746eddae9e89021b3c1a03dd5.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 17 1 2019 03 01 Effects of xenostrogen treatment (4-Nonylphenol, Bisphenol A) on vitellogenin expression in juvenile Cyprinus carpio 43 53 3343 10.22124/cjes.2019.3343 EN Samar Mortazavi Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resource and Environment, Malayer University, Hamedan, Iran Ali Reza Riyahi Bakhtiari Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resource and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran Abbas Esmaili Sari Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resource and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Nasrin Hassanzadeh Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resource and Environment, Malayer University, Hamedan, Iran Journal Article 2018 10 02 The aim of this study was to examine some potential effects of 4-Nonylphenol (4-NP), Bisphenol A (BPA), and mixture of them on common carp, <em>Cyprinus carpio</em> and demonstrate induction of vitellogenin (Vtg) as a biomarker for screening aquatic ecosystems. These compounds with other estrogenic chemicals may be responsible for disrupting effects observed in fish. A total of 100 juvenile carp were treated experimentally with 17β-estradiol (E2), and increasing doses of 4-NP, BPA and also mixture of them. Then the plasma Vtg levels were measured using indirect competitive ELISA. Results showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in Vtg levels of exposed carps with E2, maximum 4-NP, BPA and their mixture. The group treated with E2 showed high induction (490%) with respect to controls. The groups treated with maximum dose of 4-NP and BPA showed also induction of Vtg, whereas the group treated with their mixture (3 mg kg⁻¹ b.w. 4-NP and 0.01 mg kg⁻¹ b.w. BPA) showed the highest induction (2126%). Finally, results showed that mixture of 4-NP and BPA exhibited stronger (synergistic) effects. So that, large scale monitoring of estrogenic effects caused by contamination may be considered as a biomarker in urban and industrial effluents. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_3343_710fa694170430563ebd2f4b6197fedc.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 17 1 2019 03 01 Effect of Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) at in vitro conditions on antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in Rutilus caspicus (Yakovlev, 1870) 55 62 3344 10.22124/cjes.2019.3344 EN Saeid Mohammadzadeh Baran Department of Marine Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Ali Mashinchian Moradi Department of Marine Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Issa Sharifpour Iranian Fisheries Science, Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran Shahla Jamili Iranian Fisheries Science, Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran Pargol Ghavam Mostafavi Department of Marine Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2018 09 04 Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether(MTBE) increases oxygen consumption and reduces carbon monoxide and also air pollution. It is very active in soil, and its motility in water is a function of water movement in soil. MTBE is resistant to biodegradation, with high half-life and solubility in water and weak absorption in soil particles. The activities of SOD and CAT enzymes were examined in <em>Rutilus caspicus</em> in concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 mg L^-1 MTBE for 7, 14 and 21 days. The mean water temperature and oxygen were 191°C and 7.60.2 respectively and salinity was maintained zero. 156 <em>R. caspicus </em>were stocked in aquariums, 3 specimens were randomly selected from aquarium in the first, second and third weeks. Blood serum was separated to assay the SOD and CAT activities. A strong significant positive relationship was found between MTBE concentration and SOD as well as CAT: [r(108)=0.73, P < 0.01]. Elevated MTBE increased the activity of SOD and CAT. In addition, there was a mean significant positive relationship between exposure time and SOD: [r(108)=0.41, P < 0.01]. SOD activity increased over time, and there was a negative weak significant relationship between exposure time and CAT [r(108)=-0.20, P < 0.05]. CAT activity decreased by prolonged exposure time. Moreover, there was a mean positive significant relationship between SOD and CAT [r(108)=0.41, P < 0.01]. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_3344_b9c58f0f08667bb81614564f3403ef6b.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 17 1 2019 03 01 Nitrate pollution reduction using biological fertilizers in paddy fields, the South Caspian Sea basin, Guilan Province, Iran 63 71 3345 10.22124/cjes.2019.3345 EN Majid Ashouri Department of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University of Lahijan branch, Lahijan, Iran Journal Article 2018 07 12 Application of chemical fertilizers, especially urea, causes groundwater pollution. Therefore, to decrease environmental pollution, biological fertilizers may be employed. In order to investigate the effect of irrigation levels, Azospirillum and nitrogen levels on rice yield and its components, an experiment was conducted in the north of Iran during the crop season in 2013. The experiment was arranged in a split-split plot based on a completely randomized block design with 3 replications in which irrigation level was the main factor. The levels of factors used were: I₁= continuous submergence and I₂= 11 days’ irrigation interval; A₁= application and A₂= no application of Azospirillum as the sub factor; and nitrogen fertilizer levels as a sub-sub factor includingN₁= 0, N₂= 30, N₃= 60 and N₄= 90 kg ha^-1. Continuous submergence and 11 days’ irrigation interval produced 4247 and 2720 kg ha^-1, while the application of Azospirillum and the treatment without it produced 4064 and 2903 kg ha^-1, respectively. Moreover, N₄, N₃, N₂ and N₁ produced 3950, 3800, 3225 and 2700 kg ha^-1, while I₁A₁N₄ and I₁A₁N₃had maximum and I₂A₂N₁ had minimum mean values with 5381, 5330 and 1882 kg ha^-1, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that the application of a balanced nitrogen fertilizer with Azospirillum could prevent the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and reduce nitrate pollution, leading towards more sustainable agriculture in the north of Iran. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_3345_cd1815a61c9488eb022854dd7802b3de.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 17 1 2019 03 01 Long term effects of deforestation on soil attributes: case study, Northern Iran 73 81 3346 10.22124/cjes.2019.3346 EN Azadeh Gholoubi Department of Soil science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran Hojat Emami Department of Soil science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran Amin Alizadeh Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran Reza Azadi Tea research center, Rasht, Iran Journal Article 2018 08 07 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of land use change on soil properties in six different sites of Guilan Province, Northern Iran.  The study sites were deforested approximately 40 years ago and changed to tea farms. Soil samples from 0 to 30 cm depth were collected in June 2016 and analyzed for total nitrogen (N), soil organic C (OC), available phosphorus, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable Ca, Mg, Na, K, and Al, mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates, water stable aggregates (WSA) and bulk density. Soil properties of two soil land uses were compared. The results showed that after land use change from natural forest to tea farms, soil physical and chemical characteristics were changed. Land use change resulted in significant decreases in organic carbon, available potassium and pH. Reduction of annual organic matter input to soil as a result of deforestation and also rapid oxidation of organic matter in deforested places were responsible for a significant decrease in OC. Soil microbial respiration (SMR) also decreased significantly, following deforestation and decreasing the organic carbon. Changes in soil exchangeable Ca, Mg and available P in two land uses were not significant. The results indicated that tea farming for 40 years did not affect soil structural indicators (BD, MWD and WSA). Also decreasing the soil pH increased soil Al, so that the exchangeable Al in forest soils was 1.16 ppm, while in tea farm soils it was 1.9 ppm. Al toxicity is an important issue in this region.  https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_3346_6f0ae0c00fcf73c97a3fa80e901c7e4b.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 17 1 2019 03 01 Detecting pollarded stands in Northern Zagros forests, using artificial neural network classifier on multi-temporal lansat-8(OLI) imageries (case study: Armarde, Baneh) 83 96 3347 10.22124/cjes.2019.3347 EN Omid Rashidi Tazhan Department of Forestry, Center for Research & Development of Northern Zagros Forests, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Mahtab Pir Bavaghar Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Hedayat Ghazanfari Department of Forestry, Center for Research & Development of Northern Zagros Forests, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Journal Article 2018 06 27 Local economy, based on animal husbandry in Northern Zagros forest leads to increase employing leaves and branches (pollarding) compared to the other parts of Zagros. Pollarding is a convenient method in forest utilization to supply fodder and it has been always trying to obtain its stable production by proper management skills. One of the most important forest management tools in a given forest is to provide up-to-date spatial maps of pollarded regions. The objective of this study was to investigate the capability of multi-temporal Landsat 8 OLI sensor for mapping pollarding areas of Northern Zagros forests. So that, we employed Landsat 8-OLI single and multi-date images acquired on 2014 and 2015. To assess the accuracy of output maps, a complete ground-truth of the study area was used to calculate the accuracy heuristics for the output maps. Different classification approaches were applied including minimum distance and maximum likelihood classifiers, artificial neural networks and fuzzy method. The classification accuracy was calculated on the basis of overall accuracy and kappa coefficient. The results indicated that artificial neural network and fuzzy classifier present the highest accuracy than the other classifiers. It was also found that utilizing the multi-temporal OLI imageries improves the accuracy over employing a single date. The results indicate that the multi-temporal imagery is moderately capable of mapping pollarded stands and classifying pollarding types, using ANN and Fuzzy classifiers. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_3347_01e364488e3f74d98d5a84086db87a2b.pdf