University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Evaluation and development of F1 hybrids tolerant to Verticillium dahliae Klebhan 651 659 9075 10.22124/cjes.2025.9075 EN Viktor Avtonomov Laboratory at Cotton Breeding, Seed Production and Agrotechnologies Research Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Azam Ravshanov Laboratory at Cotton Breeding, Seed Production and Agrotechnologies Research Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Dilbar Rashidova Laboratory at Cotton Breeding, Seed Production and Agrotechnologies Research Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Normuxammad Mamedov Laboratory at Cotton Breeding, Seed Production and Agrotechnologies Research Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Muzaffar Yakubov Laboratory at Cotton Breeding, Seed Production and Agrotechnologies Research Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Shuhrat Sharipov Laboratory at Cotton Breeding, Seed Production and Agrotechnologies Research Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Jamoliddin Jabborov Laboratory at Cotton Breeding, Seed Production and Agrotechnologies Research Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Sharofiddin Karimov Laboratory at Cotton Breeding, Seed Production and Agrotechnologies Research Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Xurshid Jalolov Laboratory at Cotton Breeding, Seed Production and Agrotechnologies Research Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2025 09 24 <br /><strong> </strong> The present study focuses on evaluating cotton, <em>Gossypium hirsutum</em> L. varieties and their hybrids for resistance to <em>Verticillium dahliae</em> Kleb., one of the major pathogens causing wilt disease. Five varieties of different genetic origins—SB-6, C-6541, Namangan-34, C-6545, and Namangan-77—were used as initial material for hybridization and further analyzed along with their F₁ and F₂ generations. Resistance was assessed by two complementary approaches: an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test system and a six-point field assessment method. Both methods provided consistent and comparable results, confirming their reliability for evaluating resistance to <em>V. dahliae</em>. The most resistant parental varieties were Namangan-34, Namangan-77, and C-6541. Among F1 hybrids, high levels of resistance were observed in the combinations Namangan-77 × C-6541, Namangan-34 × SB-6, C-6541 × SB-6, C-6541 × C-6545, C-6545 × C-6541, and SB-6 × C-6541. Analysis of the dominance index (hp) indicated adverse effects of both complete and incomplete dominance for susceptibility traits in several hybrid combinations, suggesting their potential use in breeding programs for developing resistant varieties. In the F₂ generation, combinations such as Namangan-34 × C-6545, Namangan-34 × SB-6, C-6541 × Namangan-77, and SB-6 × Namangan-77 exhibited lower mean susceptibility to <em>V. dahliae</em>. Variation series analysis also revealed individual plants with significantly greater resistance than either parent. Heritability coefficient (h²) analysis demonstrated genotypic variability ranging from weak to strong expression across hybrids. These findings highlight promising hybrid combinations and confirm the effectiveness of combined biochemical and field assessments for breeding cotton resistant to <em>V. dahliae</em>. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9075_0df3a2b7ddc59935529f851cbf8d251f.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Detoxification properties of pumpkin pectin and pectin-enriched foods via bioassay evaluation 661 670 9145 10.22124/cjes.2025.9145 EN Sanavar Azimova Almaty Technological University, Tole bi 100, Almaty, Kazakhstan Farrukh Makhmudov Almaty Technological University, Tole bi 100, Almaty, Kazakhstan Sholpan Amanova Almaty Technological University, Tole bi 100, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gulnara Altynbayeva Higher School of Electric Power Engineering and Information Systems, Rudny Industrial University, 50 Let Oktyabrya 38, Rudny, Kazakhstan Damira Tattibayeva Almaty Technological University, Tole bi 100, Almaty, Kazakhstan Zulfiya Konarbayeva M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Tauke Khan Avenue 5, Shymkent, Kazakhstan Aiman Toktamyssova Kazakh-Russian Medical University, Avenue Al-Farabi 93Г/5, Almaty, Kazakhstan Serik Abdreshov Laboratory of Physiology Lymphatic System, Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Committee of Science, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 93 Al-Farabi Avenue, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan Assel Tautayeva International Engineering Technological University, Tole bi 109, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2025 10 15 Heavy metal pollution, particularly lead and cadmium, poses significant health risks due to bioaccumulation and multi-organ damage. This study investigates the detoxification potential of pumpkin pectin and pectin-rich products in laboratory rats, <em>Rattus norvegicus</em>. Male rats (230 ± 20 g in weight) were chronically intoxicated with lead nitrate (2.0 mg kg^-1) or cadmium chloride (2.08 mg kg^-1) over three months. Correctors, including pumpkin pectin (0.06 g day^-1), pectin-enriched bread (0.5%), and confiture (1.0%), were administered orally. Hematological and biochemical blood parameters were assessed using a Hitachi spectrophotometer and a Mindray BC-3000 analyzer. Heavy metal accumulation reduced total protein (91-95% of control) and hemoglobin, and increased urea. Pumpkin pectin correction restored these parameters, with better outcomes in lead-induced rats than in cadmium-induced rats. Pectin-rich products showed moderate improvements. These findings demonstrate that pumpkin pectin serves as an effective natural chelator, mitigating the toxic effects of heavy metals. Its use is recommended for therapeutic and preventive purposes in populations exposed to chronic heavy metal pollution in industrial regions. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9145_8252d2e207bc3a772c0c1cfe9788e220.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 GC-MS analysis of Moringa oliefera root and stem branch extracts grown in Ramadi City, Iraq 671 676 7465 10.22124/cjes.2024.7465 EN Lara Hashim Abdulmageed Scientific Affair, University of Anbar, Iraq Hiba Fouad Abdulfatah Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Anbar, Iraq Wijdan Ahmed Ali Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Anbar, Iraq Rajaa Fadhil Hamdi Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Anbar, Iraq Ali Fadaam Abdullah Conservation Agriculture, Centre of Desert Studies, University of Anbar, Iraq S. M. Abdulateef Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, Iraq Th. T. Mohammed Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, Iraq Abid A. Thaker Department of Medical Laboratories Techniques, Al-Maarif University College, Iraq Journal Article 2024 01 21 In the present study, phytochemical analyses were performed on the methanolic and ethanolic extracts of <em>Moringa oliefera</em> root and branches of the stem using Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This plant has therapeutic properties in its different parts. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of many phytochemicals in root methanolic extracts involving 14 active compounds. It was found that a high percent area is 2-furancarboxylaldehyde (50.07%). Ethyl aldehyde had the lowest area (0.49%). In contrast, ethanolic extract of root contained 19 active compounds as GC-MS isolated and characterized. The technique confirmed that 6-octadecenoic acid was the highest compound (59.43%), while N-sulfinyl butylamine has rarely been detected in plant extracts (0.12%). Many other phytochemicals were also detected. Similarly, methanol extract for stem branches included three active compounds. A 5-hydroxymethylfufural was the most abundant (63.06%), while 2-acetyl-2H-tetrazole possessed the lowest area (9.70%). Ethanol extract contained six isolated active compounds. Few major compounds were found with a high percent peak area in branches by ethanol extract including 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (55.81%), whereas, the lowest one was hydrazinecarboxaldehyde (0.49%). https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7465_31e004c0303060adb76e13a135bfe7a3.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 High-potential domestic and foreign varieties of fruit crops in Kazakhstan 677 687 9224 10.22124/cjes.2025.9224 EN Saule ZH. Kazybayeva Kazakh Scientific Research, Institute of Fruit and Vegetable Growing LLP, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan Moldir T. Yerbulekova Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Fruit and Vegetable Growing LLP, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan Zhanar K. Kadirsizova Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Fruit and Vegetable Growing LLP , Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan Svetlana P. Alekseenko Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Fruit and Vegetable Growing LLP, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan Aigerim A. Seisenova International Engineering Technological University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan Journal Article 2025 11 25 The article presents the long-term results of the “Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit and Vegetable Growing” LLP on improving the assortment of fruit crops. The “State Register of Breeding Achievements Recommended for Use in the Republic of Kazakhstan” includes 22 varieties of apple trees and 3 varieties of pears. Over the past 20 years, 97 varieties of apple trees and 25 varieties of pears have been transferred to the State Variety Testing; about 50 varieties of apple trees have been brought into the gene pool of the “Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit and Vegetable Growing” LLP - Honey Crisp, Champion, Red Chive, Pink Lady, Samurlet, Quinty, Jenny Grent and others, 21 varieties of pears - Lyra, Yesenevskaya, Muratovskaya, Cheremshina, Vrodliva, Claude Sablinsky, Williams and others. The introduced varieties were studied in the climatic conditions of the south and southeast of Kazakhstan for economically valuable traits such as early fruiting, productivity, adaptability, fruit quality, resistance to major diseases (scab, powdery mildew, and fire blight) and pests, etc. The article provide an economic and biological descriptions of 7 apple and 4 pear varieties of domestic selection, as well as 5 apple and 5 pear varieties of foreign selection. Data on their biological and economic indicators, and their suitability for intensive gardening technologies are presented. In addition, the paper analyzes the prospects for further improvement of the assortment due to the introduction of new varieties and breeding work. The results obtained can be used not only in scientific research, but also in the establishment of modern industrial gardens aimed at increasing the productivity and quality of fruit products. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9224_b659952dba97ce6cf6854778d7eaa7b7.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Typologies of hunting areas using GIS technologies in specially protected natural areas of Kazakhstan 689 699 8652 10.22124/cjes.2025.8652 EN Darkhan Akimzhanov Department of “Forestry and Land Resources” Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Mukhtar Baibatshanov Department of “Forestry and Land Resources” Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Talgat Kerteshev Department of “Forestry and Land Resources” Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Zhaskhaiyr Karagoishin Department of "Physical and Economic Geography" L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University Kazakhstan, Astana, Kazakhstan Zhanera Adilbayeva Department of “Forestry and Land Resources” Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2025 04 08 The article focuses on the characterization of hunting grounds through the application of GIS technologies. The research involved an in-depth study of the biological diversity of mammals, assessing the typology of their habitats. Utilizing GIS technologies, the study analyzed the spatial distribution of rare animal species, such as predatory mammals, within specially protected natural areas of Kazakhstan, particularly the Andalusia State Natural (Zoological) Nature Reserve and the Ile-Alatau State Natural Park. Drawing on the findings from the project and surveys, we classified the areas into distinct types of animal habitats based on ecological conditions, topography, and soil-plant characteristics. For the first time, data on the typology of hunting grounds, including the categorization of their types and numerical indicators for each, were collected to support hunting planning. Consequently, a division map of the Andasai Nature Reserve and the Aksai branch of the Ile-Alatau National Natural Park was generated in GIS format for previously unclassified land types. Following the interpretation results, planning and cartographic resources for various types of hunting grounds were created, reflecting the actual area of the natural reserve. These resources can be utilized to enhance biotechnical and hunting operations conducted in the Andasai Nature Reserve and the Ile-Alatau State National Nature Park, contributing to improved security measures. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8652_cd3bff74ef671c6922958c9f2a541ac0.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Effects of various protein levels in the ration of dairy heifers on their growth rate and biochemical status 701 711 9337 10.22124/cjes.2026.9337 EN Serimbek Abugaliev Agricultural Innovation and Technology Park, West Kazakhstan Innovation and Technology University, Uralsk 090009, Kazakhstan Darkhan Smagulov Agricultural Innovation and Technology Park, West Kazakhstan Innovation and Technology University, Uralsk 090009, Kazakhstan Stepan Batanov Scientific and Innovative Complex, Udmurt State Agricultural University, Izhevsk 426063, Udmurt Republic Yedige Nassambayev Agricultural Innovation and Technology Park, West Kazakhstan Innovation and Technology University, Uralsk 090009, Kazakhstan Elena Babich Breeding Animal Husbandry Laboratory, Research and Production Center "Agroinnovation", Kostanay 110000, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 01 04 When breeding dairy cattle, scientists and specialists focus special attention on their productive qualities (milk yield per lactation, fat and protein content, growth rate of young animals, etc.) and the influence of both genetic and paratypic factors on them. The impact of several dietary factors is especially relevant. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the influence of dietary protein concentration, 20.87% (control), 23.49% (Mid), and 30.52%, on the growth of young dairy cattle bred in the northern region of Kazakhstan. The study involved 60 Holstein heifers, aged 90 days (± 5 days), with a body weight of 107.2 ± 0.48 kg. Their daily consumption of dry matter was 2.5 kg day^-1 which contained 10.10-10.60 MJ metabolizable energy, indigestible protein 14.4-17.8% and crude fiber 22.6-24.6%. The body weight of newborn calves in all groups did not differ and was 31.8-32.6 kg. At the age of 6 months, difference in body weight in the control, Mid, and High groups were 181.1 kg, 198.6 kg, and 200.8 kg respectively. The gain of calves in two experimental groups exceeded that of the control by 9.7% (<em>p</em> < 0.001) and 10.9% (<em>p</em> < 0.001), respectively. No differences in blood glucose were found. Highest AST values were observed in the control compared to Mid (5.14 U L^-1) and High (8.25 U L^-1). The Coefficient of Ritis value was within 2.74-3.11. Research indicates that a ratio in dry matter with an optimal proportion of indigestible protein 23.49% and degradable protein 70% was economically justified. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9337_c1b02959da1beec3e6ecc9bbf9e2248f.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Design and parametric optimization of a deep-loosening culti‌vator working body for cotton inter-row tillage 713 727 9785 10.22124/cjes.2026.9785 EN Anvarjon N. Khudoyarov Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies, Andijan, Uzbekistan Mukhammadjon SH. Ugli Kholdarov Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies, Andijan, Uzbekistan Mirkomil M. Khalilov Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies, Andijan, Uzbekistan Ravshanbek A. Abdirakhmonov Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies, Andijan, Uzbekistan Makhammadjon X. Mamadaliyev Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies, Andijan, Uzbekistan Ikromjon I. Abdimominov Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies, Andijan, Uzbekistan Dilfuza I. Karimova Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies, Andijan, Uzbekistan Matluba A. Yuldasheva Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies, Andijan, Uzbekistan Bakhodir A. Razzakov Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies, Andijan, Uzbekistan Dilfuza R. Shakarova Termez State University, Termez, Uzbekistan Maftunakhan Abduraimova Tashkent State University of Economics 49, Islam Karimov str., 100066, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2026 07 28 Efficient soil tillage is essential for sustainable cotton production and resource-saving agriculture. Conventional inter-row cultivation requires multiple passes, leading to increased fuel consumption, soil compaction, and operational costs. This study presents the design, analytical modeling, and experimental optimization of a deep-loosening working body integrated into an inter-row cultivator for cotton cultivation. The proposed tool improves soil aeration, water infiltration, and root development while reducing energy consumption. Mathematical models were developed to determine optimal tool geometry considering soil mechanical properties, plant root protection zones, and operational parameters. Experimental investigations evaluated the effects of working width, penetration angle, and tool length on soil fragmentation, loosened layer width, and draft resistance. Regression models were established to determine optimal parameter combinations ensuring maximum agro-technical performance with minimal energy consumption. Field tests confirmed reliable operation and compliance with agronomic requirements. The developed cultivator reduced labor costs by 51% and operational expenses by 32%, while improving soil structure and moisture retention. The proposed design contributes to sustainable and energy-efficient cotton production systems. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9785_b674bf223f7f3cd1807fec3b4078856a.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Development and characterization of biodegradable nanocomposite films incorporating natural antimicrobial agents for dairy product Ainur 729 736 9786 10.22124/cjes.2026.9786 EN Ainur Zheldybayeva Department of Applied Biotechnology, Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Zhuldyz Yembergenova Department of Chemistry and Food Technology, K.Zhubanov Aktobe regional university, Aktobe, Kazakhstan Sholpan Amanova Department of Food Safety and Quality, Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Ayaulym Suyundikova Department of Applied Biotechnology, Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Roza Sarmanova Department "Biology, Plant Protection and Quarantine" of Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Kazakhstan Muratkali Aliya Department of Chemistry and Food Technology, K.Zhubanov Aktobe regional university, Aktobe, Kazakhstan Gulmira Kassenova Head of the Biotechnology Laboratory at the Research Institute of Biotechnology and Ecology, Zhetysu University named after I.Zhansugurov, Taldykorgan, Kazakhstan Georgiy Afonin Department of Oncology Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 07 28 Currently, the environmental issues arising due to pollution with plastic packaging waste in the food industry have turned into a critical problem for developing countries like Kazakhstan. The objective of this study was to create and test the properties of nanocomposite biodegradable films consisting of polylactic acid and starch, loaded with montmorillonite nanoclay and thyme essential oil as a part of the development of dairy packaging films. Films were produced using solvent casting technique at various concentrations of nanoclay (1, 3, and 5 wt%) and thyme essential oil (2 wt%), and tested for their mechanical, barrier, structural, antimicrobial, and practical properties. It has been found that films with 5 wt% of nanoclay demonstrated increased tensile strength by 70% (18.4 to 31.2 MPa) and decreased water vapor permeability by 50% (42.8 to 18.4 g m-2 day-1). SEM and XRD analyses demonstrated the appropriate distribution of nanoparticles and increased interlayer distance from 1.52 to 1.82 nm. Films with thyme essential oil possessed good antimicrobial effect against Staphylococcus aureus (halo diameter 19.2 mm) and Escherichia coli (15.6 mm). According to the experiment conducted in refrigerated conditions of milk package testing, the improved film (NC3-TO) decreased the total amount of microorganisms to 68.5 log CFU mL-1 on the 21st day of storage while 56.8 log CFU mL-1 were obtained using traditional polyethylene packages (p < 0.001). Thus, the shelf life increased by seven days. Nanocomposite films designed during this research might be a good replacement for conventional plastics in the Kazakhstan dairy market. <strong> </strong> https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9786_ffd3bff89b6c57c9215e142c613a43e3.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Medicinal plant diversity of Mangystau Region (Kazakhstan): Taxonomic structure, ecological characteristics and pharmacological potential 737 751 9787 10.22124/cjes.2026.9787 EN Akzhunis Imanbayeva Laboratory of Natural Flora and Dendrology, Mangyshlak Experimental Botanical Garden, Aktau 130000, Kazakhstan Meruert Sagyndykova Laboratory of Natural Flora and Dendrology, Mangyshlak Experimental Botanical Garden, Aktau 130000, Kazakhstan Gulnara Gassanova Laboratory of Natural Flora and Dendrology, Mangyshlak Experimental Botanical Garden, Aktau 130000, Kazakhstan Nurzhaugan Duisenova Laboratory of Natural Flora and Dendrology, Mangyshlak Experimental Botanical Garden, Aktau 130000, Kazakhstan Akimzhan Lukmanov Laboratory of Natural Flora and Dendrology, Mangyshlak Experimental Botanical Garden, Aktau 130000, Kazakhstan Raushan Duisekenova Laboratory of Natural Flora and Dendrology, Mangyshlak Experimental Botanical Garden, Aktau 130000, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 07 28 Medicinal plants constitute an important component of biodiversity and represent a valuable source of biologically active compounds for pharmaceutical and medicinal applications. The Mangystau Region of Western Kazakhstan is characterized by unique desert ecosystems that support a diverse assemblage of medicinal plant species adapted to arid environmental conditions. This study aimed to assess the taxonomic composition, ecological structure, phytochemical characteristics, pharmacological potential, and utilization prospects of medicinal plants occurring in the flora of Mangystau. The analysis was based on floristic inventories, herbarium collections, ecological assessments, phytochemical data, pharmacological literature, and patent sources. A total of 302 medicinal plant species belonging to 174 genera and 58 families were examined. The results showed that medicinal plants constitute approximately 39.2% of the regional flora. Species diversity is concentrated within a limited number of dominant families, particularly Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Apiaceae, Boraginaceae, and Ranunculaceae, which collectively account for 65.5% of all recorded medicinal species. <em>Artemisia</em> was identified as the most species-rich genus. The ecological spectrum is dominated by perennial and annual herbs, as well as xerophytic, halophytic, and heliophytic species, reflecting long-term adaptation to water deficit, soil salinity, and intense solar radiation. Phytochemical analysis revealed a high prevalence of flavonoids (86.4% of species), phenolic compounds (43.7%), saponins (21.9%), and essential oils (17.9%). These compounds contribute to a broad range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiseptic, expectorant, and bronchodilatory activities. Several taxa, particularly representatives of <em>Artemisia, Ferula, Ephedra, Glycyrrhiza</em>, and <em>Astragalus</em>, demonstrate considerable potential as sources of medicinal raw materials and bioactive compounds. The findings highlight the significant biological and pharmacological values of the medicinal flora of Mangystau and provide a scientific basis for its conservation, sustainable utilization, cultivation, and further phytochemical and pharmacological investigation. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9787_70f546c884579d63524cf18b06167cff.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Comparative assessment of changes in the psycho-physiological indicators of the organism resulting from desynchronosis 753 764 9788 10.22124/cjes.2026.9788 EN Askar Kalekeshov Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Ainur Junussova Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Yerlan Makashev Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, Kazakhstan Elzira Kyrbassova Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Meruyert Parmanbekova Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Mira Aitzhanova Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Bakhytzhan Temirkhan Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Rustam Ukybayev Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 07 28 Prolonged reliance on administrative time, rather than natural (solar) time, alters the human body and can negatively affect the psychophysiological health of children and adolescents. Our research aims to assess the psychophysiological state of schoolchildren in regions where geographic time does not align with administrative time. A study of 200 students in grades 9–10 was conducted in two region to compare how  desynchronosis affects their psychophysiological state. The regions differed in the gap between official and natural time: in one region, the difference was 45 minutes, and in the other, it was 1 hour and 30 minutes. In the study, participants completed a questionnaire that included socio-demographic information, characteristics of sleep and wakefulness, items from the adolescent-adapted Horne–Östberg questionnaire to determine chronotype, and questions on their subjective experience of forgetfulness and emotional state. In addition, the “NS Psychotest” computer system was used to obtain objective measures of cognitive functions and attention. Current data show that the interrelationships among sleep duration, chronotype, and social jetlag in adolescents systematically affect academic achievement and cognitive functioning. These findings highlight the need to reconsider institutional parameters of the education system (such as school start times and study load) from a biologically grounded perspective. The results highlight the importance of considering regional chronobiological characteristics when organizing the educational process. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9788_02ac142bc053026844e217b07cffa5b7.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Effects of mogar grain flour on dough rheological properties and bread quality 765 772 9789 10.22124/cjes.2026.9789 EN Dinara Shansharova Department of Technology of Bakery Products and Processing Industries and Department of Food Safety and Quality, Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Raushan Uazhanova Department of Technology of Bakery Products and Processing Industries and Department of Food Safety and Quality, Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Zhazira Assangaliyeva Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Agrotechnology, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian-Technical University, Uralsk, Kazakhstan Diana Abdraimova Department of Technology of Bakery Products and Processing Industries and Department of Food Safety and Quality, Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Ludek Hrivna Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Karim Sattarov Department of Food Production, Gulistan State University, Gulistan, Uzbekistan Nurgul Dyusheeva Department of Food Science and Technology, Razzakov Kyrgyz State Technical University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Saule Zhiyenbayeva Department of Technology of Bakery Products and Processing Industries and Department of Food Safety and Quality, Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 07 29 Being a native and resistant to drought crops of Central Asian countries such as Kazakhstan, mogar can be considered to have high potential for enrichment of bakery products, however, due to low structural value of its flour gluten network formation, its use in baking remains restricted. The objective of this research was to study the influence of different processing of mogar grain (chilling, combined, and germinated) on rheological characteristics of dough and quality of obtained bread. Researches were conducted during April to September 2025 in Almaty Food Industry Laboratories on mogar variety of Visocresil. Samples of mogar grain were processed and subsequently mogar flour was mixed with wheat flour at 10 and 90 ratios. The rheological characteristics of dough were evaluated by means of F4 rheofermanometer and Alveolap devices. According to the results obtained, the effect of the combined treatment (immersion and refrigeration) is most pronounced when improving the qualities of dough; thus, the maximum intensity of gas production is equal to 3.72 mL min-1, and the time required to reach the maximum gas production rate is about 15-20 minutes earlier than in the control sample. Stability of the dough has been improved by 13%, its consistency and elasticity – by 2-6%. The quality of resulting breads remained at the control level (the specific volume of 3.85 versus 3.82 cm3 g-1). However, its nutritional qualities were significantly enhanced: protein by 10%, calcium by 14%, phosphorus by 4%, as well as amino acids valine, leucine and methionine, by 1-3%. It appears that the application of the flour Mogar treated by a combined way can be considered a real and efficient solution for producing high-quality bread in Kazakhstan. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9789_9299943b58b5da099feca1ce0b651dbc.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Spatial zoning of the territory of Almaty City based on the concentration and level of heavy metal contamination of soils 773 782 9790 10.22124/cjes.2026.9790 EN Gulzhanat Mukanova UNESCO Chair for Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences University, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Batyrgeldy Shimshikov UNESCO Chair for Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences University, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Zulfiya Tukenova UNESCO Chair for Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences University, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Tursunkul Bazarbaeva UNESCO Chair for Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences University, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Bayan Tussupova UNESCO Chair for Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences University, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Aitu Oshakbay UNESCO Chair for Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences University, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Kudaibergen Kyrgyzbay Department of Cartography and Geoinformatics, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Uldarina Amangaziyeva UNESCO Chair for Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences University, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 07 29 <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Almaty, the largest city in Kazakhstan, has a long history of industrial activity and heavy traffic, yet no systematic assessment of soil heavy metal contamination has ever been conducted across the entire urban territory. To fill this gap, we collected 412 soil samples from the top 0–10 cm layer between April and September 2025, covering all administrative districts of Almaty on a 1 km × 1 km grid. Concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr) were measured using ICP‑OES after aqua regia digestion. Background values were established from 25 reference sites outside the city. The results show wide spatial heterogeneity: Pb ranged from 4.2 to 347.8 mg kg^-1 (mean 48.6), and Cd from 0.05 to 3.92 mg kg^-1 (mean 0.64). Strong positive correlations among Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu (r = 0.69–0.84, <em>p</em> < 0.001) indicate common anthropogenic sources, while Cr showed only moderate enrichment (median enrichment factor 1.2). Using the threshold of background mean + 2SD, we classified the city into four zones: Class I (clean, 33% of area), Class II (moderate, 38%), Class III (high, 22%), and Class IV (very high, 7%). Very high zones are concentrated in the northern industrial belt and near the former battery plant, where Pb averaged 124.5 mg kg^-1 and Cd 1.92 mg kg^-1, close to Kazakh maximum allowable concentrations. Industrial areas and old residential districts displayed significantly higher contamination than new residential zones (<em>p</em> < 0.001). This study provides the first evidence‑based soil contamination map for Almaty, enabling targeted remediation, urban planning, and public health interventions.</span> https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9790_f2bd494a92bb6ecfec047308337afcdb.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Response surface methodology-optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction of zeaxanthin and lutein from maize grain and husk, beet tops, and bilberry leaves 783 796 9791 10.22124/cjes.2026.9791 EN Laila Kalimoldina Department of Chemistry, Chemical Technology and Ecology, Almaty Technological University; Almaty, Tole bi St., 100, 050012, Kazakhstan Saule Alamagambetova Department of Chemistry, Chemical Technology and Ecology, Almaty Technological University; Almaty, Tole bi St., 100, 050012, Kazakhstan Lazzat Seitmagazimova Department of Chemistry, Chemical Technology and Ecology, Almaty Technological University; Almaty, Tole bi St., 100, 050012, Kazakhstan Zura Yessimsiitova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 al-Farabi Avenue, Almaty, 050040 Mariya Suleimenova Department of Chemistry, Chemical Technology and Ecology, Almaty Technological University; Almaty, Tole bi St., 100, 050012, Kazakhstan Dauren Mukhanov Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 al-Farabi Avenue, Almaty, 050040 Assiya Nuraly Department of Chemistry, Chemical Technology and Ecology, Almaty Technological University; Almaty, Tole bi St., 100, 050012, Kazakhstan Alibek Mutushev Department of Chemistry, Chemical Technology and Ecology, Almaty Technological University; Almaty, Tole bi St., 100, 050012, Kazakhstan Dauren Baiseitov Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National University, Dostyk Avenue, 13, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan Madina Zhetenova Department of Chemistry, Chemical Technology and Ecology, Almaty Technological University; Almaty, Tole bi St., 100, 050012, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 07 29 Lutein and zeaxanthin are valuable xanthophyll carotenoids with recognized antioxidant activity and important roles in ocular protection. The development of efficient and sustainable extraction methods from underutilized plant materials is therefore of considerable interest for food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications. In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized for the recovery of lutein- and zeaxanthin-containing extracts from selected agricultural byproducts, including maize grain and husk fractions, beet tops, and bilberry leaves/berries. Response surface methodology with a central composite design was applied to evaluate the effects of extraction temperature, extraction time, and solid-to-solvent ratio on carotenoid recovery. Conventional solvent extraction was used as a control. The optimized UAE process substantially reduced extraction time from 3–4 h to 35–40 min and increased the recovery of target bioactive compounds by approximately 30–42% compared with conventional extraction. The improvement was attributed to ultrasound-enhanced matrix disruption, improved solvent penetration, and intensified mass transfer. Functional and technological characterization showed that ultrasound treatment decreased bulk density and increased water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, swelling capacity, and hydration-related properties of the plant powders, indicating improved accessibility of the plant matrix. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of characteristic functional groups associated with xanthophyll-containing extracts, including O–H, aliphatic C–H, conjugated C=C, and C–O vibrations, without evidence of pronounced structural degradation under the selected extraction conditions. The results demonstrate that UAE is an efficient, rapid, and environmentally favorable approach for producing carotenoid-rich extracts from locally available agro-industrial residues. This method may support the valorization of plant byproducts into functional ingredients for nutraceutical, food, cosmetic, and potential ophthalmological applications. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9791_b9e76d5b7b2152b280806b62d0e50302.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Study of amino acid and mineral composition of powder from the coat obtained by the method of liophilic drying 797 804 9792 10.22124/cjes.2026.9792 EN Raissa Utegaliyeva Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazakh National Women׳s Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gulzira N. Kudaibergenova Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazakh National Womens Teacher Training University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Raushan Uazhanova Department of Technology of Bakery Products and Processing Industries and Department of Food Safety and Quality, Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Lyailya E. Anuarova Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazakh National Women׳s Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Galiya DZH. Medeuova Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazakh National Women׳s Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Madina M. Kopzhassar Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazakh National Women׳s Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gabit Sharipov Department of Civil Defense and Military Training, Malik Gabdullin Academy of Civil Protection of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kokshetau, Kazakhstan Sarzhan Shari Pova Department of Toxicological Chemistry, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 07 29 Traditionally, shobat, a beverage made out of camel milk fermentation, has had its unique position in the culinary traditions of Central Asia throughout history, yet its limited shelf-life has been an obstacle to its industrialization and mass production all along. The research described below was performed in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2025 and its purpose is to examine the impact that freeze-drying technique has on the protein content and mineral composition of shobat. Fresh samples of shobat have been collected in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan and then subjected to freeze-drying at -40°C and a vacuum pressure of 0.01 mbar. Protein content was evaluated via HPLC; mineral elements were examined by means of AAS. In conclusion, the results indicated that the amount of essential amino acids was reduced marginally (1.8 – 3.6%) but was not statistically significant (p < 0.05). Out of all the amino acids, only cysteine was statistically significant with a reduction of -5.5% (p = 0.04). The recovery of calcium and magnesium in the powder was high, more than 96%. On the other hand, iron and manganese had reductions of 4.3 and 5.3%, respectively, which were statistically significant (p = 0.04; p = 0.03). The final powder had moisture content of 3.3% and water activity of 0.25, both of which are conducive for storage at room temperature. Therefore, freeze-drying seems to be an effective way of processing chobat into powder form, while also retaining its nutritive value. This makes it an appropriate substitute for similar dairy foods in the market. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9792_ca54c30f468a9919e91f4dbf85a64915.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Integrated environmental monitoring and assessment of anthropogenic impacts on the Ilek River ecosystem, Kazakhstan 805 828 9793 10.22124/cjes.2026.9793 EN Gulzat Zholmuratova Department of Environmental Management and Engineering, L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan Bauyrzhan Kapsalyamov Department of Environmental Management and Engineering, L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan Boguslawa Leska Department of Environmental Physicochemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland; Zhanar Moldagayyeva Department of Ecology, Narxoz University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Saltanat Daumetova Department of Chemistry and Ecology, Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Botakoz Kaliyeva Department of Chemistry and Ecology, Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gulzira Gataulina Department of Environmental Management and Engineering, L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan 0009-0000-2181-8272 Gulya Issengaliyeva Department of Ecology, Aktobe Regional University named after K. Zhubanov, Aktobe, Kazakhstan; Journal Article 2026 07 29 Ilek River, one of the most polluted water bodies in the Ural–Caspian Basin, experiences significant anthropogenic pressure. The primary sources of pollution include heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Fe, and Mn), boron, petroleum hydrocarbons, and organic contaminants such as surfactants, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅). The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive bioindication-based assessment of organic pollution in the river channel. The saprobity index of macrophyte communities was applied alongside instrumental analysis of the physicochemical properties of water. Additionally, the study evaluated the phytoremediation potential of six macrophyte species, namely <em>Ceratophyllum demersum, Lemna minor, Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Typha latifolia</em>, and <em>Phragmites australis</em>, for removing priority pollutants from the aquatic environment. The research was further supported by a systematic review of scientific publications indexed in Scopus from 2018 to 2025, which provided a broader scientific context for assessing macrophyte-based remediation efficiency and ecological monitoring of contaminated river ecosystems. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9793_d3ca74f923c621f8b1e14b55e4669233.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Biodiversity, ecological distribution and sustainable use of species of the genus Macrotomia (Arnebia) 829 836 9794 10.22124/cjes.2026.9794 EN Rakhat Pernebekova Faculty of Postgraduate Medical Education, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, Kazakhstan Aray Kirgizbayeva Kazakh National Medical University named after S.D. Asfendiyarov, Almaty, Kazakhstan Galiya Zhakipbekova South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Shymkent, Kazakhstan Kulpan Orynbasarova South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Shymkent, Kazakhstan Arailym Abilova South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Shymkent, Kazakhstan Roza Mamykova Faculty of Natural Sciences, Zhanibekov University, Department of Biology, Shymkent, Kazakhstan Khalima Sartayeva Faculty of Natural Sciences, Zhanibekov University, Department of Biology, Shymkent, Kazakhstan Gulzhakhan Utegenova Faculty of Natural Sciences, Zhanibekov University, Department of Biology, Shymkent, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 07 29 The <em>Macrotomia</em> (<em>Arnebia</em>) genus of the family Arnebiaceae occupies a unique position in traditional medicine and the pharmaceutical industry owing to its ability to accumulate biologically active naphthoquinone compounds, particularly shikonin. However, information on the biodiversity, ecology, population status, and medicinal potential of these species in southern Kazakhstan remains limited. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the morphology, ecology, population characteristics, and medicinal significance of <em>Macrotomia ugamensis</em> and <em>Macrotomia euchroma</em> in natural populations of the Tolebi, Kazygurt, and Tulkibas districts of the Turkistan Region, Republic of Kazakhstan, during 2025. Morphological characteristics, population parameters, soil physicochemical properties, and climatic conditions were investigated through field surveys conducted at 15 sampling sites using transects and permanent plots. Naphthoquinone compounds were extracted and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results demonstrated that <em>M. ugamensis</em> is confined to mountainous habitats above 1900 m a.s.l., characterized by mean annual temperatures below 9 °C and annual precipitation exceeding 350 mm, whereas <em>M. euchroma</em> predominates in warmer and drier foothill and plain ecosystems with temperatures above 13 °C. The total naphthoquinone content of <em>M. ugamensis</em> (15.7 mg/g extract) was significantly higher than that of <em>M. euchroma</em> (<em>p</em> < 0.001), and shikonin concentration was strongly positively correlated with altitude (<em>r</em> = 0.95). Populations of <em>M. euchroma</em> were sparse and fragmented, with densities below one individual per square meter in several surveyed locations. These findings indicate that the contrasting ecological requirements of the two species necessitate species-specific conservation strategies, while their declining populations highlight the importance of cultivation and ex situ conservation to ensure sustainable utilization. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9794_ddce03549bb7867bf749222ff8c01720.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Green transition, institutions and environmental efficiency in OECD economies 837 864 9797 10.22124/cjes.2026.9797 EN Azizbek Khurramov International School of Finance Technology and Science, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Anvar Avlokulov Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Otaxon Qushmatov Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Muxammadi Xayitboyev Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Sanjar B. Bobokulov Samarkand Institute of Economics and Service, 140100 Samarkand, Uzbekistan Nargiza SH. Abdieva Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Sitorabonu Abdiganiyeva International School of Finance Technology and Science, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Saodat T. Toshalieva Termez State University, Termez, Uzbekistan Umida Khalikova Bukhara State University, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Fakhriddin KH. Karimov Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Dilfuza T. Yakubova International School of Finance Technology and Science, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Abduraimov Bunet Campus of the University of Economics and Pedagogy, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Layli S. Mirzayeva Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2026 07 30 The green transition is frequently framed as a primarily technological undertaking, yet its environmental payoff depends on the institutional and structural conditions under which clean-energy and innovation inputs are deployed. This paper develops an integrated green-transition and institutional–environmental-efficiency framework and tests it on an unbalanced panel of 38 OECD economies observed between 2000 and 2021. We distinguish two complementary outcomes-  emissions per capita, which capture environmental pressure, and energy intensity, which captures environmental efficiency-and estimate their determinants with two-way fixed-effects models corrected by Driscoll–Kraay standard errors that are robust to heteroskedasticity, serial correlation and cross-sectional dependence. The empirical strategy layers a baseline specification with an Environmental Kuznets Curve test on mean-centred income, institutional interaction models, a panel quantile analysis of distributional heterogeneity, and robustness checks using logistics performance and the individual governance indicators. Renewable energy consistently and significantly lowers  emissions across all specifications, whereas research and development, income and institutional quality operate more visibly through the energy-efficiency channel. The central contribution is evidence that institutional quality, though not a simple linear depressant of emissions, strengthens the environmental effectiveness of both renewable energy and innovation: all four institution-by-input interactions are negative and statistically significant. The findings portray the OECD green transition as jointly technological, structural and institutional, and imply that governance capacity should be treated as a multiplier that converts green-transition inputs into measurable environmental performance. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9797_53df81a3b1f0bc09fc2ac9a81fdcd6f0.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Review of functions of the lymphatic system in cavity of abdominal inflammation 865 872 9799 10.22124/cjes.2026.9799 EN Nazym Issayeva Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Aigul Mamataeva Department of Biology, Kazakh National Women's Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gulshat Atanbaeva Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Botakoz Joltukova Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Anar Yeshmukhanbet Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Makpal Yessenova Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Ulbossin Kozhaniyazova Laboratory of Physiology Lymphatic System, Institute of Genetics and Physiology SC MSHE RK, Almaty, Kazakhstan 0000-0001-6122-0320 Serik Abdreshov Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 07 30 Despite long being thought of as a passive clearing system, the abdominal lymphatics have recently shown themselves as active regulators of inflammatory outcomes. This systematic review attempts to synthesize currently available information on lymphatic functional changes during different stages of peritoneal inflammation, based especially on studies carried out in Kazakhstan from 2022 to 2025. We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and regional Central Asian databases up to September 2025 and identified 62 studies reporting on quantifiable lymphatic drainage, node morphological, or lymph cytokine changes. Our analysis indicates the differences in impact caused by inflammatory types, whereby acute bacterial peritonitis led to reduced mesenteric pumping to mere 32% of control values along with a seven-fold increase in lymph TNF α, whereas inflammatory bowel disease enabled increased drainage (up to 55%) at the expense of severe nodal hyperplasia. The inverse association between lymphatic flow and time taken by systemic inflammatory response syndrome persisted across all groups (mean <em>r</em> value of 0.69). Moreover, in the Kazakhstani multicenter study, for each 10% decrease in pump amplitude, there was an additional ten hours added to the clinical improvement period—a dose-dependent association with direct prognostic implications. Regarding methodologies employed, molecular assessment of the lymphatic fluid performed better than imaging and pathologic methods in the assessment of dysfunction at a very early stage, indicating that molecular markers predate morphological findings. Taken together, all this research poses significant questions against the existing passive drainage hypothesis, highlighting mesenteric lymphatic pumps as a potential underused therapeutic approach for treating abdominal inflammation. Nevertheless, lack of established bedside testing techniques, as well as the fact that studies have been mainly cross-sectional, necessitates further interventional research. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9799_dcae7d65080ec5c5fc2148b826fdd860.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 GIS-based spatial analysis of soil contamination with heavy metals in urban areas of Kazakhstan 873 881 9800 10.22124/cjes.2026.9800 EN Manira Zamanbayeva D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan Arailym Amantayeva Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Samal Syrlybekkyzy Department of "Ecology and life safety", Faculty of engineering, Yessenov University, Aktau, Kazakhstan Shynar Baimukasheva Department of "Ecology and life safety", Faculty of engineering, Yessenov University, Aktau, Kazakhstan Assem Satimbekova D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan Ulbossyn Yerkinbek Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Balgyn Amanbay Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Aknura Alimkhanova Department of Geography and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 07 30 The increase in the concentration of heavy metals in urban soils, as one of the consequences of industrialization and population growth, has always been of interest to environmental scientists. In this study, the spatial distribution of five heavy elements, including lead, zinc, cadmium, chromium, and arsenic, in the surface soils of three metropolitan cities of Almaty, Astana, and Karaganda in Kazakhstan was investigated during the period from April to October 2025. 180 surface soil samples were collected from a depth of 0 to 20 cm and the concentration of elements was quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. Data analysis was performed using geostatistical methods including variography and ordinary kriging, as well as principal component analysis and Pearson correlation. The findings showed that Karaganda City, with an average concentration of zinc of 246.7 and lead of 68.5 mg kg^-1, had the highest pollution, and more than 65% of the samples exceeded the national standard limit. In contrast, Astana, with an average lead of 29.8 mg kg^-1, showed the lowest pollution. The high correlation of lead-zinc (0.78), lead-cadmium (0.72) and zinc-cadmium (0.81) indicates common industrial and traffic sources, while the lower correlation of chromium with other elements and a factor loading of 0.87 on the second component indicate its terraneous origin. The spatial structure ratio of the elements varied between 0.69 and 0.86, indicating strong to moderate spatial correlation. The range of influence of zinc (3.5 km) and lead (4.8 km) shows the wide radius of influence of these pollutants. Industrial use with a land accumulation index of 48.2 and an enrichment factor of 82.7 for zinc had the highest pollution. Kriging cross-validation with a standardized mean error close to zero (-0.07 to 0.08) and a normalized root mean square error close to one (0.92 to 1.02) confirmed the appropriate performance of the variographic models. Karaganda is in the most critical situation, and Almaty also requires continuous monitoring for arsenic, with 65% of samples exceeding the WHO guideline. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9800_ea4869ef561acfaef861da66bd124a97.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Structural and adaptive features of the leaf in endemic species Allium isakulii R. M. Fritsch et F. O. Khass. and Allium praemixtum Vved. under natural conditions 883 891 9801 10.22124/cjes.2026.9801 EN Muxabbat Ravshanova Department of Biology, Navoiy State University, Navoiy, Uzbekistan Guljan Duschanova Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, at the National Pedagogical University of Uzbekistan named after Nizami, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Sodikjon Abdinazarov Tashkent Botanical Garden named after Academician F.N. Rusanov at the Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Akmal Yuldashev Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Andijan State Pedagogical Institute, Andijan, Uzbekistan Zokirjon Isomiddinov Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kokand State University, Kokand, Uzbekistan Namuna Alieva Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kokand State University, Kokand, Uzbekistan Kamola Ibragimova Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, at the National Pedagogical University of Uzbekistan named after Nizami, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Abdiraxman Saparov Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Ajiniyaz, Nukus, Uzbekistan Rajabov Doston Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Abduraimov Muratkul Samarkand state University of architecture and construction, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2026 07 31 For the first time, a comparative anatomical analysis of the leaf structure of the endemic species <em>Allium isakulii</em> and <em>Allium praemixtum</em>, distributed in the Nurata Mountain Range, has been conducted. Diagnostic and structural adaptation features characteristic of each species have been revealed. A unifacial leaf type was identified in <em>A. praemixtum</em>, while a bifacial leaf type was found in <em>A. isakulii</em>. The mesophyll of the linear leaf in <em>A. isakulii </em>was found to be of the isolateral-palisade type, whereas in <em>A. praemixtum</em>, the mesophyll of the cylindrical leaf showed a concentric anatomical structure. These identified structural-diagnostic features are useful for the taxonomic identification of <em>A. isakulii </em>and <em>A. praemixtum</em>. Additionally, various combinations of xeromorphic and mesomorphic traits were found in the leaves of both species. Based on the adaptive characteristics of the leaves, <em>A. isakulii</em> exhibits predominant xero-mesomorphic features, while <em>A. praemixtum</em> shows prevalent meso-xeromorphic traits, indicating a high degree of adaptation of these species to arid environments. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9801_884a2e5d4d0c434f88f66ccc69d13ea1.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Habitat use, seasonal distribution, and dietary ecology of the Eurasian otter, Lutra lutra in Shoulam River, Guilan Province, Iran 893 903 9598 10.22124/cjes.2026.9598 EN Mohammad-Javad Adati Shoulami Department of Environmental Sciences, Natural Resources Faculty, University of Guilan, Iran Saeid Naderi Department of Environmental Sciences, Natural Resources Faculty, University of Guilan, Iran Amir Zadnemat Department of Environmental Sciences, Natural Resources Faculty, University of Guilan, Iran Saeid Eshagh Nimvari Department of Environmental Sciences, Natural Resources Faculty, University of Guilan, Iran Journal Article 2026 05 11 The Eurasian otter, <em>Lutra lutra</em> serves as a keystone species and apex predator in freshwater ecosystems, playing a vital role in ecological stability. However, local populations face increasing threats from habitat fragmentation and human-wildlife conflicts. This study investigated the presence, seasonal distribution patterns, habitat preferences, and dietary habits of the Eurasian otter along Shoulam River in Guilan Province, Iran, over a one-year period (2021–2022). Given the species’ elusive nature, indirect field surveys were conducted to record presence signs. A total of 254 signs (111 spraints, 141 footprints, and 2 smears) were identified across 149 geographical points. Habitat selection was evaluated using 11 environmental variables, and diet was assessed through spraint analysis. Data were analyzed using non-parametric tests and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated significant seasonal variations in the otter activity (<em>p</em> < 0.001). A distinct divergence emerged between spatial occurrence and marking intensity: while the widest spatial distribution was recorded in autumn, the highest frequency of marking signs occurred in winter (87 signs) and the lowest in summer (41 signs). PCA extracted five components explaining 68.03% of the variance, showing a significant preference for habitats with mature tree cover, low understory density, finer substrates (particle size < 1 cm, such as sand and mud), water depth between 0.5–1 m, and low anthropogenic litter. Diet analysis yielded 487 prey items, with fish being the dominant prey category (Feeding Index [FI] = 0.414), followed by birds (FI = 0.244). The statistical association with fine riverbed substrates indicates that marking behavior is closely linked to foraging grounds, where otters utilize available muddy or sandy banks for sprainting while hunting. The study reveals a high degree of dietary plasticity and opportunistic foraging behavior, characterized by seasonal shifts such as increased amphibian consumption in spring. The discrepancy between spatial spread in autumn and intensive marking in winter suggests a behavioral shift from exploration to territorial defense. Conservation strategies in the Caspian basin should prioritize the protection of riparian vegetation corridors and the mitigation of anthropogenic disturbances to ensure the survival of this near-threatened species.<br /><strong> </strong> https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9598_07ef0b39dbc25565e671db5ae691b701.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Do extreme climate events impact oak decline phenomenon in the Zagros Region, Western Iran? 905 918 9465 10.22124/cjes.2026.9465 EN Mahdieh Garoosiha Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Pedram Attarod Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Samira Beiranvand Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Shahram Khalighi Sigaroodi Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, Faculty of Natural Resources, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Mohammad Javad Mehdikhani Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Javad Bazrafshan Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2026 02 22 Assessments of forest vulnerability to climate change often emphasize average meteorological conditions, overlooking the role of extreme events in shaping forest dynamics. This study quantifies the influence of climate extremes on the decline of Zagros forests in western Iran. Using RClimDex, we analyzed minimum and maximum temperatures and precipitation records from 19 synoptic stations over 33 years (1987–2019). Stations were grouped into three climate types, semi-dry, Mediterranean, and very humid, and divided into two temporal phases: pre-decline (1987-2000) and post-decline (2001-2019). Trends in 14 extreme climate indices, including temperature extremes, precipitation intensity, spell durations, growing season length, and annual wet-day totals, were evaluated for each region and period. Of 266 trends analyzed, 21% were statistically significant in both pre- and post-decline phases. In the very humid region, the proportion of significant trends fell from 28.5% to 21.4% after the decline, while in the semi-dry region, significance remained stable (~19%). The Mediterranean region showed a slight increase from 19.5% to 23%. Over the full study period, 52.2% of trends were significant, with the highest proportion (69%) in the very humid region, followed by semi-dry (48.8%) and Mediterranean (50%). These results highlight marked spatial and temporal variability in extreme climate events, underscoring their importance in accelerating forest decline. This work provides a quantitative basis for incorporating extreme climate indices into adaptive forest management and climate resilience strategies. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9465_3a3734bf47329396e17d5e05455b4b66.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Impacts of agri-food systems on the state and dynamics of land resources in Russia in the context of food security 919 925 9803 10.22124/cjes.2026.9803 EN Rishat A. Migunov Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 49 Timiryazevskaya St., Moscow, 127434, Russian Federation Ekaterina V. Enkina Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 49 Timiryazevskaya St., Moscow, 127434, Russian Federation Journal Article 2026 08 01 This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics and condition of Russia's land resources in the context of the functioning of agri-food systems for the period 2019–2024. The relevance of the study is determined by the key role of land resources in ensuring the country's food security against the backdrop of increasing anthropogenic impacts and climate risks. Based on statistical and structural analysis of the data, the following key trends were identified: increasing land use intensity, expressed in an increase in the application of mineral fertilizers (from 2.7 to 3.5 million tons) and expanding the scope of chemical reclamation, while the problems of anthropogenic soil disturbance persist. Particular attention is paid to the processes of reclamation and degradation of agricultural land. The author emphasizes the dual nature of the influence of agri-food systems: stimulating productivity is accompanied by the risks of qualitative soil depletion and dependence on chemical and technological inputs. A conclusion is drawn regarding the need for a transition to a restorative land use model to ensure long-term food sustainability, including improved monitoring of degradation processes and the development of a reclamation complex. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9803_8b439b3a6811e446eb9b570704c540b2.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Cooperation of household plots as a factor in increasing the efficiency of agricultural production in Kazakhstan 927 934 9554 10.22124/cjes.2026.9554 EN Galiya U. Akimbekova Kazakh Research Institute of Economics of Agro-Industrial Complex and Rural Development, Almaty, Kazakhstan Altynbek B. Moldashev Kazakh Research Institute of Economics of Agro-Industrial Complex and Rural Development, Almaty, Kazakhstan Saule T. Zhumasheva Kazakh Research Institute of Economics of Agro-Industrial Complex and Rural Development, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gulzada A. Dzhambaeva Kazakh Research Institute of Economics of Agro-Industrial Complex and Rural Development, Almaty, Kazakhstan Askar K. Sharipov Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Zhetysu Region, Taldykorgan, Kazakhstan Rimma Tazhibayeva LLP “Bal Halal”, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 04 17 This article analyzes the organizational and economic development of agricultural cooperation among small farms within Kazakhstan's agro-industrial complex. Utilizing data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan and state agricultural programs, the study employs systemic, comparative, and economic-statistical methods to assess cooperative development, crop and livestock production structures, and farm participation levels. Results demonstrate a positive trend in the cooperative sector, increased agricultural production, and expanded marketing channels. The article substantiates organizational and economic mechanisms and cooperation models to enhance agricultural processing, resource efficiency, and agri-food value chains. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9554_434e7a90b8d59db8ea3a21bb8faa4c23.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Role of medicinal plants in mitigating environmental toxin effects: Protective and detoxification mechanisms 935 948 9030 10.22124/cjes.2025.9030 EN Rustam Turakulov Department of Internal Medicine in Family Medicine, Tashkent State Medical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Islom Kadirov Department of Transport Systems, Urgench State University named after Abu Raykhan Beruni, Urgench, Uzbekistan Abdurashid Abdurakhmonov Department of Labour Protection, Andijan State Technical Institute, Andijan, Uzbekistan Abdulatif Shavazov Institute of Energy Problems of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan Durdona Alikarieva Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Ecology, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Nodirakhan Nishanova Tashkent State Technical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Dildora Islamova Tashkent State Technical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Guzal Akmalova Tashkent State Technical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Dilnoza Khafizova Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Nigora Dustova Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Kenjabek Rozumbetov Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Food Safety, Nukus Branch of Samarkand State University of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Husbandry and Biotechnology, 230100 Nukus, Uzbekistan; & Department of General Biology and Physiology, Karakalpak State University, 230100 Nukus, Uzbekistan Saydali Turdiev Tashkent State Agrarian University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Arsen Abdulhakimov Department of Faculty and Hospital Surgery of Fergana Medical Institute of Public Health, Fergana, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2025 09 04 Environmental toxins—including heavy metals, organic pollutants, mycotoxins, and airborne toxicants—pose significant threats to human health by inducing oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and genomic damage. Current detoxification strategies are limited in efficacy and safety, creating demand for complementary approaches. This review summarizes the protective and detoxification mechanisms of medicinal plants against environmental toxins, with emphasis on molecular pathways and translational evidence. We examined experimental and clinical studies addressing the role of medicinal plants in mitigating toxin-induced damage, focusing on antioxidant activity, xenobiotic metabolism, chelation, and anti-inflammatory effects. Key phytochemicals—including silymarin (<em>Silybum marianum</em>), curcumin (<em>Curcuma longa</em>), catechins (<em>Camellia sinensis</em>), sulforaphane (Brassica spp.), allicin (<em>Allium sativum</em>), and resveratrol (<em>Vitis vinifera</em>)—exert protective effects via multiple mechanisms: Activation of Nrf2–ARE signaling and induction of detoxification enzymes, Chelation of toxic metals (lead, cadmium, mercury), Suppression of NF-κB–mediated inflammation, Stabilization of mitochondria and cell membranes, and Support of glutathione metabolism. Several plants, such as broccoli sprouts and garlic, show measurable benefits in human trials (e.g., increased excretion of benzene metabolites, reduced lead burden). However, limitations include variability in phytochemical content, poor bioavailability (e.g., curcumin, resveratrol), and potential herb–drug interactions. Medicinal plants offer promising, multi-targeted strategies for mitigating the adverse health effects of environmental toxins. While robust preclinical evidence supports their use, large-scale, standardized clinical trials are essential to validate efficacy, optimize dosing, and ensure safety. Integration of phytomedicine with modern detoxification strategies may provide a sustainable approach to environmental health challenges. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9030_038648c61b2f842d799fcb5ca243ff3b.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Interplay of medicinal plants, toxicants, and chronic diseases: An integrative review 949 959 9043 10.22124/cjes.2025.9043 EN Umida Yunusova Department of Orthopedic Dentistry and Orthodontics of the Bukhara State Medical Institute, 23, Gijduvanskaya Str, Bukhara City, 200118, Uzbekistan Alibek Akhmedov Department of Orthopedic Dentistry and Orthodontics of the Bukhara State Medical Institute, 23, Gijduvanskaya Str, Bukhara City, 200118, Uzbekistan Luiza Khalilovna Alimova Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Bukhara State University, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Nargiza Omonova Department of Plant Quarantine and Protection, Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies, Andijan, Uzbekistan Islom Rayimbergan Ugli Kadirov Department of Transport Systems, Urgench State University named after Abu Raykhan Beruni. Urgench, Uzbekistan Marif Karimov Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases No. 2 of Tashkent State Medical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Bakhora Khamdamova Department of Neurology, Faculty of Postgraduate Education, Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Feruzaxon Sultonova Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Andijan State Technical Institute, Andijan, Uzbekistan Ibrohimjon Asqarov Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Andijan State University Luqmon Samiev Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers" National Research University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Furkat Gapparov Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers" National Research University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Saodat Nasirova Department of Life Safety, Faculty of Geology, Exploration and Mining, Tashkent State Technical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2025 09 07 Chronic diseases result from complex interactions among genetic factors, environmental toxins like metals and air pollutants, lifestyle choices, and our overall exposure. At the same time, medicinal plants and their active components have various effects that may counteract or sometimes worsen these toxin-related processes. Many phytochemicals influence oxidative stress, inflammation, metabolism of foreign substances, hormonal signaling, genetic programming, mitochondrial function, and the gut-microbiome-liver connection—all of which can be disrupted by toxins. The most substantial evidence suggests that polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and sulfur compounds, such as curcumin, quercetin, resveratrol, berberine, silymarin, EGCG, and sulforaphane, are effective, although their clinical applications vary. These interactions can include benefits such as activating Nrf2, chelating metals, and reshaping the microbiome, as well as risks including inhibiting CYP/P-gp, producing oxidative effects at high doses, and contamination. Plant-based interventions show potential for countering the harmful effects of toxins in chronic conditions like heart disease, liver disease, kidney issues, neurodegenerative disorders, immune problems, and cancer. Future research should focus on trials that consider exposure, validated biomarkers, and integrated methods that connect exposomics and pharmacology. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9043_313dbd2ec44cb3e5b780823a4ca36051.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Medicinal plants in the management of environment-related diseases: Opportunities and challenges 961 967 9044 10.22124/cjes.2025.9044 EN Shaira Atadjanova Associate Professor, Andijan State Medical Institute, 1Yu.Atabekov Str., Andijan Region, Uzbekistan Kamoliddin Makhmudov Associate Professor of the Tashkent State Technical University, Uzbekistan Bekmurodjon Rakhimjonov Associate Professor of the Tashkent State Technical University, Uzbekistan Madina Abduraxmanova Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Technical Sciences, Tashkent Chemical-Technological Institute, Uzbekistan Shoyunus Obidov Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology, Uzbekistan Munavvar Iskandarova Doctoral Student, Tashkent State Technical University, Uzbekistan Sardor Zubtiyev Assistant of the Department of Pathological Anatomy, Tashkent State Medical University, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan Firuza Maksudova DSc, Professor, Tashkent Pharmaceuticals Institute, Department of Industrial Technology of Medicines, Uzbekistan Dildora Israilova Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, National Research University, English Language Department, Teacher, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Javokhir Mustaqimov Assistant, Department of Orthopaedic Dentistry and Orthodontics, Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara City, Uzbekistan Dilshod Esanov Associate Assistant of the Department of Orthopaedic Dentistry and Orthodontics of the Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara City, Uzbekistan Mukhiddin Kosimov Doctor of Philosophy in Economics Science, Associate Professor of the Мining Department of the Almalyk Branch of the Scientific Research Technological University «MISIS» Uchkun Eshonkulov PhD, Karshi State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan Journal Article 2025 09 07 Environmental diseases pose a double threat—as such diseases affect the general population or affect only a very small segment of it-they continue to be recognized as one of the biggest health hazards in the world. Changes in respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and metabolic diseases all fall into this never-ending category. Diseases may be directly or indirectly caused by environmental pollution through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammatory response, mitochondrial dysfunction, immune disturbance, or even epigenetic transformation. Medicinal plants and their phytochemicals offer the possibility of treatment since their actions on physiological systems are many and varied, have been proven to be safe at appropriate doses, and almost all have been used by humans practically since the beginning of civilization for medicine. This review will cover the mechanistic basis of phytochemicals counteracting pathological responses to toxicants, examples of their incorporation into pharmacy practice, and obstacles to their enabling actual use in clinical applications. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9044_156e719c6042ac225957a025af65fb04.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Resource and production potential for deep processing of agricultural products in Kazakhstan 969 974 9553 10.22124/cjes.2026.9553 EN Askar B. Baimukhanov Department of Processing and Logistics in the Agro-Industrial Complex, Kazakh Research Institute of Economics of the Agro-Industrial Complex and Rural Development 30B Satpayev St., Almaty, 050057, Kazakhstan. Yuriy A. Khan Department of Processing and Logistics in the Agro-Industrial Complex, Kazakh Research Institute of Economics of the Agro-Industrial Complex and Rural Development 30B Satpayev St., Almaty, 050057, Kazakhstan. Yesenbay I. Islamov Department of Processing and Logistics in the Agro-Industrial Complex, Kazakh Research Institute of Economics of the Agro-Industrial Complex and Rural Development 30B Satpayev St., Almaty, , 050057, Kazakhstan Bolatkhan M. Makhatov Department of Processing and Logistics in the Agro-Industrial Complex, Kazakh Research Institute of Economics of the Agro-Industrial Complex and Rural Development 30B Satpayev St., Almaty, , 050057, Kazakhstan Anargul Belgibayeva Sh. Ualikhanov Kokshetau University, Kazakhstan Gulnar K. Joldasbayeva Almaty Technological University, 100 Tole bi str., Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 04 17 Deep processing of agricultural products is crucial for developing Kazakhstan's agro-industrial complex and boosting the value of its agricultural commodities. Based on official statistics from Kazakhstan's Bureau of Statistics and using comparative and structural analyses, this study reveals the country's substantial raw material potential, particularly in cereals, oilseeds, and livestock. However, processing depth remains inadequate for several key commodities. Promising areas for growth in the processing industry include starch products, vegetable oils, dairy products, and processed fruits and vegetables. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9553_26525b40cdbe7227dafcb3d20494d0aa.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 3 2026 07 01 Environmentally benign recycling of wastes into anode materials for sustainable energy storage 975 981 9804 10.22124/cjes.2026.9804 EN Alibek Mutushev Scientific Center for New Technologies; Almaty, Abaya str.191, 050046/A05A1K0, Kazakhstan Assiya Nuraly Scientific Center for New Technologies; Almaty, Abaya str.191, 050046/A05A1K0, Kazakhstan Aknur Seisenova Scientific Center for New Technologies; Almaty, Abaya str.191, 050046/A05A1K0, Kazakhstan Sandugash Oryngaliyeva Scientific Center for New Technologies; Almaty, Abaya str.191, 050046/A05A1K0, Kazakhstan Zura Yessimsiitova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 al-Farabi Avenue, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 08 02 The increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries necessitates the development of environmentally friendly and cost-effective anode materials. This study presents a laboratory-scale technology for recycling cast iron shavings from brake discs — abundant metallurgical waste generated during turning operations — into a high-performance anode material for 18650 cylindrical lithium-ion cells. The waste was processed through mechanical grinding, acid leaching, thermal activation, and electrode fabrication. Electrochemical testing of half-cells demonstrated a reversible specific capacity of 420–510 mAh g⁻¹ at a rate of 0.1C, along with excellent cycling stability (capacity retention of 85–92% after 100 cycles). Full 18650 cells assembled with the developed anode exhibited stable operating performance. The proposed approach offers an ecologically sound and economically viable method for converting industrial waste into valuable battery components, thereby supporting the principles of the circular economy in energy storage technologies. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9804_9ab230beae8a13e16785f4f368023065.pdf