University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Biotechnological approaches for environmental remediation: Recent advances, mechanisms, and future perspectives 295 304 9615 10.22124/cjes.2026.9615 EN Sholpan S. Shynybekova Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Damira Tattibayeva Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gulshat D. Anarbekova Kazakh National Women’s Pedagogical University, Institute of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Almaty, Kazakhstan Rinat S. Sarsengaliyev West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University named after Zhangir Khan, NJS, Uralsk, Kazakhstan Lailya M. Baibolatova Department of Normal Physiology with a course in Biophysics, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Lazzat S. Seitmagzimova Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gabit Sharipov Department of Civil Defense and Military Training, Malik Gabdullin Academy of Civil Protection of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kokshetau, Kazakhstan Sarzhan Sharipova Department of Toxicological Chemistry, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 05 18 This study evaluated biotechnological remediation approaches for three common contamination scenarios in Kazakhstan: oil hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and organochlorine pesticides. Work was conducted between March and October 2025, combining a systematic literature review with laboratory and field microcosm experiments using indigenous microorganisms and native plants. A bacterial consortium of Pseudomonas putida, P. aeruginosa, and Rhodococcus erythropolis isolated from an oil spill site near Atyrau degraded 73.6% of total petroleum hydrocarbons (from 4,850 to 1,280 mg kg-1) in 12 weeks when combined with nutrient addition – significantly higher than natural attenuation (13%) or nutrients alone (24%, p < 0.001). Phytoextraction using Artemisia sublessingiana and Salix alba on highly contaminated soil from Ust‑Kamenogorsk (Pb 418, Zn 887, Cd 8.5 mg kg-1) removed 12–18% of soil metals in one growing season, with shoot bioconcentration factors of 0.23–0.38. Mycoremediation with Pleurotus ostreatus degraded 72% of lindane and 67% of ΣDDT in contaminated soil from the Almaty region within eight weeks. All three methods were far cheaper (8–30 USD m-³) than conventional excavation (150–500 USD m-³), but none achieved full regulatory compliance in the experimental timeframe. We conclude that biotechnological remediation in Kazakhstan is not a standalone complete cleanup but a highly effective first‑stage treatment that reduces pollutant loads by 60–75%, after which remaining hot spots can be excavated conventionally. This hybrid strategy offers the most practical, affordable path forward for managing the country’s widespread contamination.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9615_a1919700b874a022ee9fbe9d6a92d16c.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Influence of butylcaptax and Dropp on the phospholipid composition and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the liver mitochondria and microsomes of pregnant rats and their embryos 305 318 9616 10.22124/cjes.2026.9616 EN Dilfuza Tuychiyeva Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacy, Andijan Branch of Kokand University, Andijan Parida Mirkhamidova Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, National Pedagogical University of Uzbekistan named after Nizami, Tashkent City, Uzbekistan Gulnara Shakhmurova Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, National Pedagogical University of Uzbekistan named after Nizami, Tashkent City, Uzbekistan Rano Alimova Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Tashkent State Agrarian University, Tashkent State Agrarian University, Tashkent region, Uzbekistan Gafurzhon Mukhamedov Rector of Chirchik State Pedagogical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Xusniddin Karimov The Department of microbiology, immunology and virology, Andijan Branch of Kokand University, Andijan Nurxon Moydinova Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Virology, Andijan Branch of Kokand University, Andijan, Uzbekistan Mavjuda Rakhmatullayeva Department of Inorganic, Physical and Colloidal chemistry, Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Maxliyo Sattorova Psychology Department, Termez State University. Termez, Uzbekistan Salomat Almardanova Psychology Department, Termez State University. Termez, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2026 05 18 This study investigates the effects of the defoliants butylcaptax and Dropp on the phospholipid composition and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the liver mitochondria and microsomes of pregnant rats and their embryos. Experiments were conducted on Wistar rats exposed to 1/10 of the LD50 dose on gestation days 3, 13, and 19. The results demonstrated a decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine and total phospholipid content, along with an increase in phosphatidic acid, lysophospholipids, and the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio. A significant enhancement of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic LPO was observed in the mitochondria and microsomes, with more pronounced effects following butylcaptax exposure. Although embryonic tissues exhibited less marked alterations, similar trends were observed. The findings indicate the activation of lipid peroxidation processes and the disruption of membrane structures, which may contribute to embryotoxic effects.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9616_0ad8bfb50f4c570b0b96b9b81794ea8b.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 New mineral and vitamin feed additive for small cattle 319 332 9588 10.22124/cjes.2026.9588 EN Serik Abdreshov Laboratory of Physiology Lymphatic System, Institute of Genetics and Physiology CS MSHE RK, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan Makpal Yessenova Laboratory of Physiology Lymphatic System, Institute of Genetics and Physiology CS MSHE RK, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan Anar Yeshmukhanbet Laboratory of Physiology Lymphatic System, Institute of Genetics and Physiology CS MSHE RK, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan Аskar Kalekeshov Laboratory of Digestive Physiology, Institute of Genetics and Physiology CS MSHE RK, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan Ulbossin Kozhaniyazova Laboratory of Physiology Lymphatic System, Institute of Genetics and Physiology CS MSHE RK, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan 0000-0001-6122-0320 Georgiy Demchenko Laboratory of Physiology Lymphatic System, Institute of Genetics and Physiology CS MSHE RK, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan Yerbulat Makashev Laboratory of Digestive Physiology, Institute of Genetics and Physiology CS MSHE RK, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan Laura Koibasova Laboratory of Physiology Lymphatic System, Institute of Genetics and Physiology CS MSHE RK, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 05 05 The purpose of the study is to evaluate a new feed additive for the physiological and biochemical parameters of sheep. Studies have shown that sheep of both breeds, whose diet included feed additives based on bentonite with chlorella and essential trace elements, outperformed their peers from the control group in some blood metabolites and morphological parameters. This indicates a higher level of metabolic processes in the body of animals of the experimental groups compared to the control, which is associated with the receipt of additional biologically active substances. It has been investigated that the use of a new feed additive leads to a significant improvement in growth and reduces LPO, namely, it reduces the content of MDA and DC in the blood, and the most positive effect of these complexes on the protein and carbohydrate metabolism of sheep of both groups during feeding. The average daily and absolute gains in live weight in the Hampshire and Kazakh meat wool breeds were 122 g and 6.80 kg and were also higher by 1.5 and 1.7%, respectively, than in the controls of both groups. The feed additive has a good adsorption and antioxidant effect, maintains balance, participates in the inactivation of free radicals and has a protective effect on cell membranes. The feed additive is high in calories, has an antioxidant and adaptogenic effect, increases animal weight, maintains a balance of biochemical and oxidative processes and can be recommended as a safe and effective supplement to the daily diet of farm animals.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9588_2d06092ba20d5acd6c62bcaebae521f2.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Phytocenological features, distribution, resources and phytochemistry of some species of the genus Artemisia L. in the Zhetysu Alatau, Kazakhstan 333 341 9618 10.22124/cjes.2026.9618 EN Meruyert Seidekhan Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Doctorkhan Aidarbayeva Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Ahmet Aksoy Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey Sofya Imankulova Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 05 19 The genus Artemisia L. is widespread across Kazakhstan, yet no detailed study of its phytocenology, resources, and phytochemistry has ever been conducted in the Zhetysu Alatau mountain range. To fill this gap, we surveyed 350 quadrats across seven sites between June and September 2025, covering elevations from 600 to 2400 m. Five Artemisia species were recorded, with A. sublessingiana being the most frequent (68.6% of quadrats) and dominant in cover (34.7%). Above‑ground biomass of A. sublessingiana averaged 114.2 g m-², and its total resource in the Zhetysu Alatau was estimated at 8,393 tonnes, occupying 735 km². Essential oil yield varied significantly among species: A. sublessingiana (1.01 mL 100g-1), A. frigida (0.79), A. terrae‑albae (0.50). Chemical composition also differed: A. sublessingiana was rich in 1,8‑cineole (24.6%) and camphor (22.3%) but contained notable thujone (13.6%); A. frigida was dominated by camphor (35.1%) with minimal thujone; A. terrae‑albae had the highest artemisia ketone (18.3%). Oil yield in A. sublessingiana peaked at mid‑elevations (1100–1300 m), while A. frigida showed an increasing trend with elevation (p = 0.02). The estimated total Artemisia resource in the region is nearly 12,000 tonnes of dry above‑ground biomass. These findings provide the first scientific baseline for sustainable harvest, conservation planning, and species‑specific essential oil applications. We recommend cautious extraction of A. sublessingiana (not exceeding 10% of standing biomass every three years) and further exploration of cultivation for larger‑scale production.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9618_45c1b10bb1191a75f00906fd27ab176f.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Antimicrobial activity of natural compounds against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Effects on viability and resistance expression 343 351 9619 10.22124/cjes.2026.9619 EN Gulmira Kyzdarbekova Sh. Ualikhanov Kokshetau University, Pedagogical Institute, Department of Biology and teaching methods, Kokshetau, Kazakhstan Anna Kornilova M. Kozybaev North Kazakhstan State University, Faculty of Natural sciences, Department of Biology, Petropavlovsk, Kazakhstan Saule Bazarbaeva M. Kozybaev North Kazakhstan State University, Faculty of Natural sciences, Department of Biology, Petropavlovsk, Kazakhstan Elmira Shamshualieva Sh. Ualikhanov Kokshetau University, Pedagogical Institute, Department of Biology and teaching methods, Kokshetau, Kazakhstan Marina Kuznetsova M. Kozybaev North Kazakhstan State University, Faculty of Natural sciences, Department of Biology, Petropavlovsk, Kazakhstan Aiganym Kazhibayeva Sh. Ualikhanov Kokshetau University, Pedagogical Institute, Department of Biology and teaching methods, Kokshetau, Kazakhstan Marat Tynykulov L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Departments Biotechnology and Microbiology, Astana, Kazakhstan Botagoz Sharipova Sh. Ualikhanov Kokshetau University, Pedagogical Institute, Department of Biology and teaching methods, Kokshetau, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 05 19 Multidrug‑resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have become a serious problem in Kazakh hospitals, and new treatment options are urgently needed. We investigated whether five locally collected plant extracts could inhibit clinical MDR isolates and suppress the expression of key resistance genes. The work was performed between January and July 2025 in Almaty, Kazakhstan, using 15 S. aureus (10 MRSA) and 15 P. aeruginosa (7 carbapenem‑resistant) isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by broth microdilution. Subinhibitory (½ MIC) exposure was followed by quantitative real‑time PCR to measure mecA (MRSA), mexB and ampC (P. aeruginosa) transcripts. Thymus serpyllum (wild thyme) showed the strongest activity, with MIC₅₀ of 16 µg mL-1 against MRSA and 32 µg mL-1 against carbapenem‑resistant P. aeruginosa. No cross‑resistance was observed: MICs did not differ significantly between MRSA and methicillin‑susceptible strains (p = 0.34). At half the MIC, T. serpyllum reduced mecA expression by 59% (mean fold change 0.41, 95% CI 0.36–0.46, p < 0.001). For P. aeruginosa, mexB and ampC transcripts fell to 0.61‑fold (95% CI 0.54–0.68) and 0.71‑fold (0.64–0.78), respectively (both p < 0.001). Suppression was more pronounced in carbapenem‑resistant isolates than in susceptible ones. None of the tested extracts caused upregulation of resistance genes. Glycyrrhiza uralensis was inactive against P. aeruginosa (MIC > 512 µg mL-1). These results demonstrate that T. serpyllum is not only a direct inhibitor of MDR pathogens but also a potent modifier of resistance gene expression. Further studies should identify the active compounds and test combinations with conventional antibiotics.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9619_a34424282c12be84bb2657c829293736.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Features of the formation of fish parasitofauna in pond farms of the Almaty region, Kazakhstan 353 361 9621 10.22124/cjes.2026.9621 EN Alfiya Baigutty Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University Bolat Yessimov Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University Iliyan Iliev Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria Ainur Jumagaliyeva Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University Journal Article 2026 05 20 Pond fish farming in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan has expanded rapidly, yet no systematic survey of fish parasites has ever been conducted. To fill this gap, we examined 482 fish (common carp, grass carp, silver carp, and rainbow trout) from eight pond farms between May and October 2025, covering lowland warm‑water and foothill cold‑water farms. Using standard parasitological methods, we identified six major parasite groups. Monogenean gill flukes were the most widespread (prevalence 64.3%), followed by protozoan ectoparasites (58.1%). Prevalence of monogeneans and protozoans increased dramatically from spring to summer (38.5% to 79.8% for monogeneans, p < 0.001; 28.2% to 72.6% for protozoans, p < 0.001). Grass carp and silver carp carried significantly more cestodes (tapeworms) than common carp (44.2% and 37.2% vs. 18.3%, p < 0.001). Lowland farms had higher prevalence of monogeneans (71.9% vs. 47.1%, p < 0.001) and protozoans (64.0% vs. 42.9%, p < 0.001), while foothill farms had more cestodes, nematodes and trematodes. Zoonotic parasites were found in 8.7% of rainbow trout (Diphyllobothrium plerocercoids) and 3.3% of common carp (Opisthorchis metacercariae), posing a food safety risk. The parasite community was most diverse in summer (Shannon index 2.04 in foothill farms). These results demonstrate that the formation of fish parasitofauna in the Almaty region is strongly shaped by season, fish species, and farm type. Targeted, seasonal parasite control strategies are urgently needed, along with public health warnings about consuming raw or undercooked pond fish.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9621_c4c8b4816152e57e603f89b1257c7bf7.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Modeling the Halal food process for the supply chain management in food industry 363 370 9564 10.22124/cjes.2026.9564 EN Omon Sultonov Founder of University of Business and Science (UBS), Tashkent city, Chilanzor district, Yakkabog' MFY Gavhar Street, House 1, Uzbekistan Nargiza Uralova Fergana Medical Institute of Public Health, Fergana, Uzbekistan Madina Z. Kurbaniyazova Urgench State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan Kholmurod Qayumov Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Tulkin Zoyirov Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Maftunakhan Abduraimova Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Bakhtiyor Yakhyaev Department of Animal Nutrition and Welfare, Scientific Research Institute of Karakul Sheep Breeding and Desert Ecology, Uzbekistan Saydali A. Turdiev Tashkent State Agrarian University, 2 University Street, Kibray district, Tashkent region, 111218, Uzbekistan Fayzullokh Sattoriy Kimyo International University in Tashkent, Uzbekistan Zulfiya B. Suyunova Samarkand State University of Veterinary Medicine, Livestock and Biotechnologies (SSUV), Samarkand, Uzbekistan Bunet M. Abduraimov Samarkand Campus of the University of Economics and Pedagogy, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Qo'ldoshev Rustambek Bukhara State Pedagogical Institute, Piridastgir Street, 2nd House, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Abdumadjit Suyunov Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2026 04 23 The purpose of this study was to create a model that speeds up the implementation of halal certification in Uzbekistan. It focused on improving the application acceptance stage and building the capacity of halal product process partners. This study used a mixed approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods, and involved 250 stakeholders, including process partners, applicants, and experts from the Halal Certification Body of Uzbekistan (HCBU) and the Uzbekistan Halal Standard Agency in the cities of Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, and Fergana. Data were gathered through expert interviews and a questionnaire developed by the researcher, which was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The statistical findings revealed that the biggest challenge in accepting applications is "incomplete documentation," with an average severity of 4.25 out of 5. The final research model showed a good fit (RMSEA=0.048, CFI=0.963) and confirmed significant causal relationships. Path analysis indicated that building the capacity of process partners has the strongest direct effect on speeding up certification (standardized path coefficient β=0.62). Additionally, improving the quality of application acceptance influences the acceleration of the process both directly (β=0.28) and indirectly through building the capacity of process partners (β=0.51). A significant gap also existed between the views of process partners and applicants. As a result, the model highlights the need for a two-part strategy: first, standardizing and simplifying the initial acceptance stage; second, consistently investing in the support of process partners as the most effective way to accelerate the process. Implementing this model can greatly help reduce the time needed for certification and strengthen Uzbekistan’s position in the global halal ecosystem.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9564_ab59cee4f6a8bba6d746b3de866a52bb.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Hierarchically porous carbon derived from agricultural waste as an optimal precursor for materials used in energy storage systems 371 384 9625 10.22124/cjes.2026.9625 EN Omirzak Kapizov Scientific Center for New Technologies; Almaty, Al-Farabi 7k, Nurly Tau Business Center, Block 5A, 334b, 050059, Kazakhstan Zura Yessimsiitova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 al-Farabi Avenue, Almaty, 050040 Dauren Mukhanov Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 al-Farabi Avenue, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan Assiya Nuraly Scientific Center for New Technologies; Almaty, Al-Farabi 7k, Nurly Tau Business Center, Block 5A, 334b, 050059, Kazakhstan Aknur Seisenova Scientific Center for New Technologies; Almaty, Al-Farabi 7k, Nurly Tau Business Center, Block 5A, 334b, 050059, Kazakhstan Kalima Manap Scientific Center for New Technologies; Almaty, Al-Farabi 7k, Nurly Tau Business Center, Block 5A, 334b, 050059, Kazakhstan Akzhunis Akimbayeva Scientific Center for New Technologies; Almaty, Al-Farabi 7k, Nurly Tau Business Center, Block 5A, 334b, 050059, Kazakhstan Alibek Mutushev Scientific Center for New Technologies; Almaty, Al-Farabi 7k, Nurly Tau Business Center, Block 5A, 334b, 050059, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 05 20 Hierarchically porous carbon materials derived from agricultural waste are increasingly recognized as sustainable and structurally optimized precursors for advanced energy storage systems. In this work, carbon materials were synthesized from rice husks and fruit kernels via controlled pyrolysis, with the aim of achieving a balanced micro–mesoporous architecture without excessive chemical activation. The resulting carbons preserve intrinsic structural motifs of the biomass, enabling the formation of interconnected pore networks that combine sufficient surface accessibility with mechanical integrity. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis revealed isotherms combining type I and type IV behavior, confirming the coexistence of micro- and mesopores. The specific surface area of the obtained materials was maintained within a moderate range (approximately 70–140 m² g⁻¹ for most samples), avoiding the drawbacks associated with highly activated carbons, such as excessive solid–electrolyte interphase formation and low volumetric energy density. The hierarchical pore structure facilitates efficient ion transport through mesopores while providing abundant charge storage sites within micropores. These characteristics make biomass-derived carbons particularly suitable as structural frameworks and precursors for silicon–carbon composites and other electrode materials in lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and supercapacitor systems. The results demonstrate that agricultural waste can be rationally transformed into reproducible, structurally optimized carbon materials, offering a sustainable and effective alternative to highly activated synthetic carbons for next-generation energy storage applications.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9625_797686bc457bc5b3014544448aff21b8.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Forecasting is a key instrument of state regulation in the development of agricultural sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan 385 404 9574 10.22124/cjes.2026.9574 EN Bakyt Kalykova Higher School of Business and Law, Department of Management and Organization of Agribusiness named after Kh.D. Churin, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, 8 Abay Ave., Almaty, Kazakhstan Kulmaganbet Akhmetov Department of IT Technologies and Automation, Faculty of Water Resources and IT Technologies, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University 8 Abay Ave., Almaty, Kazakhstan Galizhan Madiyev Higher School of Business and Law, Department of Management and Organization of Agribusiness named after Kh.D. Churin, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, 8 Abay Ave., Almaty, Kazakhstan Ukilyay Kerimova Higher School of Business and Law, Department of Management and Organization of Agribusiness named after Kh.D. Churin, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, 8 Abay Ave., Almaty, Kazakhstan Zhanar Karymsakova Higher School of Business and Law, Department of Management and Organization of Agribusiness named after Kh.D. Churin, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, 8 Abay Ave., Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 04 28 The purpose of the study is to develop a mathematical model for astrological forecasting of agricultural development, which can serve as a basis for the balanced development of related sectors within the country's agro-industrial complex and contribute to achieving the highest efficiency of its functioning. Forecasting enables the transformation of the agricultural sector from a source of risks into a driver of stable economic growth and a guarantor of national security. The forecasting methodology proposed in this research is based on the combined application of statistical evaluation methods aimed at obtaining an adequate trend-based astrological simulation model. Implementation of the proposed algorithm using the method of astrological forecasting produced reliable and effective results, particularly in modeling the economic development of agricultural production within Kazakhstan’s agro-industrial complex.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9574_170fe4a34a35d1668e4a6d9e40df1c57.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Modern methods of introduced and domestic grape varieties in the climatic conditions of the South and Southeast Kazakhstan 405 424 9559 10.22124/cjes.2026.9559 EN Saule ZH. Kazybayeva Department of Breeding of Fruit, Berry Crops and Grapes, Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit & Vegetable Growing, 050060, Almaty City, Ermek Serkebaev Avenue, 62, Republic of Kazakhstan Laura A. Azhitayeva Department of Breeding of Fruit, Berry Crops and Grapes, Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit & Vegetable Growing, 050060, Almaty City, Ermek Serkebaev Avenue, 62, Republic of Kazakhstan Zhadyra T. Tauirbayeva Department of Breeding of Fruit, Berry Crops and Grapes, Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit & Vegetable Growing, 050060, Almaty City, Ermek Serkebaev Avenue, 62, Republic of Kazakhstan Assylbek A. Aitenov Department of Breeding of Fruit, Berry Crops and Grapes, Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit & Vegetable Growing, 050060, Almaty City, Ermek Serkebaev Avenue, 62, Republic of Kazakhstan Maira D. Yessenaliyeva Kazakh National Agrarian University, 050010, Almaty City, Abai Avenue, 8, Republic of Kazakhstan Moldir T. Yerbulekova Department of Breeding of Fruit, Berry Crops and Grapes, Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit & Vegetable Growing, 050060, Almaty City, Ermek Serkebaev Avenue, 62, Republic of Kazakhstan Dinara G. Manarova Department of Breeding of Fruit, Berry Crops and Grapes, Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit & Vegetable Growing, 050060, Almaty City, Ermek Serkebaev Avenue, 62, Republic of Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 04 18 The work aimed at studying the behavior of introduced and domestic grape varieties in the conditions of Southeastern Kazakhstan. The biological characteristics, disease resistance, winter hardiness, and ripening periods were evaluated. Based on the results of long-term observations, promising varieties were identified and recommended for industrial cultivation in the foothill and lowland regions of the region. A comparative study of introduced foreign grape varieties and domestic breeding forms was conducted to assess their agrobiological characteristics and resistance to abiotic and biotic factors. It has been established that some local varieties are more resistant and productive than their introduced counterparts, which confirms the feasibility of their further zoning and implementation. The study provides a comparative analysis of the introduced and domestic grape varieties for the period 2022-2024 in the ecological and climatic conditions of the Saryagash District of the Turkestan Region in the regional branch of Saryagash and the Talgar District of the Almaty Region in the regional branch of Talgar. As a result of the conducted yield studies, grape varieties and hybrid forms KV-2/9 (8.5 kg), DV-10/11 (7.8 kg), Azim (8.0 kg), DV-7/17 (8.0 kg), Aisulu (7.7 kg), Mereitoy-50 (7.3 kg) were isolated from the bush. The lowest yield was noted in grape varieties and hybrid Hungarian muscat (st; 4.7 kg), Goat carcass (4.4 kg), DX-17/90 (4.4 kg), KII-1/29 (4.8 kg). In the course of the molecular genetic analysis of the Kazakhstani varieties and hybrids of grapes, samples were identified that have resistant alleles to the main fungal diseases: powdery (Oidium) and downy mildew (mildew). Markers to the loci Run1, Ren1, Rpv3, Rpv10 and Rpv12 were used. According to the results of the study, six genotypes were identified (including the reference varieties Muscat Hungarian, Tayfi Pink, Zhemchug Saba, and hybrids DV-10/11, KII-1/29, and KV-2/9), which have complex resistance at several loci. These forms are of significant interest for use in breeding programs to create resistant grape varieties.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9559_9961d1bc3dadba0102fc76467d853f7d.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Developmental characteristics of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, under the conditions of Southeastern Kazakhstan 425 432 9632 10.22124/cjes.2026.9632 EN Gulnaz Zh. Mengdibayeva LLP "Kazakh Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zh. Zhiembayev", Almaty, Kazakhstan Nurzhan S. Mukhamadiyev LLP "Kazakh Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zh. Zhiembayev", Almaty, Kazakhstan Nurbakyt D. Kurmangaliyeva LLP "Kazakh Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zh. Zhiembayev", Almaty, Kazakhstan Nurgeldi T. Kenes LLP "Kazakh Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zh. Zhiembayev", Almaty, Kazakhstan Yelshat Dauletkeldi LLP "Kazakh Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zh. Zhiembayev", Almaty, Kazakhstan Assel M. Seitzhan LLP "Kazakh Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zh. Zhiembayev", Almaty, Kazakhstan Azamat S. Shakerov LLP "Kazakh Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zh. Zhiembayev", Almaty, Kazakhstan Nurlan Akbayev LLP "Kazakh Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zh. Zhiembayev", Almaty, Kazakhstan Kanat Anuarbekov Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 05 22 The article presents the results of studies on the developmental biology of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys on agricultural, ornamental, and forest plants under the conditions of Almaty City and Almaty Region in 2024-2025. It was established that overwintered populations in Almaty City appear during the second decade of May to June, whereas in the Almaty Region they emerge in the third decade of May. The first generation was formed in June, the second in July-August, and the third in August; adults entered diapause from late October. The duration of larval (nymphal) development differed among parts of the Almaty Region (Talgar District, Tuzdybastau village, and Enbekshikazak District, Turgen village): developmental stages occurred later and were characterized by different values of the sum of effective temperatures (SET) compared to Almaty City. Despite these differences, two generations were observed in both regions in 2024 and three generations in 2025. A gradual increase in SET from early to later nymphal instars was recorded, reflecting the adaptive plasticity of the species to regional climatic conditions.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9632_554726d4cd8f99a7f865052024687cd3.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Water consumption and sugar beet crop formation with various irrigation and fertilization methods 433 438 9633 10.22124/cjes.2026.9633 EN Ainur Doszhanova Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Zhumagali Ospanbayev Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Shyrynkul Abdukhaimova Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Bolat Murzabaev M. Auezov South Kazakhstan Research University, Shymkent, Kazakhstan Aizada Sembayeva Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Yerlan Abdrazakov International Engineering Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gulnar Myrzabaeva Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Ademi Amralina Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 05 22 The article presents the results of field experiments conducted on meadow-serozem soils of the foothill irrigated zone in Southern Kazakhstan. The study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of water consumption and sugar beet yield formation under different irrigation methods and fertilizer applications. The experiments investigated the influence of irrigation techniques and fertilization on crop productivity and water use efficiency. The results showed that sugar beet yield formation largely depends on the applied irrigation method and nutrient management. The highest irrigation water consumption per unit of yield was observed under sprinkler irrigation. At the same time, the efficiency of irrigation and fertilization practices varied depending on the biological characteristics of the cultivated sugar beet hybrids. The obtained results demonstrate the importance of optimizing irrigation technologies and fertilizer application to improve water use efficiency and ensure stable yields of sugar beet under irrigated conditions in the foothill zone of Southern Kazakhstan.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9633_9e230f9b3fffa788ba02f05fa2f826b1.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Molecular farming: Expression of recombinant Ocriplasmin in genetically transformed root culture of Nicotiana tabaccum 439 450 9602 10.22124/cjes.2026.9602 EN Ata Allah Sharafi Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Habibollah Samizadeh Lahiji Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Ali Sharafi Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Farjad Rafeie Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Mohammad Javad Motamedi Molecular Biology Research Center, Green Gene Company, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2026 05 13 Ocriplasmin, also known as microplasmin (JetreaTM), is a novel recombinant drug approved by the FDA. It is a truncated human plasmin used for the treatment of vitreoretinopathies. In the present study, ocriplasmin was expressed in Nicotiana tabacum hairy roots as a molecular farming platform. The gene of this recombinant protein was designed, synthesized and sub-cloned from pUC57 to plant expression vector pBI121 at the XbaI and the SacI sites. Then, the Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains MSU440, A4 and ATCC15834 were transformed by the obtained plasmid. For plant transformation and hairy root induction, tobacco seeds were cultivated in MS culture medium for 4 weeks at a phytotron. Leaf pieces were infected by the abovementioned A. rhizogenes strains. The induction of hairy roots and the co-transformation was confirmed by molecular analysis. The highest hairy root induction percentage, 92% were found in A. rhizogenes strain ATCC15834. After confirming the presence of the gene of interest by PCR, total protein was extracted from the obtained transgenic roots and the recombinant protein was purified by the Ni-NTA column due to the presence of His-tag. The obtained proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE, ELISA and Western blot tests. According to the results, 56 μg mL-1 of recombinant protein were found in the purified protein solution based on the Bradford method. The total protein content across three lines of hairy roots was measured at 67.2 μg. The highest total protein concentration and recombinant protein yield were determined to be 61 μg mL-1 and 1732 μg mL-1, respectively. Based on our results, we suggest that tobacco transgenic roots may be suitable sources for the production of this human protein.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9602_0b05249259ce34546c1f25e71468c243.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Performance evaluation of Artificial Neural Network, Support Vector Machine and Integrated Spectral Indices in satellite image classification 451 464 9183 10.22124/cjes.2025.9183 EN Arash Mesri Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran Fatemeh Rahimi-Ajdadi Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran Iraj Bagheri Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran Journal Article 2025 11 06 Satellite remote sensing is effectively used for environmental monitoring and change detection for the sustainable development of human society. While several methods exist for classifying satellite images, relatively few studies have focused on comparing these methods, especially considering the dimensional ratio and spatial distribution of the target phenomena. This study evaluates the performance of three classification methods including ANN, SVM, and an integrated approach that simultaneously uses three spectral indices of NDVI, GNDVI and, NDBI. The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient were calculated from the confusion matrix to statistically evaluate the three methods. Considering that statistical parameters are strongly sensitive to the dispersion and spatial distribution of the test points, a visual comparison was performed by overlaying the classified images with corresponding Google Earth imagery. Comparisons were made for several sample areas, which were categorized based on whether the land uses were integrated or scattered. Based on overall accuracy and kappa coefficient, the methods were ranked as SVM (97.36% and 0.9622), integrated spectral indices (94.06% and 0.9136), and ANN (93.42% and 0.9051). The visual comparison confirmed that SVM provided the best overall performance, consistent with the statistical results. Despite its lower overall accuracy, ANN was found more effective method in narrow areas compared to the other methods. Therefore, ANN is only recommended for detecting land uses with high levels of interference/integration with other features like rivers and roads that are surrounded by some other land uses.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9183_ef6ab0c28e5c94045cf2fb9fd906d4ca.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Alterations in the germination, spore production, vegetative growth and microbial enzymes of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae isolates following treatments by some insecticides 465 474 7989 10.22124/cjes.2024.7989 EN Hossein Firouzbakht Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran, 41637-1314 Arash Zibaee Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran, 41637-1314 Mohammad Ghadamyari Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran, 41637-1314 Journal Article 2024 09 03 Insecticides have influences on survival, growth and pathogenic pathways of entomopathogenic fungi (EF). Screening of EFs compatibility to insecticides is important to achieve an efficient pest control in integrated pest management. In the current investigation, potential effects of permethrin, fenitrothion, tebufenozide and trichlorfen were investigated on germination, mycelial growth, spore production and enzymatic activities of the native isolates of Beauveria bassiana (BBRR1, BBAL1, BBLN1, BBLN2) and Metarhizium anisopliae (MASA, MAAI). Spore production of the isolates significantly decreased following treatment with insecticides, mainly at the field dose concentration, except for permethrin and fenitrothion on BBAL1 and MASA. Germination rate significantly decreased after fungal isolates spores treatments with the insecticides except for MAAI. Treatment of the fungal isolates by insecticides reduced colony radial growth rate, especially after field dose treatments. Chitinase activity significantly decreased in the treated isolates, although no statistical differences were recorded on BBAL1 following treatment by fenitrothion, tebufenozide and trichlorfen. Finally, protease activity was also affected in the treated fungal isolates by insecticides. The current results showed that permethrin, fenitrothion, tebufenozide and trichlorfen negatively affected growth, development and spore production in addition to microbial enzymes involved in the pathogenic process. Some exceptions were observed mainly on BBAL1, which should be considered in the joint use of insecticides with the entomopathogenic fungi.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7989_3d8b99898b14e8f529363ffa486abf97.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Analysis of the physical changes of rural settlements and its impact on the sense of belonging to the local residents (Case study: Mountain rural district in the south of Guilan Province, Northwest Iran) 475 484 8656 10.22124/cjes.2025.8656 EN Marjan Kaffash Majidi Department of Geography, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran. Teimour Amar Department of Geography, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran Eisa Poorramzan Department of Geography, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran Journal Article 2025 04 10 The current research seeks to find an answer to the question of why the sense of belonging to a place has faded in rural settlements. The research method combines descriptive-analytical methods, field observations, and a questionnaire that also uses remote sensing techniques. For this purpose, 374 questionnaires in the studied area were distributed among the residents of the mountain villages of Rudbar, Siahkal, and Amlesh. Also, to back up the amount of physical changes that occurred in the studied period, the algorithm of Support Vector Machine (SVM) and several times of surveying to record sample and educational cases by GPS. In the following, the land use map in 5 classes was extracted from Landsat satellite images in 2000 and 2022. The results indicate visible changes, especially for the use of man-made structures, which is the result of the change of physical and architectural elements and, as a result, the reduction of place belonging among the residents of the studied villages. This is although the sense of physical belonging to the place of traditional settlements is more compared than new settlements. Finally, the lack of necessary infrastructure in moutainous villages and livelihood problems have caused events such as the sale of land, the migration of villagers, and the loss of the sense of belonging to a place

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8656_8bf04c9cf3d6e84c1ef504d4e9bff8fa.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Purification of river waters using plant bioindicators 485 493 9634 10.22124/cjes.2026.9634 EN Rosa Zhumakhanova M.Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent City, Higher School of Science and Pedagogy, Department of Biology and Geography, Kazakhstan Gulnar Kylyshbayeva Central Asian Innovation University, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Ecology, Shymkent, Kazakhstan Aidos Mussabekov M.Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent City, Higher School of Science and Pedagogy, Department of Biology and Geography, Kazakhstan Gulnar Adyrbekova M.Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent City, Higher School of Science and Pedagogy, Department of Biology and Geography, Kazakhstan Nyshangul Abduraimova M.Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent City, Higher School of Science and Pedagogy, Department of Biology and Geography, Kazakhstan Akmaral Berdaliyeva Central Asian Innovation University, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Ecology, Shymkent, Kazakhstan Gulnar Kemelbekova M.Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent City, Higher School of Science and Pedagogy, Department of Biology and Geography, Kazakhstan Gulmira Yessentureyeva Zhanibekov University, Department of biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Shymkent., Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 05 23 This article discusses modern methods of river water purification using plant bioindicators, based on a field study conducted in the Almaty region and the lower Ili River of Kazakhstan between May and September 2025. We collected water, sediment, and plant samples from three river sections with different pollution levels (clean, moderate, and heavily polluted). Five aquatic and coastal plant species were examined: Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, Potamogeton nodosus, Ranunculus aquatilis, and Iris pseudacorus. The results show that P. nodosus (river pondweed) is the most effective accumulator, with bioconcentration factors (BCF) of 1.26 for lead and 1.85 for zinc at the polluted site, exceeding the hyperaccumulator threshold of 1.0. The same species removed 57–68% of dissolved heavy metals from water passing through dense stands. Visible symptoms (root blackening, leaf chlorosis, and stunted growth) correlated strongly with sediment metal levels (Spearman’s ρ = 0.91), enabling rapid visual bioindication without laboratory equipment. T. angustifolia showed moderate accumulation (BCF up to 0.78), while Phragmites and Iris contributed mainly to stabilisation. The strong correlation between sediment and plant root metal concentrations (r > 0.95) confirms that plants can serve as reliable sentinels. The study demonstrates the dual role of aquatic and coastal plants in reducing pollution, accumulating heavy metals and biogenic elements, and restoring the ecological state of aquatic ecosystems. The use of phytobioindication allows simultaneous monitoring and biological purification of water bodies. We recommend planting and protecting P. nodosus in polluted river reaches, harvesting biomass annually, and training local communities to recognise visible bioindicator signs. These low‑cost, sustainable methods are particularly suitable for Kazakhstan’s continental climate and limited laboratory infrastructure.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9634_616dc44a1649c9db49227d849bd6b15f.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Energy price shocks, fossil fuel dependence, and carbon emissions (CO₂): A multi-stage transmission framework analysis 495 515 9635 10.22124/cjes.2026.9635 EN Fazliddin Sindarov Research Center for Scientific Foundations and Issues of Economic Development of Uzbekistan under the Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Farxodjon Ochilov Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Mansur Khalmirzaev Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov, University Boulevard, 15, Samarkand, 703004, Uzbekistan Ujjwal Das International School of Finance Technology and Science, ISFT Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Baxtiyarjon Mullabayev Namangan State Technical University, Namangan, Uzbekistan Abdurashid Soxadaliyev Namangan State Technical University, Namangan, Uzbekistan Olim Kazakov Namangan State Technical University, Namangan, Uzbekistan Azizbek Khurramov International School of Finance Technology and Science, ISFT Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Madina Khurramova International School of Finance Technology and Science, ISFT Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Xadichaxon Sharafutdinova Termez State Unversity, Termez, Uzbekistan Gulandom Umarova International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan Shoira Xudoyqulova Termez State Unversity, Termez, Uzbekistan Dilafruz Shodieva Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2026 05 23 This paper investigates how energy price shocks are transmitted through energy consumption and fuel composition into carbon emissions, and how G7 carbon outcomes relate to global temperature dynamics, over the period 1991–2024. Using a balanced panel of 238 country-year observations for Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States, the analysis estimates a four-stage transmission chain: (i) energy price shocks to primary energy supply; (ii) energy price shocks to fossil fuel consumption; (iii) energy consumption composition to total emissions; and (iv) aggregate G7 emissions to global temperature anomaly. Country fixed-effects models with Driscoll–Kraay standard errors are used for the panel stages, while Newey–West autocorrelation- and heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors are used for the aggregate climate-stage time-series models. The results indicate that Brent oil price shocks are positively associated with G7 primary energy supply and, more weakly, with fossil fuel consumption, whereas natural gas and coal price shocks show no robust direct effects in the baseline panel. The carbon channel is considerably stronger: fossil fuel consumption and coal consumption are robust positive drivers of emissions, while the renewable energy share significantly reduces emissions, particularly in the coal-channel and per-capita specifications. The aggregate climate stage shows that global temperature anomaly is highly persistent and trend-driven; once lagged temperature or a deterministic trend is included, contemporaneous G7 emissions lose explanatory power. The paper therefore frames its contribution as identifying a transmission mechanism – energy price shocks shape energy use, which in turn shapes emissions–rather than claiming a direct energy-price-to-temperature effect, and concludes that G7 decarbonisation, although necessary, is insufficient to explain global climate outcomes on its own.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9635_21a3799ca08b670c93578a76e78c18df.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Monetary policy in the agricultural sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Problems and solutions 517 530 9231 10.22124/cjes.2025.9231 EN Nurbol Turashbekov School of Business and Law, Department of Management and Organization of Agribusiness named after Kh.D. Churin, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, 8 Abay Ave., 050010, Almaty, Kazakhstan Galizhan Madiyev School of Business and Law, Department of Management and Organization of Agribusiness named after Kh.D. Churin, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, 8 Abay Ave., 050010, Almaty, Kazakhstan Ukilyay Kerimova School of Business and Law, Department of Management and Organization of Agribusiness named after Kh.D. Churin, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, 8 Abay Ave., 050010, Almaty, Kazakhstan Zhanar Karymsakova School of Business and Law, Department of Management and Organization of Agribusiness named after Kh.D. Churin, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, 8 Abay Ave., 050010, Almaty, Kazakhstan Beisenbek Ziyabekov Faculty of Economics and Entrepreneurship, Kazakh-German University, 111 Pushkin Street, 050010, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2025 11 27 The purpose of this article is to develop a new monetary policy framework for the agro-industrial complex (AIC) of the Republic of Kazakhstan, designed as a key macroeconomic instrument for achieving sustainable and innovation-driven development of the sector. The study proceeds from the premise that the new monetary policy must be organically integrated into the overall socio-economic development system of the republic. Accordingly, the article outlines the theoretical foundations of economic growth, including the main factors, approaches, and methods of economic development; the experience of developed countries in fostering innovation through digital technologies; and the role of the state in transforming the economy toward an innovation-based model. It further examines the theoretical principles underlying monetary policy formation, as well as the mechanisms for enhancing the effectiveness of the banking system in meeting economic and public needs. The discussion also addresses the classical principles governing the functioning of the monetary system, the problem of inflation and its mitigation strategies, and a synthesis of the United States and European Union experience in monetary policymaking. A critical assessment of the National Bank of Kazakhstan’s monetary policy is presented, focusing on refinancing and lending rates, banking margins, loan structures by maturity, currency denomination, lending terms, and borrower categories over the past 14 years. In addition, the article provides a detailed evaluation of credit allocation across individual sectors, identifying deficiencies, regulatory violations, and their consequences. Finally, proposals for the development of a new monetary policy framework are substantiated, followed by the main conclusions of the study.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9231_7fce0bff58a2cfa715b4a0aa3e910f88.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Role of cross-border epizootic risks in ensuring veterinary safety and sustainable livestock development in Central Asia 531 547 9636 10.22124/cjes.2026.9636 EN Maxat Berdikulov National Veterinary Reference Center, Astana, Kazakhstan James Edric Alan Webb Lleaf Pty Ltd, Eveleigh, NSW, 2015, Australia Sestager Aknazarov LLP Scientific Production Technological Center Zhalyn, Almaty, Kazakhstan Kuandyk Shynybayev LLP Scientific Production Technological Center Zhalyn, Almaty, Kazakhstan Abylay Sansyzbay LLP Scientific Production Technological Center Zhalyn, Almaty, Kazakhstan Dmitriy Taranov LLP "AnDa Company" Shymkent, Kazakhstan Zura Yessimsiitovaa LLP Scientific Production Technological Center Zhalyn, Almaty, Kazakhstan Zhanikha Lessova LLP Scientific Production Technological Center Zhalyn, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 05 24 Biosecurity and productivity issues involving porous borders, weak biosurveillance, and land changes challenge Central Asia’s livestock sector. Kazakhstan, the region’s largest livestock producer and trade hub, exemplifies these. This study integrates epidemiological data from the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS), land-cover data from NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and national statistics to assess relationships between grazing-land change, livestock productivity, and disease. Evaluation of WAHIS reports within a 200-km region around Kazakhstan from 2004 to 2024 identify epizootic threats including; Potential under-reporting of African swine fever for farms in Kostanay, North Kazakhstan, and Pavlodar (55% of swine stock); Highly pathogenic avian influenza risk along the north-south corridor of North Kazakhstan, Akmola, Karagandy, and Almaty (55% of poultry stock) with Lake Balkash migratory sites; Potential under-reported lumpy skin disease in Batys and Aktobe regions (~20% of cattle stock) given reports from Russia’s Astrakan and Volga River basin; Potential foot-and-mouth vulnerability for ruminants between Almaty and Shymkent, complicated by transboundary practices, requiring joint biosurveillance with Kyrgyzstan. Grazing-land degradation observed by MODIS correlated with milk yield for household (r = 0.66, p = 0.005) and smallholder farms (r = 0.60, p = 0.013), but not for large enterprises (r = –0.07, p = 0.79). National calving-rate data, not available by industry level, showed a similar association (r = 0.69, p = 0.003).

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9636_6674e5f6422d5620c4993a8647b9edf5.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Ancient symbols and regional biodiversity: Unveiling the world’s oldest flag: A historical review and interdisciplinary approach integrating archaeozoology, archaeobotany, and conservation disciplines 549 572 9438 10.22124/cjes.2026.9438 EN Zohreh Moradi University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran Ghazal Esmaeili School of Architecture Urban Planning, Polytecnico Milano Hamid Reza Esmaeili Zoology Section, Biology Department, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7146713565, Iran Journal Article 2026 02 11 Ancient symbols, manifested through motifs in art, architecture, pottery, and other material culture, provide critical insights into the historical relationships between human societies and their environments. Many of these symbols depict regional flora and fauna, reflecting the biodiversity prevalent in specific ecological zones at different times in history. These motifs often served multiple functions spiritual, social, and ecological symbolizing deities, mythological creatures, or natural elements central to cultural identity. Analyzing these symbols allows for the reconstruction of past biodiversity patterns and ecological knowledge systems. They frequently encode information about species of ecological and cultural significance, serving as indicators of historical species distribution and abundance. The Flag of Shahdad, an ancient artifact unearthed at the archaeological site of Shahdad in Southeastern Iran, stands as one of the earliest known examples of flag-like objects in human history. Dating to the third millennium BCE, this artifact offers valuable insights into the cultural, social, and political dynamics of early civilizations on the Iranian Plateau, as well as regional biodiversity. The flag consists of a rectangular bronze plate measuring approximately 22 cm in height and 15 cm in width, mounted on a 128-cm metal axle allowing the flag to turn. At its top is an eagle with outstretched wings. The central portion of the bronze plaque features a series of intricate motifs and patterns, including: (i) symmetrical and repetitive geometric designs demonstrating high-precision craftsmanship; (ii) artistic representations of plant life (floral patterns) possibly symbolizing natural elements; (iii) depictions of animals (faunal figures) that may hold cultural or symbolic significance; (iv) representations of human figures, potentially reflecting societal or ritualistic themes; and (v) abstract, non-representational artistic elements highlighting the artisans’ creativity. In this study, by integrating archaeological evidence, historical documentation, archaeozoology, archaeobotany, and comparative analyses, we demonstrate how ancient cultures identified, classified, and interacted with their surrounding ecosystems. This interdisciplinary approach contributes to a deeper understanding of long-term human-environment dynamics, elucidates the ecological worldview of past societies, and highlights the profound connections between biodiversity and cultural identity. Such integration underscores the importance of combining ecological and cultural perspectives in archaeological research, enriching fields such as archaeozoology, ethno-zoology, archaeobotany, ethno-botany, and conservation science.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9438_ffb569fe5e0bdb431bb534e62b30a77c.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Interrelationship between soil quality and biodiversity: Implications for environmental sustainability 573 581 9551 10.22124/cjes.2026.9551 EN Bashar Tarawneh Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan Rasul Turaev Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, Termez State University of Engineering and Agrotechnologies, Termez, Uzbekistan Gafur Abdulakimov School of Natural Sciences, National Pedagogical University of Uzbekistan named after Nizami, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Aziza Makhmudova Department of Natural Sciences, Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Omayma S. Waleed Department of Anesthesia Techniques, health and medical techniques college, Alnoor University, Mosul, Iraq Dhafrh J. Abdul Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq Ritesh Singh Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India Lalita Chopra Department of Chemistry, University Institute of Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India Journal Article 2026 04 17 In contrast to conventional systems, which have shown negative impacts on soils and biodiversity, new approaches to sustainable farming, such as Conservation Agriculture (CA), regenerative farming, organic farming, legume rotations, cover crops, prairie strips, and bio-inputs, have been promoted as new strategies to face future challenges. Their effectiveness varies depending on the specific case. A critical review of 26 articles was carried out to analyze the relationships between soils and biodiversity under different sustainable farming systems, focusing on patterns of success that are not usually highlighted in reviews based on conventional approaches. In terms of physical properties, stable aggregates increased by 38 to 47%, while sediment loss was reduced by 20-fold. Soil organic carbon was also increased by up to 8.4 g kg⁻¹, while microbial biomass was increased by up to 293%. Three patterns have been identified: "Win-Win-Win" (positive impacts on soils, biodiversity, and economic returns) in perennial systems (olive groves, almond trees); "Trade-off" systems (organic vineyards: + biodiversity, -16% in yields); and "Context-specific" systems, where results depend heavily on site-specific conditions. Interestingly, two types of microbial responses have been identified, namely, compositional changes without increased richness and concomitant increases in richness. Most studies have been conducted in the short term (<10 years), have not considered transition costs (which can involve a 10- to 15% loss in yield), and have not examined the networks of biotic interactions. Sustainable practices can have positive effects on both soil and biodiversity, and this "golden triangle" can be achieved. However, this is not always the case and is highly dependent on the type of crops used (perennial or annual), initial soil conditions, and socio-economic factors. Without policy intervention to help offset transition costs, there are significant challenges to scaling up.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9551_6c2c1d692f65e2372daf0549be30b323.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Toxicological effects of agricultural pesticides on aquatic ecosystems: A review 583 593 9550 10.22124/cjes.2026.9550 EN Murad I. Al-Maaitah Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan Shakhnoza Kuldasheva Department of Chemistry and Biology, Termez State Pedagogical Institute, Termez, Uzbekistan Bekzod Abduganiev Department of Health Care Management, Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand Uzbekistan Gulnora Shakhmurova Department of Biological Sciences, National Pedagogical University of Uzbekistan named after Nizami, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Noor M. Basheer Department of Medical Laboratory Technics, College of Health and Medical Technology, Alnoor University ,mosul, Iraq Dhafrh J. Abdul Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq Ritesh Singh Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India Vipasha Sharma Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India Journal Article 2026 04 17 Aquatic ecosystems are at serious risk due to the global contamination of surface waters sediments and biota caused by agricultural pesticides. The results of 27 original studies (2011–2026) from a variety of geographical areas including North America Europe Asia Africa Latin America and the Amazon are summarized in this review. In agricultural and periurban sites pesticides were found in 88–100% of samples often surpassing both acute and chronic toxicity thresholds (e.g., RAC exceedances in 70% of protected German streams, PTI > 0.1 in 69.4% of USA sites, and RQ > 100 for organophosphates in Ethiopian lakes). Risk profiles were dominated by neonicotinoids organophosphates pyrethroids and legacy compounds (fipronil chlorpyrifos) with insecticides typically causing acute toxicity and herbicides and fungicides causing long-term effects. When only water is monitored risks are underestimated because strong sorption to periphyton and sediment creates prolonged exposure routes. Consistent shifts toward tolerant taxa were observed in aquatic invertebrate communities (e.g., Chironomidae dominance, decreased richness), impaired ecosystem processes like leaf-litter decomposition and almost no sensitive mayflies or stoneflies. At environmentally relevant concentrations fish showed developmental toxicity (oedema deformities delayed hatching apoptosis) and immunotoxicity (activation of the JAK-STAT pathway). Non-additive results were frequently produced by mixture effects and multi-stressor interactions (nutrients sediment fungicides) with regional variations clearly visible (e.g., greater resistance to pyrethroids in the tropics). In general agricultural intensification puts aquatic biota under constant widespread pesticide pressure which has a domino effect on food webs and ecosystem stability. Stricter riparian buffers updated registration of highly hazardous compounds and improved monitoring of sediments transformation products and body burdens are desperately needed.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9550_b56f4058d1010bafb9043a10aab34329.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Diatomite as a natural sorbent for water treatment: A modern review and prospects for application 595 605 9637 10.22124/cjes.2026.9637 EN Gulfairus Bizhanova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, UNESCO Chair for Sustainable Development, Almaty, Kazakhstan Laura Kurbanova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, UNESCO Chair for Sustainable Development, Almaty, Kazakhstan Elmira Boribay Narxoz University, Department of Ecology, Almaty, Kazakhstan Bayan Tussupova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, UNESCO Chair for Sustainable Development, Almaty, Kazakhstan Olga Zubova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, UNESCO Chair for Sustainable Development, Almaty, Kazakhstan Sabyrzhan Sarsenbayev Satbayev University, Mining and Metallurgical Institute named after O.A. Baikonurov, "Chemical Processes and Industrial Ecology" Department, Almaty, Kazakhstan Assem Satimbekova School of geosciences, D.Serikbayev east Kazakhstan Technical University, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 05 25 Diatomite is a naturally occurring siliceous sedimentary material characterized by high porosity, low density, developed pore architecture, and favorable adsorption properties, making it a promising low-cost sorbent for water and wastewater treatment applications. This review critically analyzes recent advances in the use of natural and modified diatomite for the removal of heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, dyes, and emerging organic contaminants from aqueous systems. A systematic analysis of peer-reviewed literature indexed in Scopus and Web of Science was conducted, with emphasis on the physicochemical properties of diatomite, pollutant sorption mechanisms, and the influence of thermal and chemical activation methods on adsorption performance. The review demonstrates that the adsorption efficiency of natural diatomite is governed by its mineralogical composition, surface hydroxyl groups, pore accessibility, and environmental conditions such as pH, ionic strength, and temperature. Various modification approaches, including calcination, acid and alkaline activation, hydrothermal treatment, and surface functionalization, significantly improve the specific surface area, pore distribution, and density of active adsorption sites. Recent studies indicate that modified diatomite-based materials exhibit enhanced adsorption capacity and selectivity toward heavy metal ions, dyes, oils, and phenolic compounds compared with raw diatomite. Particular attention is given to thermo-chemical activation and composite materials incorporating magnetic phases, metal oxides, and biopolymers, which improve regeneration ability and practical applicability in real wastewater matrices. Despite the significant potential of activated diatomite, challenges remain regarding the heterogeneity of natural deposits, variability of experimental conditions, regeneration efficiency, and large-scale implementation. Overall, the review highlights diatomite as an environmentally sustainable and technologically versatile sorbent platform with considerable prospects for advanced water treatment technologies and circular environmental applications.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9637_9c024ac9b22745ab2796105103062b5c.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Morphological and histopathological features of distal tissue damage in diabetes mellitus 607 614 9638 10.22124/cjes.2026.9638 EN Raissa Utegaiyeva Department of Biology, Kazakh National Women׳s Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Raigul Shaikhynbekova Department of Normal Physiology with a course in Biophysics, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Zina Tungushbaeva Head of the Department of Molecular Biology, Kazakh-Russian Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gulnara Tashenova Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Tolkyn Ukusheva Zhetysu University named after I.Zhansugurov, Taldykorgan, Kazakhstan Ainur Atabayeva Zhetysu University named after I.Zhansugurov, Taldykorgan, Kazakhstan Sarzhan Sharipova Department of Toxicological Chemistry, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Serik Abdreshov Laboratory of Physiology Lymphatic System, Institute of Genetics and Physiology SC MSHE RK and Kazakh National University, al -Farabi, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 05 25 Diabetes mellitus frequently damages distal tissues, particularly in the lower limbs, yet the morphological and histopathological features of this damage have not been systematically described in the Kazakh population. To address this gap, we examined 47 distal tissue specimens collected between February and September 2025 from diabetic patients in Almaty and Astana, Kazakhstan. The specimens came from two sources: 34 surgical samples (debridement or amputation for foot ulcers or gangrene) and 13 post‑mortem biopsies from diabetic patients without active foot infection. Standard histological processing with H & E, PAS, Masson’s trichrome, and S‑100 stains was performed. Almost all specimens (95.7%) showed capillary basement membrane thickening, which was severe in 42.6% of cases. Perineural fibrosis occurred in 74.5% and nerve fibre loss in 78.7%. Epidermal thinning averaged 52.3 µm, well below the normal range, accompanied by hyperkeratosis (74.5%) and loss of rete ridges (80.9%). Surgical patients had significantly more severe changes than autopsy patients, especially in perineural fibrosis (grade 1.62 vs. 0.77, p < 0.001) and capillary thickening (grade 2.41 vs. 1.46, p < 0.001). Higher HbA1c correlated strongly with more severe capillary thickening (Spearman ρ = 0.62, p < 0.001), epidermal thinning (ρ = -0.48, p = 0.001), and perineural fibrosis (ρ = 0.54, p < 0.001). Over half of the patients (55.3%) had the complete triad of epidermal, vascular, and neural damage. These findings demonstrate that diabetic distal tissue pathology in Kazakhstan follows a progressive, HbA1c‑dependent pattern affecting multiple tissue compartments simultaneously. The histological severity gradient between surgical and autopsy groups suggests that microvascular and neural damage precedes clinical ulceration. Routine histopathological assessment of distal tissue could help identify high‑risk patients earlier and guide preventive strategies.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9638_d241ee05fcc2c5521c6f4489d8a786ec.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Recycling of bio- and metallurgical waste to obtain silicon-carbon energy storage materials 615 622 9639 10.22124/cjes.2026.9639 EN Assiya Nuraly Scientific Center for New Technologies; Almaty, Al-Farabi 7k, Nurly Tau Business Center, Block 5A, 334b, 050059, Kazakhstan Aknur Seisenova Scientific Center for New Technologies; Almaty, Al-Farabi 7k, Nurly Tau Business Center, Block 5A, 334b, 050059, Kazakhstan Omirzak Kapizov Scientific Center for New Technologies; Almaty, Al-Farabi 7k, Nurly Tau Business Center, Block 5A, 334b, 050059, Kazakhstan Sandugash Oryngaliyeva Scientific Center for New Technologies; Almaty, Al-Farabi 7k, Nurly Tau Business Center, Block 5A, 334b, 050059, Kazakhstan Dauren Mukhanov Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Akkainar Village, Zhambyl District, Almaty Region, Suranshy Batyr Street, House 26, 040602, Kazakhstan Yerzhan Seisenov Scientific Center for New Technologies; Almaty, Al-Farabi 7k, Nurly Tau Business Center, Block 5A, 334b, 050059, Kazakhstan Mengtay Aitzhan Scientific Center for New Technologies; Almaty, Al-Farabi 7k, Nurly Tau Business Center, Block 5A, 334b, 050059, Kazakhstan Zura Yessimsiitova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 al-Farabi Avenue, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 05 25 The rapid growth in the volume of agricultural biowaste and by-products from the mining and metallurgical industries is creating critical environmental and resource challenges, while at the same time increasing the need for sustainable and highly efficient materials for electrochemical energy storage systems. The article describes the development and pilot testing of an integrated technology for processing biomass and metallurgical waste into silicon-carbon composite materials intended for use in lithium-ion battery anodes. The proposed approach involves carbonisation of agricultural residues with the formation of a conductive porous carbon matrix, extraction of silicon from metallurgical slags, and subsequent synthesis of silicon-carbon composites. The structural, morphological, and physicochemical characteristics of the materials, determined by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, specific surface area analysis (BET) and thermogravimetric analysis, confirmed the formation of a highly developed porous structure with a uniform distribution of silicon particles in the carbon matrix. Electrochemical tests have shown that the composites obtained have high reversible capacity, improved Coulombic efficiency and high stability during long-term cycling, significantly exceeding the characteristics of traditional graphite anodes. Particular attention was paid to process scaling issues: it was shown that the transition from laboratory synthesis to pilot production does not lead to degradation of the structural and electrochemical properties of the materials. The results of the work demonstrate the high potential of using secondary biomass and metallurgical resources as sustainable and cost-effective precursors for creating a new generation of anode materials, contributing to a reduction in environmental impact and the development of green energy technologies.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9639_f38bc8e59f50e89f2690ce324d1623f6.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Updated checklist of the Northern Persian Gulf and Oman Sea holothurians 623 631 9640 10.22124/cjes.2026.9640 EN Sayyed Mohammadreza Fatemi Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, SR, C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Sepideh Keipour Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, SR, C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2026 05 25 Holothurians are detritus feeder Echinoderms, live in different marine zones and play ecological roles in the marine ecosystems. The first research on the Echinoderms in the Persian Gulf took place in 1908 by Koehler and Vaney and was used as basis for further studies by Heding in 1940s. Studies in the Persian Gulf show various common species of the sea cucumbers in the Iranian waters of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea. This paper provides a checklist of 22 sea cucumbers identified in the Northern Persian Gulf and Oman Sea belonging to 4 orders: Holothuriida, Synallactida, Apodida and Dendrochirotida. Holothurians belong to genus Holothuria, species: Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota (Brandt, 1835), Holothuria (Selenkothuria) parva Krauss in Lampert, 1885, Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola Semper, 1868 and Stichopus herrmanni Semper, 1868 are abundant in the Northern Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, concentration of the species Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota (Brandt, 1835) is the most prevalent in the area. The other species distribution is limited.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9640_545bea56945c4723802a003fbb05a611.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 First evidence of intersex condition in Caspian kutum, Rutilus kutum (Kamenski, 1901) in the Southwest Caspian Sea 633 640 8368 10.22124/cjes.2025.8368 EN Babak Tizkar Aquaculture Department, Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran Houshang Dehghanzadeh Scientific Board Member of Animal Science Research Department, Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran Ali Hallajian . International Sturgeon Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran Afshar Zoughi Shalmani Aquaculture Department, Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran Journal Article 2025 01 16 The present study showed intersex conditions in the wild population of Caspian kutum in the Southwest Caspian Sea. Evidence and examples of morphological and structural changes have been found in recent years among Caspian kutum, Rutilus kutum. The present study included sampling and examining morphological and anatomical characteristics of 350 pieces of kutumspecimens (38.5 ± 1.87 cm, 755 ± 6.52 g, and +3yr) as per their gender. Out of these numbers, a single male (+3 years old and a length/weight of 32.25 cm/628.5 g respectively) showed anomalies comprising seminal and gonadal sacs with simultaneous presence of male and female gonads. Histological observations of the male gonad revealed the presence of ovotestis tissue containing oocytes and spermatozoa throughout the entire testis. Male gonad tissue exhibited somniferous tubular structures with spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids. The histological examination of the gonads also showed the predominance of oocytes at different developmental stages. The intersexuality might have been due to determining processes or a combination of natural malformation and chemical contamination.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8368_58aca850197fff712f3b6db70f5d9d37.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 24 2 2026 04 01 Caspian Sea: Embracing change for a sustainable future.. 641 645 9587 10.22124/cjes.2026.9587 EN Hamid A. K. Lahijani Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, Iran Peygham Ghaffari Akvaplan-niva, Dept. Arctic R&D, Oslo, Norway Abdolmajid Naderi Beni Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2026 05 04 The Caspian Sea, the world's largest inland body of water, has long experienced significant water-level fluctuations due mainly to natural factors, with additional impacts from human activities. Anthropogenic influences, including land- and sea-based activities, extend beyond the water level changes, severely impacting the Caspian’s delicate ecosystem through pollution and unsustainable resource use. Global warming exacerbates environmental deterioration, which reduces freshwater supply and disrupts basin-wide circulation and vertical mixing, which are crucial for the Caspian bioproductivity. While scholars often focus on the complex ecological dynamics of the Caspian Sea, politicians are more concerned with the visible issue of the water level fluctuations. Although these perspectives are distinct, both overlook the need to address the Caspian’s environmental system as a water body that integrated to the catchment basin. This comment argues that the future of the Caspian Sea lies in adapting intelligently to its natural cycles and prioritizing action on environmental degradation.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9587_03c0f89b7d393cdaaba32682b4f97da4.pdf