University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Ameliorative effect of Vitamin D on CPF toxicity by evaluation of Wistar rat liver enzymes and kidney biomarkers 571 578 8571 10.22124/cjes.2025.8571 EN Isfandiyor Ibragimov Kimyo International University in Tashkent Shota Rustaveli Street 156, 100121, Тashkent, Uzbekistan Matlyuba J. Sanoeva DSc., Associate Professor of Department of Neurology, Vice Rektor of Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Shokhrukh Sh. Akhmadaliyev Head of the Department of Pediatrics-2, Fergana Medical Institute of Public Health, Fergana, Uzbekistan Baxtigul Nurullaeva Mamun University, Khiva, Uzbekistan Nargiza Sh. Muzaffarova Assistant of the Neurology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Education, Samarkand State Medical University, Uzbekistan Sarvar T. Islomov Oncologist, Pediatric Oncosurgery, Interventional Oncologist; Scientific Researcher in the Department of "Oncology and Hematology", the National Children's Medical Center, 294 Parkent street, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Togoev Abubakir Director, Scientific Research Institute of Cereals and Leguminous Crops, Navoi Scientific Experimental Station, Navoiy, Uzbekistan; Scientific Researcher, Navoi State University of Mining and Technologies, Navoiy, Uzbekistan Jahongir A. Qosimov Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of "Engineering Graphics and Design Theory" of the National Research University, "Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers", Tashkent, Uzbekistan Bayramdurdi Sapaev Professor, Pharmaceuticals and Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alfraganus University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2025 03 03 Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a hepatotoxic agent that adversely affects multiple organ systems. This study investigated how Vitamin D mitigates liver and kidney damage caused by CPF exposure. Fifteen Wistar rats were divided into three groups: CPF (3 mg/kg BW), Control (PBS), and Vitamin D (1 µg/g BW). Serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS) were measured, along with enzyme levels, to assess liver and kidney function. CPF treatment resulted in elevated biomarkers indicating organ damage, while Vitamin D treatment decreased these biomarkers and enzyme levels. The protective effects of vitamin D may stem from its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Notably, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were significantly lower in the Vitamin D group than in the CPF group. TAC levels in the treated group were lower than in controls, indicating increased oxidative stress, while TOS levels rose significantly, suggesting oxidative damage. These results highlight CPF's role in renal and hepatic injuries and emphasize the importance of enzyme analysis in assessing hepatotoxicity potentially influenced by Vitamin D. The research concludes that Vitamin D supplementation significantly mitigates liver and kidney damage caused by CPF exposure. This is evidenced by lower levels of liver enzymes and kidney biomarkers in the Vitamin D group compared to the CPF group, indicating a protective role against organ damage. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8571_d566de2ec732b31e37d54cb5a31cd3c5.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Antibacterial and antioxidant effects of Punicalagin extracts from Punica granatum peels 579 586 8570 10.22124/cjes.2025.8570 EN Saidakhon T. Islamova PhD, Associate Professor of the Medical Chemistry Department, Andijan State Medical Institute. Uzbekistan Moxira A. Nazarova Doctor of Philosophy in Agricultural Sciences (PhD), Senior lecturer of the Department of "Animals, Genetics, Breeding and Feeding Technology", Samarkand State University of Veterinary, Animal Husbandry and Biotechnology, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Aktam U. Burkhanov DSc in Economics, Professor International School of Finance and Technology, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Alfraganus University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Fayzulla Khamraev PhD in Biology, Department of Agronomy, Navoi State University of Mining and Technologies, Navoi, Uzbekistan B.U. Isagova Specialist of the Department of Science and Innovation, Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan Sherali Xamdamov Kimyo international university in Tashkent Shota Rustaveli street 156, 100121, Тashkent, Uzbekistan Nodira Sh. Nazarova DSc, Professor of the Department of Dentistry Faculty of Postgraduate Education, Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Fazliddin F. Zubaydov PhD in Veterinary Sciences, Junior Researcher, Virology Laboratory, Veterinary Scientific Research Institute, Taylok region, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Dilafruz S. Khursandova Independent Researcher of the Department of "Engineering Graphics and Design Theory" of the National Research University "Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers" Tashkent, Uzbekistan Oyatillo U. Badriddinov Assistant of the Department of Pathological Physiology and Pathological Anatomy, Fergana Medical Institute of Public Health, Fergana, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2025 03 03 The growing recognition of the health-promoting potential of compounds derived from natural sources, particularly those exhibiting antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, has resulted in a surge of research publications dedicated to exploring the functional attributes of these target compounds for applications in functional foods and preventive healthcare. Pomegranate has been identified as a source of beneficial health effects attributed to its rich content of bioactive components, including polyphenols, tannins, and anthocyanins. This study investigates the effects of Punicalagin on the viability and proliferation of A549 cells, a human alveolar basal epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line. The cells were treated with varying concentrations of Punicalagin (10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) and punicalagin, with assessments conducted after a 72-hour incubation period. Cell viability was evaluated using the MTT assay, which measures metabolic activity, and results indicated a dose-dependent response to Punicalagin treatment. Specifically, lower concentrations (10 μg/mL) exhibited minimal cytotoxicity (viability: 86.04± 3.09%), while higher concentrations (200 μg/mL) significantly reduced cell viability to 51.17± 0.94%, indicating cytotoxic effects at elevated doses. Additionally, the study highlighted that even at non-cytotoxic concentrations, treated cells displayed reduced proliferative potential compared to control groups, suggesting that Punicalagin may impair cell growth. Punicalagin treatment also demonstrated a similar trend, where higher concentrations negatively impacted cell proliferation. The findings underscore the importance of concentration in determining the cytotoxic and proliferative effects of these compounds on A549 cells, providing insights into their potential therapeutic applications and mechanisms of action. Overall, this research contributes to the understanding of how natural compounds like punicalagin can influence cancer cell behavior, paving the way for future studies aimed at developing effective cancer treatments. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8570_99f0ab1264a2ecd7fbd9cea1e632912e.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Evaluation of mice's liver and kidney alterations caused by CPF with consumption of hesperidin 587 594 8816 10.22124/cjes.2025.8816 EN Malika J. Rizaeva Assistant of the Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Сhildren's Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Salamat B. Ayapov Docent, Head of the Department of Art Science, Karakalpak State University, named after Berdak, Nukus, Republic of Karakalpakstan Jobir Akhmedov Kimyo International University in Tashkent Shota Rustaveli Street 156, 100121, Тashkent, Uzbekistan Okhunjon Rajabov Assistant, Navoi State University of Mining and Technologies, Navoi, Uzbekistan Klara R. Dilmuradova DSc, Professor of the Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology Faculty of Postgraduate Education of the Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Matlyuba I. Saidkarimova Associate professor, Tashkent State Technical University, Uzbekistan Matlyuba S. Mulhamedova Senior Teacher, Department of Pharmaceuticals and Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alfraganus University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Madina Ikramova Assistant, Department of "Engineering Graphics and Design Theory,"" Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers," National Research University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Mirkomil Gudalov Associate Professor, Jizzakh State Pedagogical University, Jizzakh, Uzbekistan Farxod H. Shernazarov Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, Gulistan State University, Gulistan, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2025 06 08 Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is identified as a hepatotoxic agent that detrimentally influences various organ systems. This research examined the hesperidin impacts and its underlying mechanisms on the deterioration of liver and renal tissue function resulting from CPF exposure. A total of fifteen C57 mice were separated into three experimental groups: CPF, Control, and CPF + hesperidin. The evaluations of serum SOD activity, alongside assessments of hepatic and renal function, were performed through enzyme level quantification and histopathological analysis. Post-CPF treatment, hepatic injury was marked by localized foci of coagulative necrosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and regenerative fibrosis. Conversely, the prescription of hesperidin caused a noticeable decrease in the inflammation. The protective effects of hesperidin may, at least partially, be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics. Notably, BUN, SGOT, SGPT, and ALP concentrations were considerably diminished in the treatment cohort compared to the CPF. These findings suggest that CPF contributes to the manifestation of renal and hepatic lesions and underscore the importance of enzyme analysis in elucidating hepatotoxicity, which can be influenced by Hesperidin. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8816_e3852f4b1dd3f21f307c5b7e9f376921.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Gonadoprotective potential of Taraxacum officinale on testicular tissue damage induced by cadmium chloride 595 603 8910 10.22124/cjes.2025.8910 EN Ainur Jumagaliyeva Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Zina Tungushbayeva Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Dossymbekova Raushan Department of Biological Chemistry, School of General Medicine – 1, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gulnara Tashenova Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Alfiya Baigutty Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Galiya Tatarinova Department of Anatomy With Physiology Courses, Kazakh-Russian Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Komus Batyrova Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2025 07 22 This study explored the protective effects of ethanolic extract of <em>Taraxacum officinale</em> (dandelion) against testicular tissue damage induced by cadmium chloride in male Wistar rats, with particular relevance to the high environmental and occupational exposure to cadmium in industrialized regions of Kazakhstan and its detrimental impact on male reproductive health. A total of 48 rats were randomly assigned to eight groups: a control group, an extract control group, a cadmium group (receiving 2 mg kg^-1 intraperitoneally), and groups receiving either pretreatment or simultaneous treatment with the extract at doses of 50, 100, or 200 mg kg^-1 via oral gavage. Over a 28-day intervention period, a comprehensive assessment was conducted, including measurements of body and testicular weights, evaluation of oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH), analysis of sex hormone levels (testosterone, FSH, LH), and histopathological examination of testicular tissue. The results revealed that cadmium exposure led to a marked reduction in testicular weight (by 35.5%), a substantial increase in MDA levels (3.2-fold), significant decreases in antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD by 64.7%, CAT by 61.6%), a pronounced drop in serum testosterone (by 71.6%), and severe histological damage characterized by reduced seminiferous tubule diameter and a low Johnson score (4.3). Notably, administration of dandelion extract, particularly as a pretreatment at 200 mg kg^-1, resulted in significant improvements: testicular weight recovered by 93.4%, MDA levels decreased by 62.1%, SOD activity increased by 89.8%, testosterone levels rose by 88.6%, and testicular tissue integrity was largely preserved (Johnson score: 8.9). Strong correlations were observed between reductions in MDA and increases in testosterone (r = -0.873), as well as improvements in Johnson score (r = +0.902). Furthermore, the pretreatment protocol demonstrated a 6-8% advantage over concurrent treatment in key parameters. These findings underscore the potent gonadoprotective effects of the <em>T. officinale</em> extract, primarily through its antioxidant properties, maintenance of hormonal homeostasis, and prevention of cellular damage. Given the widespread availability of dandelion in Kazakhstan, standardized extracts of this plant could serve as a promising natural preventive strategy for populations at heightened risk of cadmium exposure. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8910_f7cf560bf0f2f3eb2b4b87221da0b40c.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Fauna and zoogeography of Hymenoptera in Southeastern Kazakhstan 605 610 8911 10.22124/cjes.2025.8911 EN Komus Batyrova Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Sholpan Shynybekova Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Nazima Bekenova Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Ayagoz Mendigaliyeva Department of Physical Culture and Informatics, Institute of education and management, West Kazakhstan Innovative Technological University, Uralsk, Kazakhstan Roza Bakessova Department of Physical Culture and Informatics, Institute of education and management, West Kazakhstan Innovative Technological University, Uralsk, Kazakhstan Akmaral Tuyakbayeva Department “Biotechnology and microbiology” L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan Raigul Shaikhynbekova Department of Normal Physiology with a course in Biophysics, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Lailya Baibolatova Department of Normal Physiology with a course in Biophysics, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2025 07 22 In the present research, for the first time in 2023-2024, the fauna and zoogeographic pattern of Hymenoptera order in Southeastern Kazakhstan were investigated comprehensively by sampling 60 localities in three major ecotones (foothills, semi-arid steppes, and wetland fringes) systematically. The result showed that there were 412 species belonging to 32 families, of which 63 were new records and 7 new species (mostly in Braconidae and Crabronidae). Ecological analysis revealed foothills between 1200–1500 m to be highly diverse, with a mean of 58.2 ± 3.7 species at any location, as against steppes (36.1 ± 2.9 species) and wetlands (41.5 ± 3.2 species; ANOVA: F (2.57) = 18.73, <em>p</em> < 0.001). The density's correlation by 71% with May–June rainfall reflects the vulnerability of this taxon to climate change. The finding of 12 species on the IUCN Red List (such as the critically endangered leafcutter <em>Megachile sculpturalis</em>) and the 29–37% drop in species richness near farmland suggest that conservation initiatives are essential immediately. By filling previous gaps in knowledge, this study provides a basis for future biodiversity monitoring and management of vulnerable environments throughout Central Asia. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8911_1d3194d0af44f5426a98f9ca8c873305.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Role of information systems in ecology for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 611 617 8912 10.22124/cjes.2025.8912 EN Kundyz Nakysbekova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University UNESCO Chair for Sustainable Development Departament of Geography and Environmental Laura Ismukhanova Laboratory of Hydrochemistry and Main Toxicology, JSC Institute of Geography and Water Safety, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Lazzat Aldibayeva Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Faculty of «Engineering and Technology» Batyrgeldy Shimshikov Al-Farabi Kazakh National University UNESCO Chair for Sustainable Development Departament of Geography and Environmental Tamara Torobekova Kyrgyz National University named after Jusub Balasagyn Raushan Osmonbekova Kyrgyz National University named after Jusub Balasagyn Aigul Asanova Kyrgyz National University named after Jusub Balasagyn Kymbat Kulnazarova Tourism College of Kyrgyz National University named after Jusup Balasagyn Journal Article 2025 07 22 This research aimed to create and evaluate an integrated information system based on digital twins for monitoring vulnerable ecosystems in Kazakhstan and supporting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The research was conducted in three large ecosystems (semi-dry steppes, Aral Sea basin and nature reserves) by combining multi-source information including remote sensing (Landsat-8/9), Sentinel-1/2, IoT sensor networks (1,240 sensors) and artificial intelligence models. The analysis revealed alarming land degradation acceleration with the area of 32,150 km² over five years (28.5% in the Aral Sea basin) and 23.1% decline of Saitaga population. The LSTM predictive model successfully identified crisis hotspots 6 months prior with precision 86.5% (κ = 0.79) and error RMSE = 0.11 ± 0.02 that was 37% more accurate than methods used in the past. Implementation of the system brought revolution in environmental administration, e.g., reduction in decision-making time by 80.5%, 33.2% improvement in allocation of conservation budget, and a rise in snow leopard population in the observed ranges by 19.5%. The monitoring cost also came down by 78.1% (savings of $3.68 million each year). This model, with its ability to monitor SDG 15.3.1 and SDG 6.3.2 key indicators in near real-time, is a good model for Central Asian nations. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8912_d907b23449a2661c01b996b360e2e109.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Reducing the harmfulness of the main phytophages of oilseed flax 619 626 8913 10.22124/cjes.2025.8913 EN Nagima Tumenbayeva 1. Department of Biology, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Faculty of Agronomy, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana, Kazakhstan Аyagoz Mendigaliyeva Institute of Education and Management, West Kazakhstan Innovative Technological University, West Kazakhstan Region, Uralsk, Kazakhstan Laila Kaliyeva Institute of Veterinary and Agrotechnology, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian Technical University, Uralsk, Kazakhstan Gulzat Yessenbekova Department of Biology, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Faculty of Agronomy, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana, Kazakhstan Diamara Tulegenova Institute of Veterinary and Agrotechnology, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian Technical University, Uralsk, Kazakhstan Roza Sarmanova Department of Biology, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Faculty of Agronomy, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana, Kazakhstan Aspen Orynbayev Ural Agricultural Experimental Station LLP, Uralsk, Kazakhstan Bekzat Mombayeva Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, M.H. Dulati Taraz University, Taraz, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2025 07 22 Production of oilseed flax, <em>Linum usitatissimum </em>L. in Kazakhstan is severely threatened by the losses inflicted by its key phytophages, namely the leaf beetle, <em>Aphthona euphorbiae</em>, the flax moth, <em>Helcystogramma triannulella</em>, and the peach green aphid, <em>Myzus persicae</em>. The study was conducted as a field experiment during two vegetation periods (2023-2024) in northern Kazakhstan to evaluate vulnerability reduction measures. Five treatments of management including chemical control (T₁), biological control by release of <em>Trichogramma evanescens</em> (T₂), combination of T₁ + T₂ + 1.5% potassium silicate mixture (T₃), resistant cultivars (cultivar "Lina-3"; T₄), and control (T₅) were compared in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The results indicated that integrated treatment (T₃) was the best treatment with 68-54% reduction in pest density, 72.4% increase in defensive phenolic compounds (18.7 mg GAE/g DW) and peroxidase enzyme activity (4.92 units). The treatment significantly increased grain yield by 1.82ton ha^-1 (63.7% greater than control). Resistant cultivar "Lina-3" (T₄) was also found to be a suitable option for low-input systems with a 5.1:1 benefit-cost ratio. The findings confirm the effectiveness of the integrated approach on the grounds of fortification of plant defense mechanisms, conservation of natural enemies and rational chemical treatment as a sustainable model of pest management in oilseed flax agroecosystems of Kazakhstan. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8913_3c93d36cb8051a064ab33cbd6c4943f9.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Influence of semi-voluntary conditions of detention on the behavior, adaptive reactions and reproductive activity of Saiga Antelope (Saigatatarica) 627 633 8918 10.22124/cjes.2025.8918 EN Zhanbolat Ibraibekov Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Innovation Technology Faculty, NAO "Karaganda Technical University named after Abylkas Saginov", Karaganda, Kazakhstan Amanay Myrzabayev Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Geography, Karaganda University named after Academician E.A. Buketov, 28 University Street, Karaganda 100026, Kazakhstan Marat Bodeyev Department of Sports and Pedagogical Disciplines, Faculty of Physical Culture and Sports, E.A. Buketov University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan Yermek Gabdullin Dean of Higher School of Natural Sciences, Pavlodar Pedagogical University named after Alkey Margulan, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan Roza Zhumakhanova M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Higher School of "Natural Science and Pedagogy" Department of "Biology and Geography", Shymkent, Tauke khan 5, Kazakhstan Gulnar Tulindinova Head of the Biology Educational Program of Higher School of Natural Sciences, Pavlodar Pedagogical University named after Alkey Margulan, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan Natalya Petrovna Korogod Associate Professor of Higher School of Natural Sciences, Pavlodar Pedagogical University named after Alkey Margulan, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan Altynai Shaibek Department of Zoology, NC JSC Karagandy University named after E. A. Buketov, 28 University Street, Karaganda 100026, Kazakhstan Turlybekova Gulzhazira Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Geography, Karaganda University named after Academician E.A. Buketov, 28 University Street, Karaganda 100026, Kazakhstan Murat Nurushev Higher School of Natural Sciences, Astana International University, Astana, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2025 07 23 The study was conducted to investigate the influence of semi-voluntary housing conditions on the behavior, adaptive responses, and reproductive activity of saiga (<em>Saiga tatarica</em>) in Kazakhstan. With a decline of 95% in the population of this endangered species over the past three decades, there is a need to maximize captive breeding programs as one of the main conservation strategies. Over 24 months, 80 adult saigas were studied in two contrast groups: semi-voluntary (500-hectare enclosure with minimal human intervention) and conventional captivity (20-hectare enclosure with frequent human contact). Behavior (sampling scans and event recording), physiological stress indicators (hair cortisol, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio), and reproductive characteristics (hormonal assays, pregnancy rates, lamb survival) were assessed using standard methods. The findings showed that the semi-voluntary group experienced a 42% increase in natural locomotor behaviors (<em>p</em> < 0.001), a 41% drop in hair cortisol (<em>p</em> < 0.001), and a 34% elevation in male testosterone metabolites at mating time. Pregnancy achievement during the first estrous cycle was 78% versus 49% in the control group (<em>p</em> < 0.01), and lamb survival to weaning was 73% (versus 48%) in the semi-voluntary group. Focal observations supported the tight correlation between the reduction of stress signs and the improvement of reproductive parameters (Rc = 0.82, <em>p</em> < 0.001). The results indicate the exceptional importance of semi-voluntary conditions for the reduction of chronic stress, maintenance of natural behavior, and success of reproduction in saigas. Application of this model in Kazakhstani breeding centres will possibly enable us to establish viable populations for reintroduction into the wild. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8918_8ebb49ab8b733b2380028f7266170e37.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Beyond oil: Assessing the viability of circular economy approaches for sustainable management of drilling waste contaminated soils in Apsheron Peninsula, Azerbaijan 635 642 8941 10.22124/cjes.2025.8941 EN Aktam U. Burkhanov Alfraganus University, Tashkent 100190, Uzbekistan Shokhrukh Djurakulov Samarkand State University named after Sharaf Rashidov, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Ravshan Nurimbetov Tashkent University of Architecture and Civil Engineering of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Madina Khurramova Tashkent State University of Economics 49, Islam Karimov str., 100066, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Zokir J. Rasulov Samarkand State University named after Sharaf Rashidov, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Mukhammadkhuja Saitkamolov Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad al-Khwarizmi, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Rustamkhon Khadjaev Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad al-Khwarizmi, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Nafisa Ganieva Tashkent State Medical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Zamira Bozorova Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Khurshidakhon Rakhimova Kokand State Pedagogical Institute, Kokand, Uzbekistan Madinakhon Makhmudova Kokand State Pedagogical Institute, Kokand, Uzbekistan Aziza Jalilova Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Otabek Bobojonov Urgench State University, Urgench, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2025 08 06 The Apsheron Peninsula is faced to a high risk of soil contamination with drilling wastes (up to 28500 mg kg^-1 TPH) due to decades of oil drilling. Guided by the circular economy (CE) paradigm, this study evaluated the technical-economic-environmental feasibility of three advanced solutions to the sustainable management of such soils: (i) cutting-edge stabilization/solidification (S/S) with a hybrid binder (cement + GGBS + alkaline activator), (ii) thermal hydrocarbon recovery, and (iii) enhanced bioremediation with a local microbial population. The results showed S/S was effective in reducing hydrocarbon leakage (TCLP) by 98.2% and producing construction materials with a compressive strength of 28.5 MPa at high salinity conditions (EC ~12 dS m^-1). Thermal recovery at 320 °C recovered 76.4% of the stored hydrocarbons to a fuel with calorific value of 41.2 MJ kg^-1. Bioremediation also achieved 89.7% TPH reduction at 180 days under native salinity. Life cycle assessment (LCA) revealed 48-83% global warming potential saving and life cycle cost analysis (LCC) revealed 39% net present value (NPV) gain in CE solutions compared to the traditional landfill. This study confirms the effectiveness of CE to transform the waste issue into an opportunity for resource recovery according to the current conditions in Apsheron, but the preferable technology choice is dependent upon the initial pollution level and household energy price. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8941_e51caf0f97d6c7b230d78081b927178c.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Efficiency of phytomeliorants and bacillus biologicals in increasing alfalfa yield 643 654 8942 10.22124/cjes.2025.8942 EN Vitaly Khlyustov Professor of the Department of Land Management and Forestry, Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., Moscow, 127434, Russian Federation Yuri Bezborodov Head of the Department of Land Management and Forestry, Russian State Agrarian University –Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timi-ryazevskaya Str., Moscow, 127434, Russian Federation Heba Ismail Student, Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., Moscow, 127434, Russian Federation Journal Article 2025 08 06 The study was conducted to examine the effect of alfalfa-based compost and <em>Bacillus</em> biologicals on alfalfa (<em>Medicago sativa</em>) yield in the arid climate of the Syrian Arab Republic. The main research objective was to identify opportunities to increase crop productivity with fertilizers and biologicals. We conducted a field experiment over a three-year period (2020-2022), including four variants: control, compost, biologicals, and combined use of compost and biologicals. The data were subjected to a two factor analysis of variance. We also used pairwise and multiple regressions to analyze how the factors influence the yield. The results proved that compost and biologicals significantly increased alfalfa yield compared to the control. The greatest effect was observed with the combined use of compost and biologicals, which confirms the hypothesis of a synergistic effect. The analysis of variance showed the significance of the differences between the experimental tests and the cultivation years at the 5% and the 1% significance levels. Pairwise comparisons using the Tukey’s criterion also confirmed the presence of statistically significant differences between the experiment variants. The regression analysis with dummy variables allowed us to develop a model explaining the dependence of the yield on the cultivation year and the ameliorant type. The high value of the coefficient of determination (R² = 0.982) and the significance of the coefficients of the regression equation confirm the model reliability. The results can be used to develop recommendations for the use of organic and biological ameliorants in arid climates, which helps improve agrotechnical characteristics and increase the yield of agricultural crops. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8942_4b6e6c99bf76342e16963113269cc696.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Cultivation of Australian red-clawed crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus as a new object of aquaculture in industrial conditions of fish farms in Kazakhstan 655 665 8943 10.22124/cjes.2025.8943 EN Saya Koishybayeva Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biodiversity and Bioresources, Almaty, Kazakhstan Saule Assylbekova LLP "Fisheries Research and Production Center", Almaty, Kazakhstan Nina Badryzlova LLP "Fisheries Research and Production Center", Almaty, Kazakhstan Akzhan Bayandina LLP "Fisheries Research and Production Center", Almaty, Kazakhstan Zhaksygali Kuanchaleyev NJSC “S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University named after.”, Astana, Kazakhstan Alexander Lozovskiy Astrakhan State University named after V.N. Tatishchev, Professor of the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Astrakhan, Russia Journal Article 2025 08 07 This study explores the cultivation of <em>Cherax quadricarinatus</em> (Australian red-clawed crayfish) under industrial aquaculture conditions in fish farms across Kazakhstan. The primary goal is to support the diversification of aquaculture by introducing new, adaptable species. Researchers evaluated the growth performance and adaptability of the species under controlled environments. Cultivation methods were tested for both juvenile and market-size specimens. During the juvenile rearing phase, optimal water quality parameters were maintained: temperatures between 25–28 °C, and pH, dissolved oxygen, NO₂, NO₃, and NH₄ levels remained within the normative thresholds required for this species under intensive aquaculture conditions. For optimal growth, juveniles should be reared starting from a weight of 2.5–3.0 g, with the use of high-quality feed rich in protein and essential nutrients. Once crayfish reach an average weight of 6.9 g, it becomes economically feasible to transition to feeds with reduced nutrient density, provided the feed contains no less than 41.4% crude protein, 9.4% crude fat, and 1.2% crude fiber. During the cultivation of market-size specimens of Australian red-clawed crayfish (<em>C. quadricarinatus</em>), water temperatures were maintained between 25–27 °C. The pH (hydrogen index) ranged from 7.9 to 8.2, while dissolved oxygen levels varied from 5.7 to 7.4 mg dm^-³. Biogenic compounds remained within acceptable limits throughout the rearing process. Over the course of eight months, crayfish reared from an initial weight of 4.2 g reached an average marketable weight of 95.0 g. The findings from juvenile and commercial cultivation under industrial aquaculture conditions in Kazakhstan demonstrate that <em>C. quadricarinatus</em> adapts well and grows effectively in local fish farms. From an economic standpoint, the breeding of this species—similar to trends observed in other countries—proves to be profitable for Kazakhstan as well.<br />Based on the research outcomes, calculations of economic efficiency were performed, and the profitability of industrial cultivation technologies for Australian red-clawed crayfish in Kazakhstan’s fish farms was evaluated. The technologies developed show moderate profitability according to net profit indicators, with strong potential for increased returns upon full-scale implementation in the future. The implementation of such studies in the fish farms of Kazakhstan not only broadens the range of aquaculture products produced in the country but also promotes the development of technologies for non-traditional aquaculture species. This, in turn, supports economic growth in the fish farming sector, even in the absence of direct access to the sea. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8943_91103c5b339582a7ff7aa7f03ff74a01.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Factors affecting climate-smart agriculture development in Fars Province, Iran 667 683 8944 10.22124/cjes.2025.8944 EN Mehdi Etemadi Department of Agricultral Economics, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran Seyed Nematolla Mousavi Department of Agricultral Economics, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran Bahaeddin Najafi Department of Agricultral Economics, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran Journal Article 2025 08 07 In recent years, climate change has reduced the production and revenue of agricultural products. Despite farmers' increasing vulnerability and poverty due to climate change, climate-smart agriculture strategies (CSAs) have not been implemented adequately in developing areas. So, the present study evaluated the effective factors of adopting CSAs at three spatial, farm, and individual levels. In this study, data were collected using a questionnaire from 443 farmers during 2018-2019 in four different climatic regions of Fars Province, Southwest Iran. Consequently, the CSAs utilized in the three groups of management of nutrient and water-smart strategies, conserving or enhancing soil fertility-smart strategies, and the combination of these two groups were analyzed by dividing the solutions through Poisson count regression and multinomial-logit estimations for these strategies expansion. The study of spatial characteristics revealed that the agricultural sector of Fars Province lacks a logical model for smart agriculture and has failed to adopt smart strategies to climatic conditions. According to farm and individual research, younger farmers with greater access to credit, increased participation in social groups, and better awareness and perception of climate change risk are more likely to adopt CSAs. In this regard, the variables of access to credit and trust in individuals have the most positive and negative effects on the adoption of climate- smart strategies, respectively. It is expected that with an increase of 1 unit in the amount of these variables, the changes of the dependent variable will be 1.25 and -1.32, respectively. All the same, larger farms and higher farm incomes ensure that farmers in the province will utilize CSAs. Hence, it is recommended to focus on awareness and education of farmers regarding these strategies along with facilitating access to extension services and financial credits as well as using the potential of formal and informal associations to encourage farmers to participate in social activities to develop CSAs. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8944_b7efd808ace6bb041607d62a6d8d9353.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Water consumption of rice depending on the methods of its cultivation and irrigation 685 690 8945 10.22124/cjes.2025.8945 EN Zhumagali Ospanbayev Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Abay st. 8, 050043, Almaty, Kazakhstan Ainur Doszhanova Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Abay st. 8, 050043, Almaty, Kazakhstan Aizada Sembayeva Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Abay st. 8, 050043, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gulnar Myrzabaeva Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Abay st. 8, 050043, Almaty, Kazakhstan Akmaral Tuyakbayeva L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Satpayev St. 2, 010008, Astana, Kazakhstan Rimma Ualiyeva Toraighyrov University, Lomov St. 64 140008, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan Sayan Zhangazin L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Satpayev St. 2, 010008, Astana, Kazakhstan Shynar Arynova Toraighyrov University, Lomov St. 64 140008, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2025 08 07 This study evaluated the low-input rice cultivation practices in the salinity of the Ili-Bakhshakhsh watershed in Kazakhstan using an analysis of four irrigation systems (traditional flooding, intermittent irrigations, direct sowing, and subsurface drip irrigations) over two cropping seasons. The findings revealed that direct-seeded rice (DSR) was the most efficient system that reduced water application by 41% (19,800 m³ ha^-1) and improved water productivity by 100% (0.48 kg m^-3). This strategy ensured economic feasibility through 2.1 benefit-cost ratio, controlled soil salinity by 66.6% (ECe final = 6.8 dS m^-1), and improved the yield sustainability coefficient to 0.88. Alternate irrigation (AWD) and subsurface drip systems (SDI) also conserved 34% and 47% of water, respectively, but owing to technical and economic constraints, the application of SDI was not typically instituted. The results confirm DSR's potential for relief of water stress in Lake Bakhshakhash and offer a long-term model for arid regions in Central Asia. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8945_21184f342b9600f20797a3000cb255da.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Features of the growth and development of rice plants during aerobic cultivation 691 697 8917 10.22124/cjes.2025.8917 EN Ainur Doszhanova Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Abay st. 8, 050043, Almaty, Kazakhstan Zhumagali Ospanbayev Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Abay st. 8, 050043, Almaty, Kazakhstan Yerzhan Abildayev Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Abay st. 8, 050043, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gulnar Myrzabaeva Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Abay st. 8, 050043, Almaty, Kazakhstan Aizada Sembayeva Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Abay st. 8, 050043, Almaty, Kazakhstan Nurbakyt Kurmangaliyeva Kazakh Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zh. Zhiembayeva, Kultobe st. 1, 050070, Almaty, Kazakhstan Bolat Murzabaev M. Auezov South Kazakhstan Research University, Тauke khan st. 5, 160012, Shymkent, Kazakhstan Muhit Bekbauov Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Abay st. 8, 050043, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2025 07 23 Addressing food security amid climate change and limited water resources has made sustainable rice cultivation increasingly important, especially in semi-arid regions like Kazakhstan’s Balkhash area. In 2024, a comprehensive field experiment was carried out to assess rice growth and development under aerobic cultivation, using a factorial design with three replications. The study evaluated three irrigation methods (traditional flooding, drip, and sprinkler), two planting layouts (conventional 15 cm spacing and wider 60 × 30 cm strips), three planting dates (April 10, May 1, and May 20), seven rice varieties (both local Kazakh and imported), and three weed control approaches (mechanical, chemical, and integrated). Drip irrigation demonstrated the highest water use efficiency (WUE_<em>p</em> = 0.71 kg m^-³), reducing water consumption by 41% compared to flooding. While overall yields with drip irrigation were 12% lower than with traditional flooding, certain native cultivars (Aq Marjan and Sir Soloi) experienced a comparatively modest 7% yield reduction. These varieties exhibited deeper root systems (42.3 cm) and greater lateral root density (11.2 cm cm^-³). The May 20 planting date produced the highest yield (5.9 tons ha^-1), likely due to avoidance of early-season cold stress. Integrated weed control reduced weed biomass by 78%. These findings underscore the potential of aerobic rice cultivation, particularly when appropriate varieties and management practices are employed. The approach can achieve up to 50% water savings without significant yield loss, supporting the viability of sustainable rice production in Kazakhstan’s water-limited environments https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8917_a837d762c3cf2c10e32257981f8cd6d7.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Production and biological characteristics of medium-ripened apple varieties in Western Kazakhstan 699 705 8946 10.22124/cjes.2025.8946 EN Meyramgul Mussina Institute of veterinary and agrotechnology, Zhangir khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University, Uralsk, Kazakhstan Akylbek Nurgaliyev Institute of veterinary and agrotechnology, Zhangir khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University, Uralsk, Kazakhstan Bibigul Gubasheva Institute of veterinary and agrotechnology, Zhangir khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University, Uralsk, Kazakhstan Gulbaram Nurgaliyeva Institute of veterinary and agrotechnology, Zhangir khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University, Uralsk, Kazakhstan Akzhbek Bulekova Institute of veterinary and agrotechnology, Zhangir khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University, Uralsk, Kazakhstan Sandugash Sungatkyzy Institute of veterinary and agrotechnology, Zhangir khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University, Uralsk, Kazakhstan Zhaukhazyn Sharafiyeva Institute of veterinary and agrotechnology, Zhangir khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University, Uralsk, Kazakhstan Saule Kazybayeva Kazakh research institute of fruit & vegetable growing» LLP, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2025 08 07 Performance tests of two crop seasons (2024-2025) were conducted in semi-drought conditions of western Kazakhstan at the experimental farm of Aktobe Province, Tarbaghatai Station, with the aim of evaluating the productive and biological characters of four local mid-season apple genotypes: Aport Kazakh, Bayanauli Red, Zurbash Talaei, and Alma-Ata 1. Tested cultivars were grafted onto Arm-18 and B7-35 rootstocks and supported by drip irrigation at water demand of 80%. The results showed large genotypic differences in phenological indicators with the highest ripening period for Zurbash Talaei (158 DAF). B7-35 rootstock provided 18.1% yield increment and 14.2% photosynthetic stability enhancement under drought condition. Qualitatively, Red Bianaoli had the maximum level of bioactive compounds (254.6 mg gallic acid equivalents 100 g^-1) and antioxidant capacity (68.3 μmol TE g^-1). This cultivar preserved best too, with 91.6% tissue firmness retained after 90 days storage under a controlled atmosphere. Drought stress increased phenolic compounds by 22.4% in Alma-Ata 1, indicating stimulation of secondary metabolic processes. The high negative correlation between yield and antioxidant capacity (r = -41%) revealed the inherent paradox between production potentiality and nutritional value. Based on the findings, Red Bianaoli was identified as a best option for sustainable orchard development keeping in mind several benefits including stress tolerance (drought tolerance index 0.92), richness in bioactive compounds, and long-term storage capacity. The result of this study provides functional solutions to optimizing the horticultural system and the establishment of protocols to preserve indigenous genetic resources against climate change. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8946_d15bc11f31d61d441cef944a5399091c.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Evaluation of tree species, Aésculus hippocastanum as a phytoremediator in conditions of artificial soil contamination 707 720 8947 10.22124/cjes.2025.8947 EN Aitzhamal Mussina Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University, Institute of Natural Science, Department of chemistry, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gaukhar Baitasheva Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University, Institute of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Almaty, Kazakhstan Zaida Rakhimova Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University, Institute of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Almaty, Kazakhstan Baktigul Raimbekova Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University, Institute of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Almaty, Kazakhstan Bibigul E. Gubasheva NJSC, Zhangir khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University, Uralsk, Kazakhstan Galiya Medeuova Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University, Institute of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Almaty, Kazakhstan Zhanna Baymurzina Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University, Institute of Natural Science, Department of chemistry, Almaty, Kazakhstan Dariga Tynyshbek Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University, Institute of Natural Science, Department of chemistry, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2025 08 08 The article explores the potential use of <em>Aesculus hippocastanum</em> (horse chestnut) as a phytoremediator under conditions of artificial soil contamination by heavy metals in an urban environment. The research was conducted in Almaty City, where a significant excess of the maximum permissible concentrations of heavy metals, particularly lead has been detected. The study involved growing horse chestnut seeds in soils with varying contamination levels and treating them with solutions of toxic metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, etc.). Morphological and anatomical changes in the plants were analyzed, and levels of physiological stress were assessed. The results confirmed the high ability of <em>A. hippocastanum</em> to accumulate heavy metals, making it a promising bioindicator and a practical tool for ecological restoration of urban areas. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8947_94455ffbfa47a93f36e8da96f2ca127c.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Identification, classification, and management of ports hazardous waste (A case study: Anzali Port, Northwest Iran) 721 729 8948 10.22124/cjes.2025.8948 EN Shokoufe Bakhshi Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Iran Babak Tavakoli Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Iran Elias Feizbakhsh Zebardast Senior Maritime Expert, Ports and Maritime Organization, Iran Mehdi Aalipour Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 08 08 Guilan Ports and Maritime Administration, located in Anzali Port, Guilan Province, Southwest Iran is one of the most important and active ports of the southern part of the Caspian Sea. The aim of this study is to assess the current state of hazardous and non-hazardous waste management in Anzali Port and provide practical solutions. The study performed from July 2017 to June 2018, to quantify and classify waste generated from various operations, including loading and unloading, repairs, and construction activities. Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to evaluate the normal distribution of data, and the One-Way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used to examine significant differences.  The total waste generated was 3,082.200 tons year^-1, consisting primarily of wood waste (2,544 tons year^-1), steel scrap (344.97 tons year^-1), and unusable tires (368.25 tons year^-1). The hazardous wastes were categorized based on its characteristics such as toxicity, corrosiveness, flammability, and reactivity, in line with the Basel Convention and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Approximately 4% of the waste was classified as hazardous. The findings showed that effective waste management practices could result in the recycling and reuse of approximately 96% of the generated waste, leaving only 4% to be disposed. This study also analyzed the efficiency of current waste management strategies in the port, including waste segregation at the source, recycling, reuse, and the sale of certain waste materials such as metal scrap and used tires. Based on the findings, several recommendations for improving waste management were proposed, including the establishment of dedicated storage facilities for hazardous waste, enhanced waste segregation at the source, and the implementation of staff training programs. The results highlight the importance of adopting a more comprehensive and sustainable waste management strategy to reduce environmental impact and improve resource recovery. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8948_55d22a7b8ac69106abce305f3dd78c77.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Effects of limb joint angles and body part vs. ground angles on horses’ jumping style 731 739 8950 10.22124/cjes.2025.8950 EN Vladimir A. Demin DSc (Agr), Professor, Head of the Department of Horse Breeding, Institute of Zootechnics and Biology Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Russian Federation Polina V. Prutkova Аssisstant of the Department of Horse Breeding, Institute of Zootechnics and Biology Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Russian Federation Inna B. Tsyganok CSc (Agr), Associate Professor at the Department of Horse Breeding, Institute of Zootechnics and Biology Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Russian Federation Journal Article 2025 08 09 The aim of this study was to determine the effect of limb joint angles and body part vs. ground angles on jumping style in horses. Horses were categorized into groups based on selected criteria and characteristics. One-Way ANOVA was performed to determine the size effect of the different phases of jumping on limb joint angles and body part vs. ground angles. To study each jumping phase in more detail, the effect of each phase on the limb joint angles and body part vs. ground angles measurements was examined as a percentage across all groups. A correlation analysis was carried out to test the correlation between neck vs. ground angle in the takeoff phase and neck vs. ground angle in flight phase. However, the data were not reliable, so this correlation was disregarded and the horses were differentiated into four subgroups. As the presented angles are more affected by the takeoff and flight phases, these phases were studied in detail using correlation analysis. Only certain angles in all subgroups showed a reliable correlation with a probability ranging between 95% and 99.9%. This correlation was mainly observed in limb joint angles and body part vs. ground angles. We concluded that both forelimb joint angles and neck vs. ground angle during the takeoff and flight phases affect jumping style. We also noted the groups of horses with the most and least desirable jumping styles. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8950_85a095681edbe39549b3a2d2713f44d2.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Effects of chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizers on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and some biochemical traits of cumin 741 748 8951 10.22124/cjes.2025.8951 EN Salim S. Davlatov DSc, Professor of the Department of Faculty and Hospital Surgery. Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali Ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Muzaffar Obidov Department of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Fergana State University, 19 Murabbilar St., Fergana 150100, Uzbekistan Tojiyeva Feruza Department of Botany, Termiz State University, 190110 Termiz, Surkhandaryo, Uzbekistan Asilbek Abdullayev Course leader "Beauty Aesthetics", Kimyo International University in Tashkent, Tashkent, Uzbekistan N. Esanmurodova Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers” National Research University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Alfraganus University, Yukori Karakamish Street 2a, Yunusabad District, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; cWestern Caspian University Baku, Istiglaliyyet 31, Baku, Azerbaijan Mukhabbat X. Diyorova Associate Professor, Doctor of Philosofy of in Biological Sciences (PhD), Karshi State University, Karshi City, Uzbekistan Mavluda Kh. Karimova PhD in Theory and Methodology of Education and Upbringing (Biology), Associate Professor, Karshi State University, 180119, Karshi, Uzbekistan Feruz A. Daminov DSc, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics with the Course of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the PGD, Samarkand State Medical University,140100, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Sadullaev Sanjarbek Associate Professor, Department of Fruit and Vegetable Growing, Urgench State University, Urgench, Uzbekistan Inomjon B. Matkarimov Associate Professor, Mamun University, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2025 08 09 In this research on the effect of chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizers on antioxidant enzyme activity and biochemical characteristics of cumin, a factorial experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design over three replications in pot experiments. Treatment consisted of three levels of triple superphosphate chemical fertilizer (0, 50, and 100 kg ha^-1) and two levels of biofertilizer (no inoculation and inoculation with <em>Pseudomonas</em> <em>fluorescens</em> and <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> bacteria). The activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and biochemical parameters like total chlorophyll, proline, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were quantified at the flowering stage. The results indicated that the combined treatment of 50% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer possessed the maximum antioxidant enzyme activity; therefore, the CAT, POD, and SOD activities were increased by 42%, 35%, and 28% respectively compared to the control (<em>p</em> < 0.05). Moreover, the total chlorophyll content in the treatment was 1.8 mg g^-1 wet weight, which was 23% superior to that in the single chemical treatment (100 kg). The levels of proline and MDA also decreased to 24.6 μmol g^-1 and 3.1 nmol g^-1, respectively, indicating reduction in oxidative stress. The 100% chemical fertilizer treatment with no biofertilization provided the worst performance in support of the plant defence mechanism. This study confirms the effectiveness of biofertilizers in chemical fertilizer reduction levels up to 50% and improvement of the physiological stability of cumin plants. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8951_1d73c8e9111dda416fed6324f5cda3c6.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Variability of Siberian stone pine cones yield in conditions of introduction to the taiga zone of the East European Plain 749 755 8953 10.22124/cjes.2025.8953 EN Renat S. Khamitov Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 49 Timiryazevskaya St., Moscow, 127434, Russian Federation Alexandr V. Lebedev Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 49 Timiryazevskaya St., Moscow, 127434, Russian Federation Svetlana M. Khamitova Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 49 Timiryazevskaya St., Moscow, 127434, Russian Federation Journal Article 2025 08 10 The change in the carbon stock in the soil cover during the uplift of fallow areas on leached black soils is considered. The aim of the study is to compare dynamics of carbon stock on fallow lands of black soils. Two objects of the study are in the central part of the Russian Federation in Penza region, which belongs to forest and forest-steppe climatic zones. Studies were carried out on two sites typical for the study area, differing in mesorelief and water regime. Object one is a fallow land of floodplain 30-year-old deposits with meadow vegetation characteristic of the region on meadow-black soil and leached black soil humus heavy loamy hydromorphic soils. The second fallow land is located on the territory of 30-year-old deposits overgrown under birch tree plantation with leached medium-humus heavy loamy black soils. Four control sites were laid on each field, differing in the period of cultivation. The carbon stock in the soil in the thickness of the arable horizon was estimated in the course of the conducted studies. Greenhouse gas emissions were estimated using chambers that do not violate soil flows with further analysis of the selected gases on a chromatograph. The research results demonstrate the spatiotemporal dynamics of carbon dioxide emissions, the maximum values were tracked on a 30-year-old forest fallow site, and the minimum values on a meadow fallow ecosystem. The dependence of soil flows is associated with the warming of the soil cover, the density of soil horizons and the fallowness of the territory, since the amount of available carbon dioxide is elevating due to a large increase in vegetation biomass and litter. Carbon stocks in the arable horizon varied depending on the location of key sites in the relief, soil type, seasonality and mechanized intervention of agricultural machinery. Siberian stone pine is a valuable introduced species in the taiga zone of the East European Plain. In general, this type of pine is cultivated to produce pine nuts. Seed productivity is an important feature of breeding for Siberian stone pine. It also serves as an indicator of adaptive potential for introduced species. The research was conducted to assess the variability of the Siberian stone pine cones yield under conditions of introduction to the taiga zone of the East European Plain. Observations of seed-bearing Siberian stone pine were carried out in one of the oldest plantations of this tree species in the taiga zone of the East European Plain: Chagrino cedar grove, located in the Gryazovets municipal district of the Vologda region. In 2013-2024, the number of cones in the crowns of selected model trees was calculated in this cedar plantation, which made it possible to identify their individual variability on this basis, as well as the plantations overall reproductive capacity. The research results allow us to conclude that the seed production rate of Siberian stone pine in the new soil and climatic conditions corresponds to its biological characteristics, since no years with a complete lack of harvest were detected during the study period. On average, the yield of one tree is 131 ± 17 cones. In addition, correlative features have been identified that allow for the selection of high-yielding individuals. Research data indicate that relatively short individuals with a narrow but extended crown should be selected as maternal producers for further breeding. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8953_bd8126b6c0cf3e527696c457bbd6ce40.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Identification and prioritization of strategies for achieving sustainable agriculture in rice production (Case study: Guilan Province, northwest Iran) 757 769 8954 10.22124/cjes.2025.8954 EN Mohammad Karim Motamed Department of Agricultural Economic, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran Samira Javadi Baghi Department of Agricultural Economic, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran Fatemeh Ghorbani Piralidehi Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran Reza Esfanjari Kenari Department of Agricultural Economic, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran Journal Article 2025 08 10 Considering the role of rice in ensuring the country's food security, this research examines suitable proposed strategies for achieving sustainable rice production in Guilan Province. The statistical population of the research consists of rice farmers in Rasht County and agricultural experts. A total of 383 rice farmers were selected as a sample using a multi-stage sampling method. The sampling of experts was conducted using a complete enumeration method, with a total of 70 individuals included. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 university professors and experts from the Agricultural Jihad Organization, and its reliability was established using Cronbach's alpha, resulting in a value of 0.81. In order to prioritize and determine the intensity of the impact of the criteria and sub-criteria for achieving sustainable agricultural development in rice production in Guilan Province, fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) approaches were utilized. In this regard, a pairwise comparison questionnaire was designed based on a decision tree, and the necessary information was collected from 15 experts (10 specialists and 5 sample farmers) through in-person interviews and the completion of the pairwise comparison questionnaire. The results indicated that seven factors extracted from exploratory factor analysis (improvement of environmental, social, and educational conditions in rice production; innovation and supportive incentives for rice production; financial strategies; Enhancement of production infrastructure and processes; environmental strategies; support from public and private sectors for rice production; and stringent support for the production of healthy products) explained 72.59% of the variance in the variables. The findings of the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) analysis also showed that the criteria "innovation and supportive incentives for rice production," "financial strategies," and "improvement of production infrastructure and processes" are, respectively, the most important factors for sustainable agricultural development in rice production in Guilan Province, with average relative weights of 21.27%, 19.11%, and 17.25%. Sustainable agriculture is a management approach that can eliminate the negative consequences of traditional agriculture and provide sustainable production, especially in the strategic crop of rice. One of the important provinces in rice cultivation is Guilan province and Rasht city. A study of the status of rice cultivation among rice farmers shows that the level of agricultural knowledge is poor and farmers often use unscientific methods in the rice production process. However, according to experts, innovations and supportive incentives should be used in order to achieve sustainable agriculture in rice production. As a result, the first requirement for sustainable agriculture in rice production is to improve the level of knowledge, increase communication, improve the level of public awareness, and improve the environmental attitude of farmers. Also, financial support and equipping infrastructure can be effective in achieving sustainable agriculture.<br /><strong> </strong> https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8954_8e65b0599e3c3c1aca7b421432917605.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Prospects for the development of organic animal husbandry in the Russian Federation 771 780 8955 10.22124/cjes.2025.8955 EN Yusupzhan A. Yuldashbaev Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 49 Timiryazevskaya St., Moscow, 127434, Russian Federation Anna P. Olesyuk Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 49 Timiryazevskaya St., Moscow, 127434, Russian Federation Nadezhda A. Sergeenkova Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 49 Timiryazevskaya St., Moscow, 127434, Russian Federation Journal Article 2025 08 10 Increased interest in a healthy lifestyle stimulates the growth of consumption of organic products, which makes the development of organic agriculture a priority in Russia. As part of the strategic plan for scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation, a transition to highly productive organic agriculture is planned for the coming years. According to the FIBL Institute, the global organic market is estimated at 230 billion US dollars with an annual growth rate of 7-8%. About 187 countries are engaged in the production of organic products. Organic livestock farming, being a key component of organic agriculture, implies compliance with special conditions for keeping, breeding and feeding animals using humane methods and without the use of synthetic substances, antibiotics and hormonal drugs. In the organic product segment of the Russian Federation, dairy and meat products account for 9%. Organic milk production in 2021 amounted to 17,275 tons, which is equivalent to 0.05% of the total milk production in the country. Organic producers are required to meet higher requirements, which has led to the development of Russian and international standards regulating technological processes and the quality of final products. In accordance with the Strategy for the Development of Organic Production in the Russian Federation, by 2030 the share of organic products should reach 5% of the global agricultural market. The Russian Federation has significant land and labor resources, which creates favorable conditions for increasing the volume of organic livestock production. <strong> </strong> https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8955_3f7df9f63da4af0f648bfe79eb84036d.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants used for Asthma: Systematic review on current knowledge 781 795 8353 10.22124/cjes.2025.8353 EN Lazizakhon Alidjanova Senior Lecturer of "UNESCO Chair on Religious Studies and the Comparative Study of World Religions"International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan, Kadiri st. 11, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Elyor Saitov University of Tashkent for Applied Sciences, Str. Gavhar 1, Tashkent 100149, Uzbekistan Vazira Z. Jalalova PhD, Associate Professor of the Department Clinic Pharmacology of the Bukhara State Medical Institute Named After Abu Ali Ibn Sino of Uzbekistan Gulistan Orazimbetova Andijan Machine- Building Institute, Str. Boburshoh 56, Andijan, Uzbekistan, 170100 Gavkharхon N. Shokirova PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Botany, Biotechnology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Fergana State University, Uzbekistan Faxriddin Nosirov Tashkent State Technical University Named After Islam Karimov, Str. University 2, Tashkent 100095, Uzbekistan Maxamadixon I. Ismoilov Professor of the Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Uzbekistan Anvar Sherov Associate Professor of the Department of Use of Hydromelioration Systems, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, National Research University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan & Western Caspian University, Scientific researcher, Baku, Azerbaijan Sarvar T. Islomov Oncologist, Pediatric Oncosurgery, Interventional Oncologist, Scientific Researcher in Department of "Oncology and Hematology", National Children's Medical Center, 294 Parkent Street, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Mukhayyo K. Akbarova PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Botany, Biotechnology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Fergana State University, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2025 01 12 This systematic review explores the ethnobotanical knowledge surrounding medicinal plants utilized in the treatment of asthma. The study highlights the significance of various phytochemicals, including polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids, in managing asthma symptoms. Research indicates that polyphenols, such as curcumin, exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by modulating cytokine levels and reducing eosinophil recruitment, alleviating airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Alkaloids, particularly total alkaloids from <em>Alstonia scholaris</em>, have shown promise in diminishing pulmonary inflammation and restoring the balance of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines, which are crucial in asthma pathophysiology. Furthermore, terpenoids like astragaloside IV and paeoniflorin have demonstrated efficacy in reducing airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilia while promoting a shift towards a Th1 phenotype, thus enhancing the immune response against asthma. The findings underscore the potential of these natural compounds as therapeutic agents in asthma management, emphasizing the need for further research to validate their efficacy and mechanisms of action. This review serves as a comprehensive resource for understanding the current knowledge of medicinal plants in asthma treatment, paving the way for future studies to integrate traditional knowledge with modern pharmacological approaches. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8353_0359f6237cdaa788ae5d50aeb83aa995.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Effects of cadmium toxicity due to air pollution in industrial countries on animal fetal respiratory system development; current knowledge and future directions 797 804 8261 10.22124/cjes.2024.8261 EN Matlyuba Sanoeva DSc, Associate Professor of the Department of Neurology, Vice Director of Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Naim A. Shamsiyev Associate Professor of the Department of Biology, Bukhara State University, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Bakhodirjon T. Amanov Associate Professor of the Department of Use of Hydromelioration Systems, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, National Research University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan & Western Caspian University, Scientific researcher, Baku, Azerbaijan Navruzbek M. O. Urolboev Doctoral Student of the Samarkand State University Named after Sharof Rashidov of Uzbekistan Dilshod Gaipov PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Pedagogy of the Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Ajiniyaz, Uzbekistan Feruza S. Normuhammedova Department of Human and Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov, 140104, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Umida A. Azimova Associate Professor, Tashkent State University of Economics, 100066 Tashkent, Uzbekistan Abdurashid Sokhadaliyev Associate Professor of the Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Uzbekistan Guzal N. Kayumova Teacher of the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Termez State University, Surkhandarya, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2024 12 24 Cadmium (Cd) exposure, particularly from atmospheric pollution in industrialized countries, presents considerable hazards to the development of the fetal respiratory system. This paper examines the existing literature on cadmium toxicity, highlighting its harmful effects on lung development as observed in animal studies. Evidence suggests that maternal cadmium exposure, facilitated through methods such as intraperitoneal injection in rodent models, results in negative consequences for offspring, including modifications in gene expression and compromised lung structure and functionality.  Cadmium is primarily absorbed via the respiratory system, with inhalation associated with a range of respiratory ailments, including chronic lung diseases and lung cancer. Additionally, cadmium exposure has been linked to complications during pregnancy, such as miscarriage and low birth weight, likely due to mechanisms involving endocrine disruption and oxidative stress. This study underscores the necessity of comprehending cadmium's impact on fetal development and the potential protective effects of nutrients during gestation.  Given the strong association between cadmium exposure and adverse health effects, further investigation is warranted to clarify these impacts' underlying mechanisms and identify preventive measures. This paper offers a thorough overview of cadmium's influence on the development of the fetal respiratory system and proposes future research directions in this vital area of public health. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8261_7f319da4f28dd8272e16a2ef167df441.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 23 3 2025 07 01 Short-term high temperature stress in plants: Stress markers and cell signaling 805 844 8961 10.22124/cjes.2025.8961 EN Kuralay Zhanassova Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan Mereke Satkanov Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan Abay Samat Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan Nurgul Iksat Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan Assemgul Bekturova Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan Manira Zhamanbayeva D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan Assylay Kurmanbayeva Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan Zhaksylyk Masalimov Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2025 08 11 Heat stress, intensified by rising global temperatures, presents significant challenges to plant growth, development, and reproduction. Plants respond with specific physiological and molecular changes, traditionally categorized as short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic). However, current classifications often lack the precision needed to adequately characterize short-term heat stress (STHS), leaving its specific markers and biological implications under-defined. This review proposes a time-range-based classification for heat stress responses, emphasizing STHS as a distinct phase rather than a milder form of prolonged stress. We differentiate between main thermotolerance, acquired thermotolerance, and acclimatization as separate strategies tied to specific exposure patterns. We also examine the roles and dynamics of key molecular and biochemical markers, including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), transcription factors, small RNAs, heat shock responses, antioxidants, phytohormones, and osmolytes, analyzing their functional interplay. Based on recent evidence, we re-evaluate the importance of ROS and antioxidant defense, highlighting the underestimated role of RNS and osmolytes in acute heat episodes. This review summarizes current concepts about STHS, emphasizing its distinct nature and providing a foundation for more accurate identification of early-stage stress markers in plants exposed to high temperatures. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_8961_c0e50aa46859d10df813da4460f08798.pdf