University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Molecular identification of Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolated from tinea corporis in Kirkuk City, Iraq 1 8 7311 10.22124/cjes.2023.7311 EN Azheen Fadhil Assi Kakaee Biology Department, College of Science, Kirkuk University, Kirkuk, Iraq Bari Lateef Mohammed Biology Department, College of Science, Kirkuk University, Kirkuk, Iraq Journal Article 2023 12 04 This study used to be conducted in the Graduate Studies Laboratory at the College of Science, Kirkuk University in Iraq from 11/7/2021 to 25/5/2022 with the aim of investigating the fungi causing motive pores and skin ailments, i.e., dermatomycosis in the human physique (tinea corporis) and the incidence of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. A total of 120 samples were collected from sufferers referred to the Dermatology Consultant at Azadi Teaching Hospital and some non-public clinics in Kirkuk, age groups ranging from 1 to 60 years and both genders. All samples were examined and recognized using traditional methods and using culture media for the fungi. The direct microscopic examination of the fungi showed positive results, with an infection rate of 66.66%, while the laboratory culture showed positive results, with 49.16%. The results of the phenotypic examinations of the isolated dermatophytes showed that they belong to the two genera, Trichophyton and Microsporum. The results showed that Trichophyton was the most diagnosed specimen compared to Microsporum. The least patient specimen was diagnosed, and 5 species of Trichophyton were isolated, T. mentagrophytes exhibited the highest prevalence (9.2%), while the lowest belonged to T. interdigitale (2.5%). In the case of Microsporum, two species were isolated, so that, the infection rate of males (33.33%) was higher than that of females (15.83%). The result showed the highest infection rate of T. mentagrophytes in the age group 21-30 years, while the lowest among the group 50-61. After final identification of T. mentagrophytes by PCR, the consequences of the PCR assay were sent to the Genebank website to verify the kind of fungus through comparing it with the fungi registered at this site.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7311_49490123914f0b2629a6ba4b22df7766.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Evaluation the anticancer and biological activity by new amide compound of trimethoprim with some of its complexes 9 22 7323 10.22124/cjes.2023.7323 EN Alaa Abdullah Majeed Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq Asmaa Mohammed Noori Khaleel Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq Journal Article 2023 12 07 By reacting trimethoprim and hippuric acid at a molecular weight of 1, the amide ligand molecule was produced. By reacting ligands with CoCl2.2H2O, NiCl2.6H2O, and K2PtCl6 in a 2:1 [L:M] mole ratio, cobalt (II), nickel (II), and platinum (IV) complexes were produced. All of the produced compounds were studied by taking readings of their FT-IR, UV-Vis, TG/DTA, 1H-NMR, CHN, melting point, molar conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, and chloride. All the synthesized compounds had anticancer, antibacterial, and antifungal activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida, respectively.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7323_ec2b0892f63ff84c279a68093026e5e1.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 The effect of different biological products applied with different doses and exposure time on the germination of Scots pine seeds 23 29 7471 10.22124/cjes.2024.7471 EN Bektur Kapar Department of Forest Resources and Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical Research University, Astana, Kazakhstan Alzhan Kurmangozhinov Department of Forest Resources and Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical Research University, Astana, Kazakhstan Bekbolat Osserkhan Department of Forest Resources and Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical Research University, Astana, Kazakhstan Sezgin Ayan Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkiye Journal Article 2024 01 22 The aim of the study was to determine the efficiency of methods enhancing the vitality of Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L. seed by using biological products of microbial origin such as Agrarka, AgroMIX, and Epin with 10 mL L-1, 5 mL L-1, and 2.5 mL L-1 doses. The exposure time of the seeds were 30 min, 1 h, 6 h, 24 h. The examined parameters included germination energy (GE) and germination capacity (GC). The results showed that all the tested methods accelerate germination of the pine seeds; using biological products is the most efficient and recommended method for Scots pine and soaking of seeds not long-term is the most efficient and recommended. The best results for the GE and GE were obtained in the pine using biological preparation at AgroMix 10 mL L-1 under 6 h of soaking seeds.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7471_e9d316e64133dabc0b879570b695be9e.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Impact of future climate change on land and water productivity for wheat crop (Wasit Governorate, Iraq) 31 41 7335 10.22124/cjes.2023.7335 EN Ammar Daham Ayada Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq Shatha Salim Majeed Ministry of Resources, Baghdad, Iraq Alaa Salih Ati College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences University of Baghdad, Iraq Journal Article 2023 12 09 In AquaCrop model was used to calibrate and verify the performance of the winter wheat crop in south of Iraq Al-Suwaira Research Station using data recorded in period 1/1/2008 and 31/12/2017. The results showed an increase in both annual and monsoon rains at the mid and end century periods for both RCP4.5 and REP8.5 scenarios implementing model GFDL-ESM2M. The annual and monsoon rains decreased in the EC-Earth model for both the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, while increased slightly in the CNRM-CM5 model under RCP4.5 and dropped with RCP8.5. Highest yield was recorded at the base period (2.36 ton/hectare) during the simulation period. The water productivity increased compared to the base period 2040-2050, while it was equal for both base period and the period 2020-2030 and in the RCP8.5 scenario.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7335_a22867d8c1224554731a172a528dcb38.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Effectiveness of the influence of Sr and Lr genes on the field resistance of wheat to stem and leaf rust 43 51 7481 10.22124/cjes.2024.7481 EN Timur Savin S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical Research University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan Lyudmila Zotova S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical Research University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan Aibek Zhumalin S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical Research University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan Aissarat Gajimuradova S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical Research University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan Aralbek Rsaliyev Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeisky, Republic of Kazakhstan Akerke Maulenbay Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeisky, Republic of Kazakhstan Firuz Abdulloyev S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical Research University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan Arystan Nuralov S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical Research University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan Dariya Shevchenko S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical Research University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan Journal Article 2024 01 25 Stem and leaf rust have a tremendous impact on wheat yields. The spread of these diseases can compromise any country’s food security. The Sr and Lr resistance genes, comprising 60 and 80 genes, respectively, are gradually losing their effectiveness due to the emergence of virulent populations of rust pathogens. The paper reports the results of field and molecular studies of resistance to the two types of rust in several varieties and lines of spring soft wheat. It is discovered that the Sr2, Sr21, Sr32, and Sr35 genes have virtually no effect on resistance to stem rust, as with an average plant disease severity of 42.2% the four genes prove ineffective. However, the area under the disease progress curve in the presence of Sr2 is reliably lower by 3.2% (p≤0.01). Regarding the coefficient of infection, susceptibility in the presence of Sr21 or Sr35 is reliably lower by 3.5%. The Lr19, Lr24, Lr27, and Lr39 leaf rust genes retain their positive effect on wheat resistance to the disease. The Lr19 and Lr39 genotypes show moderate resistance in 100% of the cases. The average coefficient of infection in the presence of both genes amounts to 6.5 units, with average plant disease severity equal to 16.3%. The Lr39 gene reliably reduces the area under the disease progress curve by 4.5 units. The obtained findings indicate the need to identify donors of Sr resistance genes for their use in selection. There is also a need to study the influence and prevalence of the Lr24 and Lr27 genes in different varieties and lines of spring soft wheat.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7481_bf478b248b3337182b75eccb13777915.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Determination of radon concentration in the imported tea in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate markets, Iraq using nuclear track detector LR-115 53 57 7337 10.22124/cjes.2023.7337 EN Abbas A. Sweaf Department of Physics, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq. Osamah N. Oudah Department of Medical Physics, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Journal Article 2023 12 10 Radon concentration was determined in eleven different imported samples of tea that commonly use, collected from Al-Diwaniyah Governorate local markets in Iraq, using the SSNTD RL-115 detector. The results showed that the radon concentration differed in different tea types based on the origin of the tea trademark, where Cihan tea exhibited the highest radon concentration of 55.53 Bq m-3, while Balabel tea displayed the lowest value of 21.65 Bq/m3. These results indicate that radon concentrations were within safe limits for the consumer compared to the limits set by the (ICRP) 200 Bq m-3. This study will contribute to covering radiation studies on tea due to the proliferation of trademarks and insufficient studies on it.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7337_4484e38b7627c25eca9c212763e9ac0a.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Flora of the gorges Merke, Sandyk, Shaisandyk in the western part of Kyrgyz Alatau, a natural border between Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan 59 69 7497 10.22124/cjes.2024.7497 EN Zhailybayeva Take Muratovna NJSC Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty City, Kazybek bi 30, 050040, Kazakhstan Shalabayev Karatai Iskakovich NJSC Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty City, Kazybek bi 30, 050040, Kazakhstan Maimatayeva Assiya Duisengalievna NJSC Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty City, Kazybek bi 30, 050040, Kazakhstan Mombayeva Bekzat Kunsalievna M. H. Dulati Taraz Regional University, Suleimanova Avenue 7, 080000, Taraz, Kazakhstan Atraubaeva Roza Nurakhmetovna NJSC Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty City, Kazybek bi 30, 050040, Kazakhstan Beketova Aigul NJSC Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty City, Kazybek bi 30, 050040, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2024 02 02 The relevance of the article lies in monitoring the state of the natural mountain vegetation of the gorges of Merke, Sandyk, Shaisandyk and Araltobe as a natural zoning of the main changes in vegetation cover, in compiling classification schemes for the analysis of vegetation cover. In mountainous areas, local, isolated, floral complexes are formed, which are represented by alpine and subalpine meadows. The study of the composition and structure of the vegetation cover of individual regions is of great importance for establishing floral connections between different botanical and geographical regions. An episodic study of the flora and vegetation of the Merken district has been conducted by scientists in the last few years. There was a deterioration of vegetation in the western part of the Kyrgyz Alatau. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to study various groups of plants in this region, which will allow knowing the general development of flora, to outline the main stages of its formation. The main stages of the study were based on field expeditionary research, using route-reconnaissance and semi-stationary methods, data from scientific literature, herbarium material of their own collection and other colleagues. To analyse correlations in vegetation dynamics between the regions of the gorges of Merke, Sandyk, Shaisandyk and Araltobe, methods of mathematical statistics on the coefficient of floristic generality and graphical representation of materials were used. Since for many years there have been problems with studying the state of the floral composition of the gorges Merke, Sandyk and Shaisandyk, Araltobe, the results of the research aimed at taking inventory of the floral diversity of the zapodnaya part of the Kyrgyz ridge. During the analysis of plants of the studied area, 835 species belonging to 78 families and 336 families were identified.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7497_e5df8f02d564f52a96b5d0123e05e52d.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Effects of the supplement of black soldier fly mix feeding on the growth performance, survival rate, and feeding behaviour of frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus in captivity 71 82 7488 10.22124/cjes.2024.7488 EN Sitthisak Pinmongkhonkul Unit of Excellent for Water Management Research, Department of Biology School of Science, University of Phayao 56000 Thailand Warach Madhyamapurush Department of Tourism and Hotel Management, School of Business and Communication Arts, University of Phayao 56000 Thailand Thanakorn Panyopo Unit of Excellent for Water Management Research, Department of Biology School of Science, University of Phayao 56000 Thailand Journal Article 2024 01 27 The objective of this research was to study the effects of processed food and a mixture of black soldier fly larvae on the growth rate, survival rate, and feeding behaviour of frogs in captive conditions, as well as to examine the water quality in the tanks where the frogs were fed with processed food, in addition to a mixture of worms and fruit flies. A comparison was made between feeding the frogs with 400 individuals of processed food, as well as 400 individuals of a mixture of worms and fruit flies over a period of 12 weeks. The results from the experiment showed that the average weight gain in frogs fed with processed food in stages 1, 2, and 3 was 67.10 ± 1.75, 46.75 ± 9.69, and 77.30 ± 0.11 g day-1, respectively. The specific growth rate was recorded as 5.51% ± 0.71%, 1.06% ± 0.21%, and 1.05% ± 0.04% per day, respectively. The average survival rate was 94.61% ± 1.58%, 97.38% ± 0.27%, and 82.69% ± 7.06%, respectively. On the other hand, frogs fed with a mixture of worms and fruit flies showed an average weight gain of 55.98 ± 1.04, 37.88 ± 8.05, and 80.55 ± 3.08 g day-1 in stages 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The specific growth rate was 5.17% ± 0.69%, 1.02% ± 0.23%, and 1.22% ± 0.04% per day, respectively. The average survival rate was 93.10% ± 4.87%, 97.50% ± 1.28%, and 81.85% ± 02.89%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the growth rate between frogs fed with processed food as well as those fed with a mixture of worms and fruit flies. Regarding the water quality, frogs fed with processed food had temperatures ranging from 24.50 to 32.90 ℃, pH values between 6.89 and 8.90, dissolved solids ranging from 0.10 to 1.00 mg L-1, electrical conductivity between 0.10 and 1.40 μS cm-1, dissolved oxygen levels between 4.83 and 6.30 mg L-1, and total ammonia levels ranging from 0.00 to 1.34 mg L-1. For frogs fed with a mixture of worms and fruit flies, the water temperatures ranged from 24.10 to 32.60 ℃, pH values between 6.48 and 8.92, dissolved solids ranging from 0.10 to 1.00 mg L-1, electrical conductivity between 0.10 and 1.20 μS cm-1, dissolved oxygen levels between 4.33 and 6.44 mg L-1, and total ammonia levels ranging from 0.00 to 0.96 mg L-1. The water quality parameters did not show statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between the group fed with processed food and the group fed with a mixture of worms and fruit flies.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7488_873765ec569f3bbc791d7d0f8f7e84bd.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 A Faunistic study on Heteropterans (Hemiptera: Heteropter) in the "Altyn-Emel" State National Natural Park, Kazakhstan 83 91 7498 10.22124/cjes.2024.7498 EN Makhabbat B. Amanbayeva Department of Biology, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, 050010, Almaty, Dostyk Ave. 13, Kazakhstan Assiya D. Maimatayeva Department of Biology, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, 050010, Almaty, Dostyk Ave. 13, Kazakhstan Kalampyr Zhumagulova Institute of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, 13, Dostyk Av., 050010 Almaty, the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan Toleu Karimzhan Department of Biology, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, 050010, Almaty, Dostyk Ave. 13, Kazakhstan Kulzhanova Dina Kuanyshovna Department of Biology, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, 050010, Almaty, Dostyk Ave. 13, Kazakhstan Shynybekova Sholpan Institute of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, 13, Dostyk Av., 050010 Almaty, the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2024 02 03 The Altyn-Emel State National Natural Park (Kazakhstan) was surveys Heteroptera in spring-summer period (April-August), 2022-2023. A total of 172 species belonging to 22 families of Heteroptera were identified. Some species of: Heteroptera serve as bioregualtors of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) under natural conditions.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7498_d7b0a9c4208e6a2df160134ffefd8971.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Green technology's function in the production of renewable energy and mineral extraction 93 102 6759 10.22124/cjes.2023.6759 EN Andi Haslinah Universitas Islam Makassar, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia Thamrin Thamrin Institut Transportasi dan Logistik Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia Tirsa Neyatri Bandrang Politeknik Seruyan, Seruyan, Indonesia Taryana Taryana Politeknik Penerbangan Indonesia Curug, Tangerang, Indonesia, Tungga Bhimadi Karyasa Universitas Gajayana, Malang, Indonesia Bambang Purwoko Universitas W.R. Supratman, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia Andiyan Andiyan Universitas Faletehan, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia Journal Article 2023 06 15 The rise in the global population has led to an increase in energy requirements. In addition to the prospect of a future energy crisis resulting from the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, the provision of energy that continues to rely on nonrenewable resources, leads to a decline in environmental support capacity owing to CO2 gas pollution. Bioenergy derived from microalgae is a potential future fuel source. Bioenergy development of microalgae is seen as having several benefits, including plentiful resources, ease of development, a high oil content with the potential to be produced as biofuels, the ability to grow in a variety of water and waste conditions, and the ability to cut CO2 emissions. This research was conducted using a combination of literature analysis and prior study observations. The findings indicate that microalgae have enormous potential for development as bioenergy and may aid in the resolution of environmental issues, particularly those associated with the reduction of CO2 emission gases and the decrease of pollutant levels in liquid waste.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_6759_164de2d2d56a10ed3b928916b22150af.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Antifungal activity of some nanoparticles against kidney bean root rots pathogens 103 110 7256 10.22124/cjes.2023.7256 EN Walaa M. Kamel Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts in Baljurashi, Al-Baha University, Baha, Saudi Arabia & Department of Petrochemical, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt Journal Article 2023 11 18 The inhibitory effects of Silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag NPs), Zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn NPs) as well as Chitosan nanoparticles (Ch NPs) against the causal pathogens of kidney bean root rot comparing with fungicide Topsin-70® Wp were evaluated under greenhouse and laboratory during the summer season of 2023. In the pathogenicity test under greenhouse, based on infection of damping-off or root rot, the isolates No 5 of Sclerotium genus, No 4 of Rhizoctonia, No 1 of Pythium and No 2 of Fusarium were the most aggressive isolates, respectively. In vitro experiment, both fungicide and high level of any of nanoparticles used (30 ppm) entirely suppressed the linear spread of four examined fungal genera (Fusarium solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani as well as Pythium ultimum). Zn NPs was the most effective followed by Ag NPs. In greenhouse experiment, under artificially contaminated soil with a diverse range of pathogenic fungi, Topsin-70® Wp and all tested nanoparticles as seed soaking treatments led to protecting bean plants against damping-off or root rot infection. The fungicide Topsin-70® Wp was more efficient accompanied by Zn NPs then Ag NPs. This study clearly demonstrated that, there are no statistically important differences among the leverage of nanoparticles as well as fungicide against bean root rot pathogens.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7256_fb7f588241d62437b50c5d5602b7a5e3.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Community participation in the management of land conservation areas and educational tourism at forest farmer groups, Panderman District Batu, Batu City, Indonesia 111 127 7446 10.22124/cjes.2024.7446 EN Yayuk Yuliati Postgraduate Program Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia Bekti Nur Utami Postgraduate Program Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia & Animal Husbandry Extension and Animal Welfare, Politeknik Pembangunan Pertanian, Malang, Indonesia Journal Article 2024 01 16 The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the development of agroforestry tourism areas in Batu City, Indonesia. An area becomes resilient and robust through community participation in adapting, especially in the forestry village environment. This study will reveal community participation in managing land conservation areas and educational tourism in Oro-Oro Ombo Village, Batu City. The study is a qualitative research type of centralized interview to find community participation when managing a land conservation area. In February 2022, there were 25 informants in the form of 20 members of forest farmer groups, 6 village institutions, and 4 related official institutions who were interviewed using the in-depth interview method. The interview results were collected and processed using the help of a qualitative application, i.e., Altas.ti version 9. The dissemination of interview text was propagated using an enumerator with a voice recorder help tool. The results showed that the results of data processing of the word 'Management' are the words with the most frequency, i.e., 7.43% of all research data sources community. Participation in the management of land conservation areas and educational tourism, followed by the words 'area' and 'conservation', was 6.86% of all research data sources. If concluded with four stages of participation, i.e., planning, implementing, utilizing results and evaluating the community, they were very concerned about the sustainability of conservation land management, so that they have full participation in advancing this land as a potential economic land. This example can be used as a government policy to find the best method to foster community awareness to produce excellent participation in advancing a forestry area. The advanced Forest Farmers Group will become a new face in empowering the community in the future.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7446_cc6f666a6c356cd0cad9cca932fa222c.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Controlling soybean root rot pathogens using some safe organic compounds 129 136 7477 10.22124/cjes.2024.7477 EN Sahar A. Elsayed Department of Biology, Faculty of Science & Arts of Baljurshi, Al- Baha, Saudi Arabia & Institute of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Research Centre, Giza P.O. Box 12613, Egypt Journal Article 2024 01 23 Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out during the summer season of 2023 to study the effect of some safe organic compounds i.e. humic acid (HA), amino acids (AA) and proline for controlling damping-off and root rot diseases compared to Rizolex-T50® Wp as a fungicide. Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina were isolated from naturally-infected soybean fields and identified as a causal pathogen of damping-off and root rot. R. solani exhibited a highest frequent followed by F. solani while M. phaseolina comprised the least pathogen frequent isolates. In pathogenicity test under greenhouse experiment, R. solani isolate No 6, F. solani No 3 and M. phaseolina No 5 were the most aggressive isolates for causing damping-off and root rot diseases. In laboratory experiment, proline and humic acids displayed fungicidal activity against mycelia growth of root rot fungi. The high level of proline (300 ppm) was the most effective followed by humic acid at high level (3000 ppm). In artificially-infested soil with a mixture of pathogenic fungi under greenhouse, Rizolex-T50® Wp exhibited the highest reduction of pre, post-emergence damping-off, root rot and wilt diseases. Morover, from the application trails, the best protection against the causal pathogens of soybean damping-off, root rot and wilt was recorded by prolin at 300 ppm followed by HA at 3000 ppm. Herein, it is suggested that soaking of soybean seeds in proline 300 ppm or humic acid 3000 ppm before sowing could be considered as alternative safe methods for chemical fungicides to control root rot diseases.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7477_7b8167060106b6183c3d4cf157154804.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Anatomical study with antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'H phenolic roots extract 137 146 6762 10.22124/cjes.2023.6762 EN Zubaida A. Lattef Ismaeel Department of Biology, AL-Iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq Journal Article 2023 06 16 Bacteria acquire resistance to antibacterial drugs, so there is always a need for new drugs to inhibit many human bacterial pathogens. Novel studies were carried out to examine the internal structures as well as the antibacterial effect of Erodium cicutarium phenolic root extracts (APR) on the development of biofilm formation of bacterial species, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus using four strains from both clinical and environmental samples in vitro. Anatomy of all the vegetative parts showed a presence of tannin-filled cells in their structures. Also, the experiments were conducted to study the antibacterial effect by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and susceptibility test of these strains for five antibiotics. Although the APR concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, and 1.625 μg mL-1; W/V) were used through antibiotic and biofilm inhibition assay. The result of sensitivity test showed more resistant to various antimicrobial especially Amoxicillin, Cephalothin and Methicillin for both bacterial strains. In addition, the MICs tested showed that the ranged values were in concentrations between 0.017 to 0.650 mg mL-1 for both K. pneumoniae and S. aureus strains. Furthermore, biofilm reduction assay results for treatments showed that the highest activity was obtained with phenolic root extracted, biofilm eradication at 1.3 mg mL-1. In conclusion, the results showed that relatively low concentrations of phenolic root extracts displayed promising antibacterial and antibiofilm capabilities making them attractive for additional studies as “novel therapeutic agents.”

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_6762_3ea53f47b18020e93b26e83893fcef5c.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Preparation of new mefenamic acid compounds and evaluation the biological activities of their derivatives 147 154 7299 10.22124/cjes.2023.7299 EN Aseel Fadhil Kareem College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Iraq Samah Ahmed Kadhum College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Iraq Amal Talib AlSa'ady College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Iraq Journal Article 2023 11 27 Ponstane Fort, a famous pharmaceutical drug has many medicinal uses. Recently, it has been used in different chemical reactions in order to improve its biological effectiveness. Three chemical compounds have been prepared as derivatives of Mefenamic acid by certain steps included adding thiosemicarbazide to Mefenamic acid with a catalyst of H2SO4 to obtain a Mefenamic derivative C1; mixing a certain amount of C1 with 4-carboxybenzaldehyde to obtain compound C2; dissolving C2 at various reagents by diazotization reaction to yield Mefenamic derivative C3. All formatted compounds had been monitored through FTIR-Spectra, 1H.NMR-Spectra, Mass-Spectra and melting point. This method has high target product productivity, simple process procedures, mild reaction conditions, simple purifying process, high product purity and suitability for industrialized production. So that the production cost is further reduced. By using the agar well diffusion method, all prepared three compounds showed good antibacterial activity against studied Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, however, C3 showed the highest activity. A skin test for Delayed Hypersensitivity was done to know if there are allergic reactions for the created compounds, while the test for Killing Mice has been done for testing mortality rate in animals. The compounds have a high cellular immune response through in experimental animals.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7299_fccf085594d28b34ba0b9a14b240249c.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Synthesis new heterocyclic compounds derived from 2-aminobenzothiazole and assessing their biological activities 155 160 7238 10.22124/cjes.2023.7238 EN Raed Muslim Mhaibes Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Misan University, Misan, Iraq Rasha Kareem Khudhur Department of pharmacology, College of Medicine Misan University, Misan, Iraq Mukalad A. Ramadhan Department of Pathology, College of Medicine Misan University, Misan, Iraq Mohammed Abdul-Mounther Othman Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Misan University, Misan, Iraq Journal Article 2023 11 06 This work involved two parts: the first part included synthesis of new Schiff bases from condensation of 2-aminobenzothiazole with different aldehydes in acidic medium, while and the second part included the synthesis of Oxazolidinones from reaction of the prepared Schiff bases with glycine to produce new heterocyclic. Compounds. The structure of prepared compounds were characterized by 1H-NMR, FT-IR techniques and their biological activity was assessed.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7238_3e0ffce068a2bc5a5e7def465b9d953b.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Advances in understanding and control of Sarcosporidia in vertebrates of Southeast Kazakhstan: Molecular diagnostics and integrated strategies yield promising results 161 175 7511 10.22124/cjes.2024.7511 EN Seksenova Dana Uzakovna Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan Maimatayeva Asiya Duysengalievna Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan Issayev Gani Isaulu Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan Atalikhova Gulfairuz Bisenovna Atyrau State University Named after Kh. Dosmukhamedov, Atyrau, Kazakhstan Ibragimova Elmira Konratbayevna Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan, Kazakhstan, e-mail: Elmira, Kazakhstan Yessimov Bolat Kabdushevich Biology Department of Abai KazNPU, Almaty, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2024 02 05 Sarcosporidia and sarcosporidiosis in Southeast Kazakhstan present formidable challenges to livestock health. This paper focuses on the outcomes of two key innovations: advancements in molecular diagnostics and the development of integrated control strategies. In the realm of diagnostics, the implementation of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for species-specific identification and quantification yielded notable results. Our comprehensive survey of vertebrates in the region identified a diverse range of Sarcosporidia species, with an average prevalence reduction of 25% compared to conventional methods. This advancement not only enhances accuracy in parasite identification but also provides a more nuanced understanding of the local epidemiological landscape. The integration of Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing technologies into our surveillance system revealed specific high-risk areas with an unprecedented precision of 90%. This targeted approach allowed for resource optimization, resulting in a 30% reduction in overall prevalence rates in the identified regions. The practical implications of this innovation are evident in its potential to guide effective intervention strategies and resource allocation. Genomic studies elucidated the genetic diversity within Sarcosporidia strains, laying the foundation for targeted interventions. Building on this knowledge, preliminary trials of our integrated control strategies showcased a promising 40% reduction in Sarcosporidia prevalence in the selected communities. This innovative approach combines traditional deworming practices with environmentally friendly treatments, providing a viable and sustainable solution. In conclusion, our research signifies a substantial leap forward in understanding and combating Sarcosporidia infections in Southeast Kazakhstan. The tangible results of improved diagnostics and the promising outcomes of integrated control strategies underscore the potential for transformative impacts on livestock health, agricultural productivity, and the well-being of the communities reliant on these animals.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7511_84e35f0645e77f9043e1801875135f98.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Evaluation of family agriculture production systems through thresholds for the construction of sustainable proposals, Penipe Canton 177 188 7512 10.22124/cjes.2024.7512 EN Juan Pablo Haro Altamirano Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Sede Morona Santiago, Grupo de Investigación Innovación Tecnología Morona Santiago. Don Bosco y José Félix Pintado. CP: 14060, Ecuador Sandra Elizabeth López Sampedro Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Ecuador, Panamericana Sur, km. 1½ Riobamba, Chimborazo, CP:06010, Ecuador Carla Viviana Haro Velasteguí Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Sede Morona Santiago, Grupo de Investigación Innovación Tecnología Morona Santiago, Don Bosco y José Félix Pintado, CP: 14060, Ecuador Sandra Patricia Jácome Tamayo Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Sede Morona Santiago, Grupo de Investigación Innovación Tecnología Morona Santiago. Don Bosco y José Félix Pintado. CP: 14060, Ecuador Burkhanov Aktam Usmanovich Faculty of Finance and Accounting, Tashkent State University of Economics, Islom Karimov 49, Tashkent 100066, Uzbekistan I.B. Sapaev Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, National Research University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan & Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Engineering, Central Asian University, Tashkent 111221, Uzbekistan, & Scientific Researcher, Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan Umirzokov Azamat Abdurashidovich Department of Engineering Sciences, Tashkent State Technical University, Uzbekistan Saytbekova Svetlana Saylaubaevna Department of "Pedagogy" of the Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Ajiniyoz, Karakalpakstan, St. P.Seyitov s/n, Nukus, Uzbekistan Uktam Jovliev Temirovich Scientific Research Institute of Irrigation and Water Problems, Uzbekistan Jabborova Dilafruz Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2024 02 05 Peasant family farming is one of the main suppliers and is responsible for guaranteeing food sovereignty. A particular interest is given to the functioning of the productive system, which seeks to determine, through the analysis of critical points and thresholds, to define sustainable alternatives, translating the general principles of sustainability into definitions and operational practices. The objective of this study was to valuate family farming production systems through productive thresholds with the purpose of proposing sustainable alternatives for the improvement of the agricultural system in the Penipe canton. The methodology of this study included the establishment and generation of attributes, diagnostic criteria, and critical points to make a comparison with the productive thresholds, applied to nine farms representative of the three productive typologies. In this study, the three production systems of the Penipe canton were evaluated. We proposed alternatives for each of them, such as the implementation of new agroecological management strategies, the generation of organic fertilizers, the production of bio inputs, the strengthening of interdisciplinary approaches through the adoption of technological innovations and research, the increased participation of different owners throughout the production process, and the promotion of associativity, which provides the design of new alternative production systems. In conclusion, specialized family farming poses alternatives for improvement in terms of the provision of quality seeds, technical management, greater management, and government support. Diversified family agriculture will be ontained by government management and execution, training, adoption of innovations, dependence on external resources, crop risk, yields, access to credit. In the productive aspect, deficiencies were found in root development, pending involvement, irrigation water, organic matter, soil cover, and subsistence family agriculture, followed by land tenure and occupation, social connection, government management and execution, training, adoption of innovations, dependence on external resources, crop risk, yields, access to credit, as well as productive aspect deficiencies in root development, affectation of the slope, irrigation water, drainage, organic matter, soil cover, management, and plant development.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7512_bfe38d66bc75460aaa95c8161e9eb2b0.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Comparative evaluation of the quality indicators of chicken and quail food eggs during storage in various conditions 189 195 7493 10.22124/cjes.2024.7493 EN Ziad Ahmad Alabdallah Al-Furat University, Deirez-Zor, Department of Anatomy-Histology and Embryology, College of Veterinary, Syria Alexander A. Nikishov Peoples` Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation Stella Ngantou Seunou Danielle Dorcas Peoples` Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation Ekaterina O. Rystsova Peoples` Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation Stanislav G. Drukovsky Peoples` Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation Evgeniya I. Simonova Peoples` Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation Journal Article 2024 01 31 Background: There are many factors and environmental conditions that affect the quality and capacity of eggs obtained from birds. The aim of this study was to make a comparison between the preservation of quail eggs and chicken eggs at temperatures of 8-10 °C and 18-20 °C. We used 20 eggs of chicken and 30 eggs of quail. Both categories were stored at two different temperatures (at a temperature of 8-10 ℃, and at a room temperature of 18-20 ℃). Each category of eggs was stored for 20 days, and 3 eggs were opened every 3 days. The parameters studied were: mass, protein diameter, protein height (H), yolk height (h), yolk diameter, protein index, yolk index, and Haugh unit. Statistical processing of practical results was performed using the SPSS data analysis package. When stored for 20 days at a temperature of 8-10 °C, quail eggs lost about 3–7% of their original weight. At a temperature of 18-20 °C, when stored for 20 days, quail eggs lost about 11% of their original weight. On the part of chicken eggs, regardless of temperature (8-10 °C or 18-20 °C), weight loss was almost the same, i.e., by about 3-6%. Chicken eggs at a temperature of 18-20 °C, the yolk height was not stable. Unlike chicken eggs, quail eggs, of course, decreased over time. In conclusion, quail eggs were characterized by a relatively long period of freshness preservation than those of chickens, and their three-week storage and temperature exhibited little effect on the deterioration of the quality of quail eggs.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7493_7e502c626a6bf3b2db191ba7dff420e5.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Comparative assessment of some heavy metals in water and sediments from Sawa Lake, South Iraq 197 210 7464 10.22124/cjes.2024.7464 EN Ibtehal Aqeel Al-Taee Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Muthanna University, Samawa, Iraq Ansam Saad Al-Khafaji Department of Desert Studies Center and Sawa Lake, Al-Muthanna University, Samawah, Iraq Alaa Jabar Mahmoud College of Agriculture, University of Al Muthanna, Al Muthanna, Iraq Journal Article 2024 01 21 The goal of the current study was to assess a few chemical and physical properties, including water temperature and pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NO3), phosphate (PO4) and the level of some heavy metals, like lead, cadmium, zinc, iron, manganese and nickel in water of Sawa Lake, Iraq. Three locations were selected in Lake. The samples were taken on a monthly basis from October 2021 to February 2022. The results indicated that the water temperature varied between 13.4 and 25.25 ºC, pH values 8.06 - 9.70, electrical conductivity 27984.33- 65622.3 µs cm-1, dissolved oxygen 0.0-4.3 mg L-1, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5; 2.58-8.08 mg L-1), nitrite 1.14-8.02 µg L-1, nitrate 0.65-57.19 µg L-1 and phosphate 0.20-8.11 µg L-1. The study results of heavy metals concentrations in water were as follows: lead (Pb; 0.00-0.34 mg L-1), cadmium (Cd; 0.00-0.007 mg L-1), zinc (Zn; 0.00-0.036 mg L-1), iron (Fe; 0.21-0.78 mg L-1), manganese (Mn; 0.00-0.10 mg L-1), and nickel (Ni; 0.00-0.10 mg L-1). While in sediments, elements concentrations were as follows: Pb 2.66-27.15 mg kg-1, Cd; 0.001-0.62 mg kg-1, Zn 10.92-17.07 mg kg-1, Fe 1382.56-2268 mg kg-1, Mn 63.20-154.98 mg kg-1, and Ni 7.33-23.51 mg kg-1. The water quality of Sawa Lake under this study was exceeding the permissible limit for PH, EC, BOD5 and NO3. Increasing levels of heavy metals in the Sawa Lake water and sediment were over the allowable limit, implying heavy metal water pollution.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7464_1580d91492975838903fc7aec1d55109.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Impact of environmental degradation on the development of moniliosis: A case study of apple orchards in the Almaty region, Kazakhstan 211 220 7513 10.22124/cjes.2024.7513 EN Zh.M. Isina Kazakh Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zhazken Zhyembayev, Kazakhstan A.K. Koigeldina Kazakh Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zhazken Zhyembayev, Kazakhstan A.K. Tursunova, Kazakh Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zhazken Zhyembayev, Kazakhstan B. Kopzhassarov Kazakh Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zhazken Zhyembayev, Kazakhstan A. Sardar Kazakh Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zhazken Zhyembayev, Kazakhstan L.A. Boltaeva Kazakh Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zhazken Zhyembayev, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2024 02 06 Monilinia fructigena Pers is a specialized fungus known for its impact on pome crops, particularly during the fruiting phase. This pathogen is responsible for causing significant damage through fruit rot, affecting fruit quality and economic outcomes for growers. The primary objective of this research was to comprehensively investigate M. fructigena Pers, its distribution, and its effects on various fruit crops. Additionally, the study aimed to identify other fungal species associated with fruit rot and assess varietal resistance among different fruit tree varieties. Between 2021 and 2023, isolates of fungi belonging to the Monilinia genus were collected from fruits, inflorescences, shoots, and fruit formations of apple trees affected by moniliosis. Identification was conducted using polymerase chain reaction with species-specific primers and sequencing of the ITS 1-5.8S rRNA-ITS 2 locus of ribosomal DNA. The prevalence and impact of M. fructigena Pers and other identified fungi were analyzed. M. fructigena Pers was found to be the dominant fungus, with a frequency of occurrence ranging from 91.6 to 100%. This fungus was responsible for damage to inflorescences, shoots (monilial burn), and fruits (fruit rot). Other fungi, such as Fusarium proliferatum and Alternaria alternata, were also identified. Quarantine species M. fructicola was not found in the research orchards. In addition, varietal resistance experiments revealed differing susceptibility levels among apple tree varieties, with the Maksat variety being more susceptible than Voskhod. In conclusion, M. fructigena posed a significant threat to fruit crops, particularly pome varieties, in the studied regions. The research shed light on its prevalence, distribution, and impact. In addition, the identification of other fungal species associated with fruit rot provided valuable insights into disease management. The variable varietal resistance underscores the challenges of breeding for fruit rot resistance and highlights the importance of continued research in this area for more effective disease control strategies.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7513_73974d01446dd38b5f506817bc595e30.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Encapsulation of aromatic coconut water with sodium alginate and calcium chloride 221 238 7514 10.22124/cjes.2024.7514 EN Thanapop Soteyome Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology, Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand Sumapa Thedkwanchai Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology, Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand Journal Article 2024 02 06 The main goal of this study was to determine the best amount of sodium alginate needed to effectively encapsulate aromatic coconut water using sodium alginate and calcium chloride. Additionally, the study aimed to explore how physical and chemical factors influence the production of aromatic coconut encapsules. Finally, the research sought to evaluate consumer acceptance of encapsulated coconut aroma. The findings revealed that using 2 g sodium alginate per 200 g coconut water, 500 g clean water, and 3 g calcium chloride resulted in suitable viscosity of the encapsulated aromatic coconut. These encapsulations were able to dissolve into water when used in encapsulated or coated tablets. When incorporating varying amounts of sodium alginate (2, 2.5, and 3 g) into the aromatic coconut water, the colour and brightness value (L*) of the encapsulated product was found to be 45.18 ± 0.03, with a red value (a*) of -0.50 ± 0.01 and a yellow value (b*) of -3.12 ± 0.01. The pH value remained consistent at 5.20 ± 0.00, and the total dissolved solids (๐Brix) were 6.43 ± 0.00. No significant differences were observed in the sugar solid solution. Microbial analysis indicated that the quantity of microorganisms did not exceed the specified standard. In terms of consumer acceptance, 76% of the participants expressed satisfaction with the encapsulated coconut water.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7514_3ee6192007ae416f0e95d2a6cd80990a.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Restorative justice of land fire on tropical peatland in Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan 239 243 7443 10.22124/cjes.2024.7443 EN Edia Sutaata Graduate Program of Environmental Science, Postgraduate Program, University of Palangka Raya. Indonesia, 73112 Sulmin Gumiri Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Fishery, University of Palangka Raya, Indonesia H. Heriamariaty Faculty of Law, University of Palangka Raya, Indonesia Andri Elia Faculty of Economic, University of Palangka Raya, Indonesia Journal Article 2024 01 16 Peatland forest fires continue to occur every dry season in Indonesia. Many efforts have been made by the government, universities, non-governmental organizations and police/ army. However, there are still fires. One of the solutions offered in this study is the application of restorative justice, especially for small-scale land burners. There are two locations that are prone to fire at Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan, as well as Pahandut District and Jekan Raya District in Indonesia, since in the 2019 fires, these two areas exhibited a fairly high level of land fire vulnerability. Based on these data, these two locations will be monitored with routine patrols. Research from 2020 – 2022, restorative justice was carried out for 3 arsonists with different motives. This gives researcher an idea that the cause of peatland fires is caused by human behaviour factors. Although this study is very short, it is expected to provide a deterrent effect for arsonists and prevent other communities from burning their land in the next year, especially during the dry season.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7443_92f3dc028a806befcf445c497eddce41.pdf

University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 22 1 2024 01 01 Morphological study on the form and number of eyes in scorpions and spiders 245 249 7510 10.22124/cjes.2024.7510 EN Zeina N. Al-Azawi Department of Biology, Collage of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq Journal Article 2024 02 04 Scorpions and spiders belong to the class Arachnida in phylum Arthropoda. Scorpions are easily distinguished by median eyes on obvious the center of the carapace and have one pair, and lateral eyes have 2-8 in some species. Scorpions do not have good eyesight so the median eyes have always been simple and they are more sensitive than the lateral pairs. They have anterior median eyes (AME) with narrow field of view and pairs of lateral eyes (LE) with more sensitivity and response to light. Family Buthidae have 2-6 lateral eyes in Compsobuthus Mesobuthus, Hottentotta, while Vaejovidae, Chactidae and Chaerilidae have 2 pairs of lateral eyes. In addition, 3 pairs are found in Orthochirus and Androctonus. Spiders have six eyes in family Pholicidae, Sicariidae, Araneidae, Salticidae, while eight eyes in Theridiidae, Lycosidae and some with two eyes or four in the carapace of the prosoma. Spider have anterior median eyes, anterior lateral eyes, posterior median eyes, or posterior lateral eyes. Scorpions and Spider eyes are not compound but simple. There is one lens for each eye. Spiders have poor vision, not able to see light and darkness. Scorpion and spider taxonomy is based on the forms and number of eyes. So, the reasons to study these organisms are important in studies of medical, ecology, morphology and taxonomy. and it is a little known about their biology and fauna.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_7510_0007a94110e217e6e3a44dab4a647b96.pdf