University of Guilan Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 1735-3033 2026 04 17 Development of resistance to fungicides in wheat leaf rust, Puccinia triticina and control strategies 1 12 9555 10.22124/cjes.2026.9555 EN Gulnissam Rvaidarova Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zh. Zhiembayev, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gulmira Issenova Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zh. Zhiembayev, Almaty, Kazakhstan Raikhan Rakhmetullayeva Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Asel Toktabayeva Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zh. Zhiembayev, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gulzada Tuitebayeva Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zh. Zhiembayev, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gulbaram Berden Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zh. Zhiembayev, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gulbarshyn Beisen Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zh. Zhiembayev, Almaty, Kazakhstan Zhaniya Bimurza Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zh. Zhiembayev, Almaty, Kazakhstan Oryngul Mukhametzhanova Shakarim State University of Semey, Kazakhstan Journal Article 2026 04 17 Wheat leaf rust, caused by the obligate parasite <em>Puccinia triticina</em>, is one of the most destructive and widespread diseases of cereal crops worldwide, leading to substantial yield losses and deterioration of grain quality. The increasing frequency of epidemic outbreaks, exacerbated by climate change and agricultural intensification, highlights the vulnerability of modern agroecosystems and necessitates the adoption of sustainable plant protection strategies. For decades, chemical fungicides have remained the primary method of disease control; however, their intensive and repeated use has imposed strong selection pressure on pathogen populations, resulting in the emergence of fungicide resistance and reduced treatment efficacy. This review synthesizes current knowledge on fungicide classification and modes of action, examines the mechanisms driving resistance development and spread, and summarizes regional data on pathogen sensitivity to major fungicide classes. Particular attention is given to integrated disease management approaches, including agronomic practices, rotation of active ingredients with different modes of action, use of biological control agents, and innovative biotechnological solutions aimed at reducing environmental impacts and enhancing the long-term resilience and sustainability of agroecosystems. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_9555_3946cc5cc318095451e5aa5b060630cd.pdf