University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
8
1
2010
01
01
Effects of impervious surfaces and urban development on runoff generation and flood hazard in the Hajighoshan watershed
1
12
EN
V.
Gholami
Azad University, Sciences and Research Branch of Tehran, Iran.
* Corresponding author's E-mail: Gholami.vahid@gmail.com
vahid6_gh@yahoo.com
M.
Mohseni Saravi
Dept. of Watershed Management, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
gholami.vahid@gmail.com
H.
Ahmadi
Dept. of Watershed Management, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
Urbanization is a pervasive global trend. The development of residential areas and road network in Hajighoshan watershed (northern Iran) has been observed in the recent several decades. The objective of this study is the quantitative investigation of the effects of impervious surfaces development and urban development on runoff generation and flood hazard. The study of urban area development was carried out using aerial photos, topographic maps and satellite images. Also a rainfall-runoff model was presented using GIS (HEC-GeoHMS extension) and HEC-HMS model. Then, the model was optimized with initial loss and SCS-Lag parameters. The optimized model was evaluated using the other 4 events of flood .In the next stage, the development of impervious surfaces was included in the validated hydrologic model and their effects on intensifying runoff generation and flood hazard was investigated quantitatively during the recent forty years. The results showed that the runoff generation potential has increased in Hajighoshan watershed because of urban development during forty years ago.
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Brilly, M. Rusjan, S. and Vidmar, A. (2006) Monitoring the impact of urbanisation on the Glinscica stream. J. Phys. Chem. 31: 1089-1096.
Brown, R.G. (1998) Effects of precipitation and land use on storm runoff, Water Resources Bulletin 24: 421-425.
Burns, D. Vitvarb, T. McDonnellc, J. Hassettb, J. Duncanb, J. and Kendalld, C.(2005) Effects of suburban development on runoff generation in the Croton River basin, New York, USA. J. Hydr., 311: 266-281. Camorani, G. Castellarin, A. and Brath, A. (2005) Effects of land-use changes on the hydrologic response of reclamation systems. J. Phys. Chem., 3: 561-574.
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Stone, B.S. (2001) Geospatial database and preliminary flood hydrology model For the lower Colorado basin, Dissertation, Presented in Texas Univeresity, 173 p.
Urban,Road network,Runoff,HEC,HMS,Hajighoshan watershed
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1031.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1031_877fcf2fe2bf92d3689e6be79b500ebb.pdf
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
8
1
2010
01
01
Effects of Skid Trail Slope and Ground Skidding on Soil Disturbance
13
23
EN
A.
Najafi
Dept. of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources. Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
*Corresponding author's E-mail: a.najafi@modares.ac.ir
a.najafi@modares.ac.ir
A.
Solgi
Dept. of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
S.H.
Sadeghi
Dept. of Watershed Management Eengineering, Tarbiat Modares Universiy Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
The effects of traffic frequency and skid trail slope on dry bulk density, litter mass and rutting are examined. Treatments included a combination of four different traffic frequencies (3, 7, 14, and 20 passes of a rubber skidder) and three levels of slope (<10%, 10%-20% and > 20%.) The results showed that dry bulk density, rut depth and soil displacement increased with the increase of traffic frequency and slope, but floor coverage decreased. Within each traffic treatment soil compaction raised with the increase of skid trail slope, so that significant differences in dry bulk density were observed between slope of < 20% and those one >20% . Bulk density has become quite close to the critical value after 14 cycles. With increase of the skidder cycles from 14 to 20, bulk density remained approximately constant. We observed soil displacement on the treatments with 7 cycles: rutting on the treatments started with 7 cycles and slope of >20%. Soil disturbance increased significantly on slopes with > 20 % inclination with a dry bulk density of 1100 kg m-3 after 3 cycles compared to 830 kg m-3 on slopes < 10 %. In addition the forest floor mass on the treatments with 7 cycles and slopes of >20% (437.6 kg/ha) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than treatments with 14 cycles and slopes of <10% (841.4 kg/ha.) Data suggest that disturbance increased earlier in the steep treatments than in less sloping conditions. The dramatic increase of soil disturbance on treatments with slopes of >20% may be associated with increasing load on the rear axle combined with slipping on steep slope trail.
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Bengtsson, J., Lundkvist, H., Saetre, P., Sohlenius, B. and Solbreck, B (1998) Effects of organic matter removal on the soil food web: forestry practices meet ecological theory. App. Sol. Ecology. 9, 137-143.
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Botta, G.F., Jorajuria, D., Rosatto, H. and Ferrero, C (2006) Light tractor traffic frequency on soil compaction in the Rolling Pampa region of Argentina. Soil & Tillage. Res. 86, 9-14.
Davies, D. B., Finey, J. B., & Richardson, S. J (1973) Relative effects of tractor weight and wheel-slip in causing soil compaction. J. Sol. Sci. 24, 401-409.
Demir, M., Makineci, E. and Yilmaz, E (2007) Investigation of timber harvesting impacts on herbaceous cover, forest floor and surface soil properties on skid road in an oak (Quercus petrea L.) stand. Bul and Environment. 42: 1194–1199.
Demir, M., Makineci, E. and Yilmaz, E (2007) Harvesting Impacts on Herbaceous Understory, Forest Floor and Top Soil Properties on Skid Road in a Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) Stand. J. Env. Biology, 28: 427-432.
Gomez, A., Powers, R.F., Singer, M.J. and Horwath, W.R (2002.) Soil Compaction effects on growth of young ponderosa pine following litter removal in California’s Sierra Nevada. Sol. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66, 1334-1343.
Greacen, E.L. and Sands, R (1980) Compaction of forest soils: a review. Aus J. Sol. Res. 18, 163–189.
Hamza, M.A. and Anderson, W.k (2004) Soil compaction in cropping systems a review of the nature, causes and possible solutions. Soil & Tillage. Res. 82: 121- 145.
Heninger, R., Scott, W., Dobkowski, A., Miller, R., Anderson, H. and Duke, S (2002) Soil disturbance and 10-year growth response of coast Douglas-fir on nontilled and tilled skid trails in the Oregon Cascades. Can. J. For. Res. 32, 233-246.
Ilstedt, U., Malmer, A., Nordgren, A. and Liau, P (2004) Soil rehabilitation following tractor logging: early results on amendments and tilling in a second rotation Acacia mangium plantation in Sabah, Malaysia. For. Eco. and Management. 194, 215–222.
Johnston, F.M. and Johnston, S.W (2004) Impacts of road disturbance on soil properties and exotic plant occurrence in subalpine areas of Australian Alps. Arc Ant and Alp Res. 36: 201–207.
Jurgensen, M.F., Harvey, A.E., Graham, R.T., Page-Dumroese, D.S., Tonn, J.R., Larsen, M.J. and Jain, T.B (1997) Impacts of timber harvesting on soil organic matter, nitrogen, productivity, and health of inland northwest forests. For Sci. 43, 234–251.
Kalra, Y.P. and Maynard, D.G (1991) Methods and manual for forest soil and plant analysis. Forestry Canada, Re NOR-X-319. Northern Forestry Center.
Kolka, R.K. and Smidt, M.F (2004) Effects of forest road amelioration techniques on soil bulk density, surface runoff, sediment transport, soil moisture and seedling growth For. Eco. and Management. 202: 313-323.
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Makineci, E., Demir, M. and Yilmaz, E (2007) Long-term harvesting effects on skid road in a fir (Abies bornmulleriana Mattf.) plantation forest. Bul and Environment. 42, 1538-1543.
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Makineci, E., Demit, M., Comez, A. and Yilmaz, E (2007) Chemical Characteristics of the Surface Soil, Herbaceous Cover and Organic Layer of a Compacted Skid Road in a Fir (Abies bornmulleriana Mattf.) Forest. Transportation Research Part D: Tra. Env. 12: 453-459.
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Tan, X., Kabzem R. and Chang, S.X (2006) Response of forest vegetation and foliar δ13C and δ15N to soil compaction and forest floor removal in a boreal aspen forest. For. Eco. and Management 222: 450- 458.
Thomas, G.W., Haszler, G.R. and Blevins, R.I (1996) The effect of organic matter and tillage on maximum compactibility of soils using the proctor test. Sol Sci. 161: 502–508.
Williamson, J.R. and Neilsen, W.A. (2003) The effect of soil compaction, profile disturbance and fertilizer application on the growth of eucalyptus seedlings in two glasshouse studies. Sol & Till. Res. 71: 95–107.
Woodward, C.L. (1996) Soil compaction and topsoil removal effects on soil properties and seedling growth in Amazonian Ecuador. For. Eco. and Management. 82: 197-209.
soil compaction,Rutting,Forest Floor,Soil Displacement,Skidding,Iranian forest
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1030.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1030_fa1f585b3c65dbd4aa07cc97d6b37270.pdf
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
8
1
2010
01
01
Effect of chitosan coatings on some quality indices of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) during cold storage
25
33
EN
M.
Ghasemnezhad
Dept. of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. *Corresponding author's E-mail: ghasemnejad@guilan.ac.ir
ghasemnezhad@guilan.ut.ac
M. A.
Shiri
Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
ghasemnejad@guilan.ac.ir
M.
Sanavi
Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
In this study, the effectiveness of chitosan coating treatment to control weight loss and maintaining fruit quality of apricot was investigated. Fruits were coated with 0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75% chitosan as well as distilled water (control). Following treatments, fruits were stored at 0?C and 80 ? 2% relative humidity for 25 days. The weight loss, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), TSS/TA, pH, vitamin C, total phenolics and antioxidant activity (DPPHsc%) were followed at an interval of 5 days up to 25 days. Weight loss from all treated and untreated fruits increased over storage time. The weight loss of chitosan coated fruits was increased in comparison to untreated samples. There was no significant difference for total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), TSS/TA, pH, vitamin C in coated and uncoated fruits storage. Chitosan coatings significantly increased the content of total phenolics and antioxidant activity, as 0.5% chitosan showed maximum total phenolics (82.65 mg GAE/100g) and antioxidant activity (23.77 DPPHsc%). The chitosan coatings proved to induce the antioxidant capacity and also to sustain the total phenolic content.
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Bai, R.K., Huang, M.Y. and Jiang, Y.Y. (1988). Selective permeabilities of chitosan-acetica acid complex membrane and chitosan-polymer complex membrane for oxygen and carbon dioxide. Polym. Bull., 20: 83-88.
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Carlos, H. and Adel, K.A. (1999). Apricot postharvest quality maintenance guidelines, California, Dept. of Pom, pp: 1-5.
Debeaufort, F., Quezada-Gallo, J.A. and Voilley, A. (1998). Edible films and coatings: tomorrow’s packagings: a review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. 38: 299–313.
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Du, J., Gemma, H. and Iwahori, S. (1997). Effects of chitosan coating on the storage of peach, Japanese pear and kiwifruit. J. Japanese Soc. Hortic. Sci. 66:15-22.
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Egea, M.I., Martinez-Madrid, M.C., SanchezBel, P., Muricia, M.A. and Romojaro, F. (2007). The influence of electron-beam ionization on ethylene metabolism and quality parameter in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L., cv Builda). Swiss Soc. Food Sci.Technol., 40: 1027-1035.
El Ghaouth, A., Arul, J., Ponnampalam, R. and Boulet, M. (1991). Chitosan coating effect on storability and quality of strawberries. J. Food Sci., 56: 1618–1620.
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Ghorpade, V.M., Hanna, M.A. and Kadam, S.S. (1995). Apricot In: Handbook Fruit Sci. Technol. Salunkhe D. K., S.S. Kadam (Eds.). Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
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Ismail, H.K., Mehmet, A., and Hacer, ç. (2009). Antioxidant capacity, total phenolics and some chemical properties of semi-matured apricot cultivars grown in Malatya, turkey. World Appl. Sci. J., 6: 519-523.
Jiang, Y.M. and Li, Y.B. (2001). Effects of chitosan coating on postharvest life and quality of longan fruit. Food Chem. 73: 139 143.
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Kittur, F.S., Saroja, N. and Habibunnisa Tharanathan, R.N. (2001). Polysaccharide-based composite coating formulations for shelf-life extension of fresh banana and mango. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 213: 306–311.
Liu, J., Tian, S.P., Meng, X.H. and Xu, Y. (2007). Effects of chitosan on control of postharvest diseases and physiological responses of tomato fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 44: 300–306.
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Macheix, J.J., Fleuriet, A. and Billot, J. (1990). Fruit phenolics. Florida: CRC Press, Inc. Manning, K. (1996). Soft fruits. In G. B. Seymour, J. E. Taylor, and G. A. Tucker (Eds.), Biochem. Fruit ripening, pp. 347– 377, London: Chapman & Hall.
Mazumdar, B.C. and Magumdar, K. (2003). Methods on physico-chemical analysis of fruits. Daya publishing house. Delhi – 110035.
Olivas, G.I. and Barbosa-Cánovas, G.V. (2005). Edible coatings for fresh-cut fruits. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 45: 657– 670.
Radi, M., Mahrouz, M. and Jaouad, A. (1997). Phenolic content, browning susceptibility and cartenoids content of several apricot cultivars at maturity. Hort. Sci, 32: 1087-1091.
Rapisarda, P., Tomaino, A., Lo Cascio, R., Bonina, F., De Pasquale, A. and Saija, A. (1999). Antioxidant effectiveness as influenced by phenolic content of fresh orange juices. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47: 4718-4723.
Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M. and Rice- Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biol. Med., 26: 1231-1237.
Ribeiro, C., Vicente, A.A., Teixeira, J.A. and Miranda, C. (2007). Optimization of edible coating composition to retard strawberry fruit senescence. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 44: 63-70.
Robards, K., Prenzler, P.D., Tucker, G., Swatsitang, P. and Glover, W. (1999). Phenolic compounds and their role in oxidative processes in fruits. Food Chem., 66: 401-436.
Saira, I., Rathore, H.A., Majeed, S., Awan, S. and Shah, S.Z.A. (2009). The studies on the physico-chemical and organoleptic characteristics of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) produced in Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir during storage. Pak. J. of Nutr., 8: 856-860.
Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., and LamuelaRaventós, R.S. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of FolinCiocalteau Reagent. Methods Enzymol. 299, 152-178.
Wang, H., Cao, G. and Prior, R.L. (1996). Total antioxidant capacity of fruits. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 44: 701-705.
Wang, S.Y. and Lin, H.S. (2000). Antioxidant activity in fruit and leaves of blackberry, raspberry, and strawberry varies with cultivar and developmental stage. J. Agric. Food. Chem, 48: 140-146.
Wills, R.H.H., Scriven, F.M. and Green, H. (1983). Nutrient composition of stone fruit (Prunus spp.) cultivars: apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach and plum. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 34: 1383-1389.
Chitosan coating,Apricot,Cold storage,Phenolic content,antioxidant capacity
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1033.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1033_f59209d280ccd6bb6a87ee7d503c2020.pdf
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
8
1
2010
01
01
IRS-1C image data applications for land use/land cover mapping in Zagros region, Case study: Ilam watershed, West of Iran
35
41
EN
A.
Mahdavi
Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran.
a_amoli646@yhoo.com
In land use planning, mapping the present land use / land cover situation is a necessary tool for determining the current condition and for identifying land use trends. In this study, in order to provide a land use/ land cover map for Ilam watershed, the IRS-1C image data from 25th April 2006 were used. Initial qualitative evaluation on data showed no significant radiometric error. Ortho-rectification of imagery was accomplished using ephemeris data, digital maps of topography and 45 ground control points with RMSe less than 0.7 pixels. Different suitable spectral transformations such as rationing, PCA, Tasseled Cap transformation were performed on the images in ILWIS software to enhance and produce new artificial images. Image classification was done using supervised classification maximum likelihood and minimum distance classifier utilizing original and synthetic bands resulted from diverse spectral transformation. Unsupervised classification was used to determine strata for ground truth. The results were assessed using a sample ground truth map through systematic random sampling and samples were designed in circle form and 1000m? area. Finally, nine main classes of land use / land cover (Rangeland, Forest (dense, semi-dense, sparse, very sparse), Agriculture, gardens, settlements and bare lands) could be determined. For representing accuracy, the rate was used from some criteria of accuracy such as overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient with 83% overall accuracy and 0.78 kappa coefficient.
<strong>REFERENCES </strong>
Amin, M.R., Shataee, Sh., Ghazanfari, H.O., Moaieri, M.H. (2008) Changes in Zagros's forests extention using aerial photos and satellite imagery (Case study, Armerdeh forests of Baneh). J. Agric. Sci. Natur. Resour. 15: 1-12.
Cautam N. C, Narayan. L. R. A, (1985) Land use and land cover mapping and change detection in Tripura using Land Sat satellite data, J. Indian Soc., of R.S. 6: 517-528.
Congalton, R. G. (1996) Accuracy assessment: A critical component of land cover mapping. Gap. Analysis 2: 119-131.
Daryokvandy, A., Babaii, S., Sosani, J., Adeli, E. (2009) the survey of forest area and density alterations in middle Zagros by using of Aerial photographs interpretation and GIS, Case study: Kakarezay region, Lorestan province. The third national forest conference, Tehran, 12-14 may, 2009, pp. 1-9.
Gautam N.C and C.H Channiah. (1985) Land use and land cover Mapping and change detection in Tripura using satellite Landsat data. J. Indian Soc. of R.S., 6: 517-528
ISRO (2007) Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). http://www.isro.org/. Accessed 15 June 2007.
Kelarestaghi, A., Ahmadi, H., Jafari, M. (2006) Evaluation and comparison of the potential of the ETM+ and ASTER imagery for forest land use mapping, case study Farim Drainage Basin. International Conference Map Asia 2006, 26 August - 1 September, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 p.
Lex C., Fisher P., Wadsworth R. (2005). "What is land cover?". Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 32: 199-209.
Lillesand, T. M. and Kiefer, R.W. (1994) Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. (3rd Ed). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Neba Shu, G. (2003) Detection and analysis of land cover dynamics in moist tropical rainforest of south Cameron. MSc. Thesis, ITC, Netherlands, 60 p.
Rao, D.P., Gautam, N.C., Nagaraja, R. and Ram Mohan, p. (1996) IRY-1C applications in land use mapping and planning. Current Science. 70: 575-581.
Rafieian, O. (2002) Forest extends change detection in north of Iran between 1994 till 2001 using ETM+ data. M.Sc thesis, Tehran University. 122p.
Rezaii Banafsheh, M., Rostamzadeh, H., Feizizadeh, B. (2008) Assessment of forest area change by using RS and GIS, Case study: Arasbaran Forest. J. of Geog. Rese. 62: 143-159.
Shamsudheen, M., Dasog, G.S. and Tejaswini, N.B. (2005) Land use/Land cover mapping in the coastal area of north Karnataka using remote sensing data. J. Indian Soc. of R.S. 33: 253-257.
Shataee, Sh., Abdi, O. (2007) Land cover mapping in Mountainous lands of Zagros using ETM+ data, case study: Sorkhab watershed, Lorestan province. J. Agric. Sci. Natur. Resour. 14: 2007
Shetty, A., Nandagiri L., Thokchom, S. and Rajesh M.V.S. (2005) Land use / land cover mapping using satellite data for a forested watershed, Udupi district, Karnataka state, J. Indian Soc. of R.S. 33: 233-238.
Singh, B.M. and Roy A.K. (1989) Remote sensing for integrated survey of urban environment. J. Indian Soc. of R.S., 17: 109-114.
Skidmore, A. (1989) Unsupervised Training Area Selection in Forests Using a NonParametric Distance Measure and Spatial Information. Int. J. of R. S. 10: 133-146.
IRS,1C,Land use / land cover maps,Zagros,Ilam
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1032.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1032_726ae116ebe7429f4e39437efe145bda.pdf
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
8
1
2010
01
01
Spatial variability of forest growing stock using geostatistics in the Caspian region of Iran
43
53
EN
R.
Akhavan
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, P.O. Box, 13185-116, Tehran, Iran.
akhavan@rifr-ac.ir
Gh
Zahedi Amiri
Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P.O. Box, 31585-4314, Karaj, Iran.
M.
Zobeiri
Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P.O. Box, 31585-4314, Karaj, Iran.
*Corresponding author's E-mail: akhavan@rifr.ac.ir
Estimating the amount of variation due to spatial dependence at different scales provides a basis for designing effective experiments. Accurate knowledge of spatial structures is needed to inform silvicultural guidelines and management decisions for long term sustainability of forests. Furthermore, geostatistics is a useful tool to describe and draw map the spatial variability and estimation of forest variables. Therefore, this research was conducted to investigate on spatial variability and to estimate forest stock variables using geostatistical approach in a mixed hardwood forest, located in the Caspian region of Iran. Field sampling was performed based on a 150m by 200m systematic rectangular grid of 3 clustered plots (50m away). Each sample plot consisted of two concentric circles. Overall, 434 sample plots were measured in 502 hectares. Experimental variograms for forest basal area, volume and tree density were calculated and plotted using the geo- referenced inventory plots. All the variograms showed weak spatial auto- correlations between samples, even in short distances. Estimations were made using fitted variogram models and ordinary block kriging. Cross- validation results showed that all the estimations are biased, because of the large variability and weak spatial structure in the forest stock variables. Therefore, kriging could not make accurate estimations because of high spatial variability of forest growing stock related variables in this heterogeneous and uneven-aged forest.
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Isaaks, E.H. and Srivastava, R.M., 1989. An introduction to applied geostatistics. Oxford University Press, New York. 561 p.
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Mandallaz, D., 2000. Estimation of the spatial covariance in universal kriging: Application to forest inventory. Environ. Ecol. Stat., 7: 263-284.
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Webster, R. and Oliver, M.A., 2000. Geostatistics for environmental scientists, Wiley Press, 271 p.
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Zahedi Amiri, Gh., 1998. Relation between ground vegetation and soil characteristic in a mixed hardwood stand, Ph.D. thesis, academic press, University of Gent, Belgium, 319 p.
Geostatistics,Growing stock,Kriging,Spatial variability,Variogram
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1039.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1039_2b8efa5670406fd76a0cc130e910595b.pdf
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
8
1
2010
01
01
Use of classification tree methods to study the habitat requirements of tench (Tinca tinca) (L., 1758)
55
63
EN
R.
Zarkami
Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, P.O. Box 1144, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran.
rzarkami2002@yahoo.co.uk
p.
Guethlas
Department of Applied Ecology, Ghent University, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Gent
N.
De Pauw
Department of Applied Ecology, Ghent University, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Gent.
* Corresponding author's E-mail: rzarkami2002@yahoo.co.uk
Classification trees (J48) were induced to predict the habitat requirements of tench (Tinca tinca). 306 datasets were used for the given fish during 8 years in the river basins in Flanders (Belgium). The input variables consisted of the structural-habitat (width, depth, gradient slope and distance from the source) and physic chemical (pH, dissolved oxygen, water temperature and electric conductivity), and the output ones were the abundance and presence/absence of tench. To find the best performance model, a three-fold cross validation was applied on the entire dataset. In order to evaluate the model stability, the dataset were remixed in 5 times, obtaining in total 15 different model training and validation events. The effect of pruning on the reliability and model complexity was tested in each subset. The performance evaluation was based on a combination of the number of Correctly Classified Instances (CCI) and Kappa statistic. The results showed that the predictive performance evaluation was suitable, confirming the reliability of classification trees methods. The overall average of CCI and Kappa for the prediction of tench was obtained 75.8% and 0.53. When analyzing the ecological relevance of classification trees, it seemed that the structural-habitat variables were important predictors compared to physic chemical variables.
<strong>REFERENCES </strong>
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Dakou, E., Goethals, P.L.M., D’heygere, T., Dedecker, A.P., Gabriels, W. and De Pauw, N. (2006a) Development of artificial neural network models predicting macroinvertebrate taxa in the river Axios (Northern Greece), Animal Limnology. 5, 10-17.
Dakou, E., D’heygere, T., Dedecker, A.P., Goethals, P.L.M., Gabriels, W. Lazaridou, M. and De Pauw, N. (2006b) Decision tree models for prediction of macroinvertebrate taxa in the river Axios (Northern Greece), Aquatic Ecology. 41, 399-411.
D’heygere, T., Goethals, P. and De Pauw, N. (2003) Use of genetic algorithms to select input variables in decision tree models for the prediction of benthic macroinverteberates, Ecological modeling. 160, 291-300.
Dedecker, A.P., Goethals, P.L.M., Gabriels, W. and De Pauw, N. (2002) Comparison of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model development methods for prediction of macroinvertebrates communities in the Zwalm river basin in Flanders, Belgium, Sci. World J. 2, 96- 104.
Donnely, R.E., Caffrey, J.M. and Tierney, D.M. (1998) Movement of bream (Abramis brama (L.)), rudd X bream hybrid, tench, Tinca tinca (L.) and pike, Esox lucius in an Irish canal habitat, Hydro. 371-372, 305-308.
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Goethals, P. L. M. (2005) Data driven development of predictive ecological models for benthic macroinvertebrates in rivers. PhD thesis, Ghent University, Belgium, 377 p.
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Ricciardi, A. & Rasmussen J.B. (1999) Extinction rates of North American freshwater fauna, Cons. Biol. 13, 1220- 1222.
Richter, B.D., Braun, D.P., Mendelson, M.A. and Master, L.L. (1997) Threats to imperiled freshwater fauna, Cons. Biol. 11, 1081-1093.
Rowe, D.K. (2004) Potential effects of tench (Tinca tinca) in New Zealand freshwater ecosystems, NIWA Project: BOP04221.
Vainikka, (2003) Tench, Tinca tinca L. www.cc.jyu.fi/~ansvain/suutari/inde x.html
Yilmaz, F. (2002) Reproductive biology of the tench (Tinca tinca) (L., 1758) inhabiting Porsuk Dam Lake (Kutahya, Turkey). Fish. Res. 55, 313- 317.
Witten, J.H., and Frank, E. (2000) Data mining: practical machine learning tools and techniques with Java implementations, San Francisco: Morgan Kaufman Publishers, 369 p.
tench (Tinca tinca),classification tree models (J48),physical,chemical variables,structural,habitat variables,Flanders river basins
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1038.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1038_e0bce88b89e8ec311ccfe585bee26954.pdf
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
8
1
2010
01
01
Improving Rural Regions Environment by Establishing and Maintaining Parks and Role of Extension Education Factors (Case Study: Isfahan province-Iran)
65
71
EN
M. K.
Motamed
Dept. of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
* Corresponding author's E-mail: mkmotamed@yahoo.co.in
mkmotamed@yahoo.co.in
F.
Golmohammadi
Islamic Azad University, Birjand Branch, Birjand, Iran.
Nowadays the growth of deserts is one the most important problems in Iran. This phenomenon has many reasons such as growth of population, global changes in the climates and many undesirable consequences such as the erosion of agricultural soils and immigration of rural people to urban regions mainly to the capital of Iran, Tehran. Isfahan province is one of the semi-arid and desert regions in the center of Iran. It is the first province in Iran that has made rural parks in its arid and semi-arid rural regions. As the successful experiences of developing and developed countries shows, the main instrument to achieve people\'s successful participation in rural development is efforts for planning and operating extension education projects. The purpose of this paper is to examine and study the role of extension education factors in persuading rural people to participate for establishing and maintaining rural parks in order to decrease desert generation, improve ecosystems and reduce immigration from rural regions in Isfahan province .The type of the research is mixed - qualitative and quantitative- methods. The findings of the research, reveals meaningful relationships between educational and demographic characteristics of extension education employees responsible in rural parks of Isfahan, and achievements in their works. There are also meaningful relationships among age, number of children, quantity of education, quality and distance of rural parks from villages and quantity and quality of using the villagers in establishing and maintaining rural parks. As a whole, the findings of the research prove that to take into account the extension education factors has a major role in establishing and maintaining rural parks and is essential in increasing the efficiency of the similar rural development projects in Iran.
<strong>REFERENCES </strong>
Adamowicz, Wl, Boxall, PC, Luckert, Mk, Phillips, WE, White, WA., 1996. Forestry, economics and the environment. Walingford, UK, CAB INTERNATIONAL, Oxford University Press, New York. 275 p.
Blackburn, D, 2001. Foundations and Transfer of Activities in Agricultural Extension. Translated to Persian by S. J. F. Hoseini. Scientific Publications Center of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Herrern R.V. and R. L. Donahue.,1991. The Agricultural Dictionary. Columbia, U.S.A., Delmar Publishers Inc.
Karami, E. and Fanaie, A., 1994. Study the Theoretical Frameworks in Extension, Vol. 1 & 2. Ministry of Jihad Sazandegi, Tehran, Iran, (In Persian).
Lahsaeizdeh, A., 2000. Rural Development Sociology (In Persian). Zar publications, Shiraz. Iran.
Medley, K., Okey Brian W., Barret Gray W., Lucas Michaei. F. and W. H. Renwink., 1996. Landscape Change With agricultural intensification in a rural watershed, Southwestern, Ohio, USA, Journal of Landscape Ecology, 10, 161-167.
Melnick, R., 1983. Protecting Rural Cultural Landscapes: Finding Value in the Countryside. Landscape Journal, 2: 85-97.
Ministry of Jihad (MOJ)., 1995. Rural Parks Project. Tehran, Iran, (In Persian).
Ministry of Jihad Agriculture (MOJA), 2005. Department of Extension and production systems (In Persian).
Shahbazi, S., 2002. Rural Development and Extension. (Persian). 3th edition. Tehran University Publications, Tehran, Iran.
Stephens, A.,1992. Dictionary of Agriculture. New Delhi, India. Universal Book Still.
Webster, M., 1995. Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary. U.S.A. G & C. Merriam Company.
Extension,park,Rural,Development,Environment,Iran
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1034.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1034_40532e931b47eece0a7526aa39d72ff3.pdf
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
8
1
2010
01
01
Climatic potential of sport tourism in Anzali-Rezvanshahr coastal belt, South-west of Caspian Sea, Iran
73
78
EN
B.
Ramezani Gourab
Dept. of Physical Geography, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran.
bahmanr2000@yahoo.com
P
Foroughe
Dept. of Geography and Tourism Planning, USM, Malaysia.
* Corresponding author's E-mail: bahmanr2000@yahoo.com
The goal of this research is to identify eco-tourist capabilities and to determine temporal and spatial suitable area in order to attract athletic tourism in the north of Iran from Anzali coast to Rezvanshahr. Investigation method in this research is deseriptive – analytic based on using attributive / library studies and due to existing capabilities in this region, the climatic rest area had been specified by performing Beicker and Olgay climogram method and had been dealt with studying the relation of climate with athletic coastal activities such as swimming, Aerial sports, football, parachuting and Athletics Track. Finally, regarding the results from above three methods, a communality was taken for more exact determination of human climatic rest area and suitable temporal area of performing athletic activities. The results had been indicated that in Anzali coastal belt to Rezvanshahr, June, July, August, and September are enjoying human rest climate where in Anzali shore June is suitable for Aerial sports and swimming. July and August are useful for swimming and September have temporate climate for football in Rezvanshahr shore. June and July are suitable for football and swimming. August have temporate climate for swimming and September is enjoy from an optimal condition for playing football and parachuting .So, regarding the results, we can engaged with optimal planning in order to attract naturalist and specially to attract athletic tourism.
<strong>REFERENCES</strong>
Allcock, A., Jones, b. (1994) Natural ecotourism strategy. Commenwealth Department of Tourism, Conbera, Australia, pp. 148-156.
Beyk Mohammadi, H. (2006), Southern banks of Khazar sea, Sepehr magazine , 12th edit , No.46, pp 63-76.
Dyess, R. (1997) Adventure travel or Ecotourism? Adv. Trav. Bus. 2, 84-99.
Evans, S. (2000) Ecotourism in tropical rainforest: an environmental management option for threatened resources? CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 127-142.
Fennel, D.A. and Smale, B.J. (1992) Ecotourism and natural resource protection. Tour. Rec. Res. 17: 21-32.
Kia kajouri, k. Roudgarnezhad, F. (2007), Athletic tourism & economical development. Glob. Tour. Mag. 16: 32-39.
Kay, J. Vamplew, W, (2002), weather beaten: sport in British climate, Mainstream publishing, Edinburgh.
Kaiser, F. (1998) A general measure of ecological behaviour, J. App. Soc. Psy. 28: 395-422.
Lew, A. (2001) Asia. In: Weaver, D.B. (ed.) The encyclopedia of ecotourism CABI publishing Wallingford, UK.
Muller, T. (2000) How Ecotourism markets can target? Tour Geog. 62: 48-57.
Olgay, V. (1973), Design with climate, USA. Princeton Publishes, 216 p.
Razjouyan, M. (1987), comfort by architecture coordination with climate, Beheshti University Publication, 285 p.
Romeril, M. (1985) Tourism and conservation in the channel Island. Tour.Mang. 6: 43-49.
Rajaee, M. Rajabi, A. (2006) Return on athletic tourism and its effect on city development, Geographical Research Magazine. 4, 15-23 (In Persian).
Ramezani, B. (2006), Recognition of Human Bio-Climatic Comfort in Coastal area of Guilan Province. Geographical Magazine, Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University of Tehran, 9: 37-49.
Ramezani, B. (2009) The zoning of human bioclimatic comfort of Guilan, Research project in IAU university- Rasht, 133 p.
Syme,L.(1999)Essay on ecotourism ,New Zealand ,Local Government ,vol 35 p2- 11. Steele, P.(1995) Ecotourism: an ecotourism analysis, J. Sus. Tour., 3: 29-43.
Theophile, K. (1993) The forest as a business: is ecotourism the answer? J. For. 19: 22-26.
Weaver, D. (2001) The encyclopedia of ecotourism, CABI Publication, Wallingford, UK, pp 428 p.
Naturalism,Eco,Tourism,Guilan,Sport tourism,Iran
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1035.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1035_a288ddca52b0e14d7e186d1b5047ca32.pdf
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
8
1
2010
01
01
Effect of salinity on growth, ion content and water status of glasswort (Salicornia herbacea L.)
79
87
EN
B.
Amiri
Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran, Iran.
*Corresponding author's E-mail: bchamiri@gmail.com
bchamiri@gmail.com
M.H.
Assareh
Forest and Rangelands Research Institute of Tehran, Iran.
shariat_ana@yahoo.com
B.
Rasouli
Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran.
M.
Jafari
Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran.
H.
Arzani
Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran.
A.A.
Jafari
Forest and Rangelands Research Institute of Tehran, Iran.
Salinity is one of the major environmental stresses that limit plant growth and productivity. Glasswort (Salicornia herbacea L.) is one of the native halophytic plants of Iran that widely spread in salt areas. The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological and growth responses of S. herbacea to salinity stress. Plastic pods (15 cm diameter, 20 cm height) with the Silica sand bed were used for the experiment. The solution used for the study consisted of 0 (control), 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 mM of NaCl and Na2SO4. S .herbacea seeds cultivated at five pots for each treatment in green house condition. Plants were irrigated with half strength Hoagland?s nutrient solution for 6 months. Salt treatments were applied for 45 days. Shoot and root dry weights, proline, glucose, ion concentration, Osmotic Potential (OP), Relative Water Capacity (RWC), Water Use Efficiency (WUE) ?Net Assimilation Rate (NAR), Specific Leaf Area (SLA) and Leaf Area Ratio (LAR) were measured. Data analysis showed that Mg 2+, Ca+2 and K+ decreased when salinity increased but Na+ increased. CL- increased when NaCl increased but significantly inhibited at higher Na2SO4. Dry weight, WUE, SLA, NAR and LAR increased in up to 100 to 300 mM NaCl and Na2SO4 but decreased with a further increase in salinity. S. herbacea uptakes more ions in chloride soil than that of sulfate soil. WUE, NAR and dry weight are more at sulfate soil. It is also assumed that salt tolerance mechanism of S. herbacea changes at different salts. Measurement of osmotic potential showed that it did not significantly increased when salinity increased. In addition, glucose did not promote up to 400 mM. Therefore, S. herbacea L. is a high tolerant halophyte which grows well up to 500 mM of NaCl and Na2SO4 salt. Salinity enhances the growth of S. herbacea and its optimum growth occurs at 100 ? 300 mM. Proline, glucose and osmotic potential remain unchanged at moderate salt concentrations. Also, it tolerates salinity via uptake of ions at NaCl and also ions repulsing and increasing WUE at Na2SO4. S. herbacea grows at sulfate better than chloride.
<strong>REFERENCES </strong>
Akhani, H. and Ghorbanli, M. (1993) A contribution to the halophytic vegetation and flora of Iran. H. Lieth and A. Al Masoom (eds): Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants, pp. 35-44.
Aghaleh, M., Niknam, V., Ebrahimzadeh, H. and Razavi, K. (2009) Salt stress effects on growth, pigments, proteins and lipid peroxidation in Salicornia persica and S. europaea. J. Biologia Plantarum, 53: 243-248.
Austenfeld, F. (1974) The effect of NaCI and other alkaline salts on the nitrate reductase activity of Salicornia europaea L. J. Plant physiol. 71, 288 - 296.
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Flowers T.J., Troke P.F. and Yeo A.R. (1977) The mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 28, 89-121.
Gul, B., Weber, D.J. and Khan, M.A. (2000) Effect of Salinity and Planting Density on Physiological Responses of Allenrolfea occidentalis. West. N. Am. Nat. 60, 188–197.
Hoagland, D.R. and Arnon, D.I. (1950) the water-culture for growing plants without soil. Calif. Agric. Exp. Stn. Circ.
Indulker, B.S. and More, S.D. (1984) Response if sorghum to phosphorus application in presence of chloride and sulfate salinity. Current. Agric. 8: 81-85.
Jafari, M. (1994) Salt tolerance of some rangeland grasses of Iran. Institute of Forests & Rangelands, pp. 54-90 (In Persian).
Karimi, G. (2004) Salt tolerance mechanism of Atriplex verrucifera and Khochia prostrate. PhD thesis of Tarbiat Moallem University, (In Persian).
Khan, M.A., Unger, I.A. and Showalter, A.M. (2000) The effect of salinity on the growth, water status, and ion content of a leaf succulent perennial halophyte, Suaeda fruticosa (L.) Forssk. J. of Arid Environments, 45, 73– 84.
Khan M.A., Gul, B. and Weber, D.J. (2001) Effect of salinity on the growth and ion content of salicornia rubra. Soil Sci. Plant Anal, 32: 2965–2977.
Martin, J.P., Elavummoottil, O.C. and Moreno, M.L. (1993) Changes on protein expression associated with salinity tolerance in Brassica cell culture. Cell Biol. Intern. 17, 839-845.
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Moghaieb, R.E.A., Saneoka, H., and Fujita, K. (2004) Effect of salinity on osmotic adjustment, glycinebetaine accumulation and the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene expression in two halophytic plants, Salicornia europaea and Suaeda maritime. Plant Sci., 166: 1345-1349.
Moghimi, J. (2005) Introduce of some important rangeland species of Iran. Arvan. pp. 343-356 (In Persian).
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Growth,Ion Content,Salicornia herbacea L,Salinity,Water Statue
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1029.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1029_a1dccd44182dc4cfc430782a546dde93.pdf
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
8
1
2010
01
01
Investigating the Economic, Social and Touristic Importance of Anzali wetland
89
96
EN
H.
Dadras
Department of Geography and Rural planning, Islamic Azad University, Sciences and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
hasandadras@yahoo.com
P
Kardavani
Department of Geography and Rural planning, Islamic Azad University, Sciences and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
*Corresponding author's E-mail: hasandadras@yahoo.com
This resaerch was conducted in order to study the importance of economic, social and touristic to the Anzali wetland, north of Iran. Data was collected through \"field research\" and \"documentary research\". Nominal scales, Likert and Guttman scales were used for the compilation of questionnaires. Findings of the present research indicate that the variation of population growth rate in the peripheral villages of Anzali wetland underwent a decline throughout the period between 1997 and 2007, falling to 1.2% comparing to the existing 3.3%. The suitability of ecological conditions in the peripheral rural communities of Anzali wetland draws a number of tourists to the region in summer. From the viewpoint of tourists, July, August and September ? scored 11, 10 and 8 respectively ? are ecologically the most appropriate months to visit Anzali wetland and surf its peripheral natural landscapes elaborately. Scoring 29, summer has obtained the best rank of tourism among the four seasons of the year with respect to the ecological appropriateness of travelling to Anzali wetland. The ratio of summer\'s tourism rank to spring, autumn and winter would be 2.07, 3.63 and 7.25 respectively. In order to attract more tourists and utilize the regional potentialities in an effective manner, technically dependable, environmentally, socially, touristically and financially, sustainable planning with the integrated participation and education of the inhabitants would be necessary.
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Anzali,Rural community,Social,Tourism,Wetland
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1036.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1036_e54d3e719e39f20ef72dc9995e01cf6c.pdf
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
8
1
2010
01
01
Caspian Sea and its Ecological Challenges
97
104
EN
A.
Nasrollahzadeh
Dept. of Fisheries Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Somehsara, Iran.
*Corresponding author's E-mail: nasrolla2003@yahoo.com
nasrolla2003@yahoo.com
Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on the earth. Since the collapse of Soviet Union in 1991 and discovering large oil and gas fields, some issues such as political, economic and environmental events, made the Caspian Sea important. The ecology of the Sea are being endangered due to several issues such as petroleum extraction, river and sea pollutions, water level rise, biological damages, decline of Caspian seals and lack of legal regime among the neighbors. Tremendous infrastructures have had serious impacts on the ecosystems around the Caspian Sea and have often imposed long term damages to the sea. Activities around the Caspian Sea endangered the balance of this very sensitive and fragile ecosystem. Large oil stains on the sea level and thousands of acres of soil contaminated by oil leaking from abandoned wells are some parts of the pollutions. Some people must endure to the Caspian borders. In addition, there are various pollution-related industries, especially chemical and mineral industries, large non-irrigated agricultural and also domestic wastes. These impurities in addition to the negative impact of oil have serious effects on human welfare and wildlife of the area. Ecological balance of the Caspian Sea is nearly going to be ruined (?fendieva & M. Dzhafarov 1993). The increase of pollutions in the area has made many problems. The negative effects of shipping activities, oil and gas extraction and oil transport through the sea, have always been problematic. Destruction of flora and fauna are of the consequences of pollution. Finally, exploitation of Caspian Sea oil and gas provide the new challenges about the ecosystem of the environment. The natural resources of environment are the source of potential wealth. So they can easily increase the conflict for example legal aspects between neighbors as well as the risk of security in the region.
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Zenkevich, L.A. (1973) In: Biologia Morey SSSR, Nauka,. 739 p.
Caspian natural geography,Caspian pollution,Sea level fluctuation,petroleum
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1037.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1037_135d0a587fef975235d77bf371c23de8.pdf