ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Pattern of activity levels of amino trnasferases in the gonads of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.on exposure to prostaglandin F2
The impact of PGF2? on total proteins, free amino acids and the amino transferases in the gonads of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. were investigated in the present experiment. The effect of PGF2? resulted in increase in the total protein and free amino acid contents in the gonads of silkworm larvae indicating improved structural and dynamic levels of organization. The enhanced activity levels of amino transferases and glutamate dehydrogenases (GDH) in the gonads suggest the mobilization of amino acids for glycogen synthesis or protein synthesis or both.
REFERENCES
Bai-Shiang Tsou. (1979) Studies on the metabolism of amino sacids in the silkworm: Comparison of haemoly-mph amino acids, trans aminations of glycine and alanine and decarboxy-lation of keto maloanate in the tissues of Bombyx mori L. and Samia ricini. Acta Entomol. Sin. 378– 389.
Bergmeyer. (1965) Methods in enzyme-atic analysis. Academic press, New York, USA.
Bharathi, D. (1984) Studies on the effect of carbaryl on the metabolic activities of blister beetle, Mylabris pustulata (Thunb). Ph.D. Thesis submitted to S.V. University. Tirupati, A.P, India.
Bharathi, D. (1993) Effect of PGF2αon the organic constituents of haemoly-mph of silkworm larvae, Bombyx mori L. J. Seric. 1: 225-228.
Bharathi, D. and Govindappa, S. (1987) Effect of prostaglandin F2αon growth pattern of silkworm larvae, Bombyx mori L. Sericologia. 27: 355-358.
Bharathi, D.and Padmasri, T. (1996) Organic composition of silk gland of silkworm larvae, Bombyx mori L. on exposure to prostaglandin F2α. Envt. Ecol. 14: 351-353.
Bharathi, D, Miao, Y. and Lijun, J. (2002) The administration of PGF2α on the silk quality and biosynthesis of silk proteins of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Bull.Agric. Sci. 1: 1-5.
Bhaskar, M. (1982) Tissue metabolic profiles of Tilapia mossambica (Peters) acclimated 96 Activity of Amino Trnasferases on Silkworm to sub lethal acidic and alkaline media. PhD. Dissertation, S.V. University, India.
Harper, H.A. (1985) In: Harper’s Review of Biochemistry. Eds. D. W. Martin, P.A. Mayes and V.H. Rodwell. 18th ed. Lange Medical Publication, Maruzen - Asia, Singapore.
Hemavathi, B. (2001) Effect of thyroxine on growth and metabolic activities of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. PhD Dissertation. Submitted to Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati, A.P, India.
Hemavathi, B., Thyagaraju, K. and Bharathi, D. (2004) Influence of thyroxine on the activities of dehydrogenases in Bombyx mori L. during development. J. Parasitol. Applied. Anim. Biol. 13: 1-12.
Lee, Y.L. and Lardy, H.A. (1965) Influence of thyroid hormones on L–glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase and other dehydrogenases in various organs of rat. J. Biol. Chem. 240:1427-1432.
Lehninger, A.L. (1978) Biochemistry. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, New Delhi.
Lowry, O.H., Roserbrough, N.J., Farra,L. and Randall,R.J. (1951) Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 1933: 265-275.
Magadum, S.H. and Hooli, M.A. (1988) Effect of thyroxine on the polyvoltine silkworm, the pure Mysore breed of Bombyx mori. Envt. Ecol. 6: 863-868.
Magadum, S.H. and Hooli, M.A. (1989) Effect of insuline on the polyvoltine silkworm, the pure Mysore breed of Bombyx mori. Envt. Ecol.7: 833-837.
Mc Kee, T. and Mc Kee, R. (2000) Biochemistry: An introduction (Second edition), Mc Graw Hill Inc, pp. 220-221.
Moore, S. and Stein, W.A. (1954) A modified ninhydrine reagent for the photometric determination of amino acids and related compounds. J. Biol. Chem. 211: 907-913.
Narasimha Murthy, C.V., Bharathi, D., Bhaskar,M.and Govindappa, S. (1986) A review on the effects of different fortification agents of nutrition on growth and economics of sericulture. Sericologia. 26: 35-42.
Pant, R. and Jaiswal, G. (1981) Photoperiodic effect on transaminase activity, protein and total free amino acid content in the fat body of diapausing pupae of the tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 19: 998-1000.
Pant, R. and Kumar, S. (1979) Changes occurring related to nitrogen metabolism during ontogeny of Antheraea mylitta (Tasar silkworm). Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 17: 708- 710.
Pant, R. and Morris, I.D. (1972) A comparative study on the variation of amino transferase activity and total free amino acids in the fat body, haemolymph and intezstine protein content in Philosamia ricini during larval-pupal development. Ind. J. Biochem. Biophys. 9: 199-202.
Pant R, Santosh Kumar, K. and Jaiswal, G. (1982) Effect of feeding hexa chloro benzene and acetyl choline to Philosamia ricini larvae during development. Curr. Sci. 51: 733 – 735.
Pushpa Rani, P. (1997) Effect of selected vertebrate hormones on the growth and physiology of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. PhD Dissertation, S.V. University, Tirupati, A.P. India.
Pharris, B.B. and Wyngarden, (1969) Effect of PGF2α on the progestogen content of ovaries from pseudo pregnant rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 130: 92-94.
Pushpa Rani, P. and Bharathi, D.(1999) Organic composition of silk gland, testes and ovaries of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.on exposure to thyroxine. Envt. Ecol.17: 552- 556.
Reitman, S. and Fraenkel, S. (1957) A colorimetric method for the determineation of glutamic oxalo acetic acid and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am. N. Chin. Pathol. 28: 56-58.
Shan-Zhang, R., Yungen, M., Zhi-Wei, C. and Bharathi, D. (2005) Comparative studies of PGE1 and PGF2α on some enzyme activities and metabolism of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. J. Adv. Zool. 26: 1-6.
Sinha, R.K., Kar, P.K., Srivastav, P.P. and Thangavelu, K. (1996) Amino transferase activity of Indian tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta D. (Lepidoptera: Saturnidae). Ind. J. Seric. 35: 24 - 27.
Siva Prasad, S. and Murali Mohan, P.(1990) Amino acids, amino transferases and proteins in the metamorphosing silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. Anim. Sci. 99: 369-375.
Swami, K.S., Jagannadha Rao, K.S., Satyavelu Reddy, K., Srinivasa Murthy, K., Linga Bharathi and Sucharitha 97 Murthy, G., Chetty, C.S., and Indira, K. (1983) The possible metabolic diversions adapted by the fresh water mussel to counter the toxic metabolic effects of selected pesticides. Ind. J. Comp. Anim. Physiol. 1: 75-106.
Thyagaraja, B.S., Jolly, M.S., Datta, R.K. and Murthy, C.V.N. (1985) Effect of thyroxine on silk improve-ment in Bombyx mori. Ind. J. Seric. 24: 77-82.
Thyagaraja, B.S., Masler, E.P., Kelly, T. J., and Borkovec, A.B. (1993) Thy-roxine-induced changes in ovarian protein and ecdysteroid levels in silkworm, Bombyx mori. Effect on ovarian maturation and egg produc-tion. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 104: 247-253.
Venkatarami Reddy, K., Agadum, S.B., RemaDevi, O.K., Benchamin, K. V. and Datta, R. K. (1992) Biochemical action of vertebrate hormones on the silk gland , fat body and gonads of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. J. Reprod. Biol. Comp. Endocrinol. 4: 822-88.
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_967_c68410ea875e8dff969b8c105d85489c.pdf
2006-04-01
92
97
Bombyx moi L
PGF2?
gonads
Proteins
Free amino acids
D.
Bharathi
dbbharathi@yahoo.co.in
1
Department of Sericulture, Sri Padmavati Mahila University, Tirupati ? 517502, A.P. India.
LEAD_AUTHOR
K.V.
Sucharitha
bbharathi@yahoo.co.in
2
Department of Home Science, S.V.University, Tirupati-517502, A.P. India.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Feeding Mulberry Leaves Supplemented with Calcium Chloride on Biochemical Contents of the Silkworm
Oral Supplementation with 50, 100 and 150 ?g/ml calcium chloride to the fifth stadium larvae of CSR2xCSR4 biovoltine hybrid silkworm, B. mori on fat body glycogen, protein, and total lipids and haemolymph trehalose and protein have been studied. One of the four normal feeds per day was substituted with treated leaves fed to silkworms at fifth instar larvae. The controls were fed with the leaves dipped in distilled water and normal leaves. The fat body glycogen with 50 and 100 ?g/ml, haemolymph trehalose with 100 and 150 ?g/ml and fat body protein with all the calcium chloride treated groups were increased significantly when compared over respective carrier controls. There was significant increase in the haemolymph protein with 150 ?g/ml calcium chloride treated group. However, there was no significant change in the haemolymph protein with 50 and 100 ?g/ml calcium chloride treated groups when compared over the respective carrier controls. The fat body total lipids decreased significantly in all the groups treated with calcium chloride when compared over the respective carrier controls. These results indicated that the content of glycogen and protein of the far body and trehalose and protein content of the haemolymph to calcium chloride showed good response in CSR2xCSR4 bivoltine hybrid silkworm, B. mori.
REFERENCES
Bhattacharya, A. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2004) Influence of mineral potassium permanganate on the biochemical constituents in the fat body and haemolymph of the silkworm, B. mori L. Int J. Indust. Entomol. 9,131-135.
Bhattacharya, A. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2005 a) The Biochemical Effects of Potassium Chloride on the Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.Insect Science, 12,95-100.
Bhattacharya, A. and Kaliwal, B. B. (2C05 b) Biochemical content of the fat body and haemolymph of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) larvae fed with mulberry leaves fortified with mineral magnesium chloride (MgC12). The Philippine Agr. Sci., 88, 337- 340.
Bhattacharya, A. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2005 c) Synergetic effects of potassium and magnesium chloride on biochemical contents of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Caspian J. Env. Sci. 3, 1-7.
Dasmahapatra, A. K„ Chakraborthi, M. K. and Medda. A. K. (1989) Effect of potassium iodide, cobalt chloride, calcium chloride and potassium nitrate in protein, RNA and DNA content of silkgland of silkworm, Bombyx mori L nistari race, Sericologia. 29,355- 359.
Downer R. G. H. (1979) Trehalose production in isolated fat body of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 62, 31-34.
Etebari, K., Kaliwal, B. B. and Matindoost, L. (2004) Different aspects of mulberry leaves supplementation with various nutritional compounds in sericulture. Int J. Indust. Entomol. 9,15- 28.
Folch, J., Lees M. and Stanley Sloane, G. H. (1957) A simple method for isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissue. /. Biol. Chetn. 226, 497- 509.
Gilbert, L. I and Chino, P. (1974) Transport of lipids in insects. J. Lipid Res. 15,439- 456.
Goudar, S. K. and Kaliwal, B. B. (2000) Effect of potassium nitrate supplementation on economic parameters of the silkworm, B. mori Lint J. Indust. Entomol. 1, 47- 52.
Goudar, K. S. and Kaliwal, B. B. (2001) Effect of Potassium Nitrate on the Biochemical Parameters of the Silworm, Bombyx mori L. Int. J. Indust. Entomol. 3,93- 96.
Horie, Y., Watanabe, K. and Ito, T. (1967) Nutrition of the silkworm B. mori L. XVIII. Quantitive requirements for potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc. Bull. Sericul. Expt. Sta. 22,181-193.
House, H. L. (1974) The Physiology of Insecta. Academic press, New York.
Hugar, I. I., Nirwani, R. B and Kaliwal, B. B. (1998) Effect of zinc chloride on the biochemical changes in the fat body and haemolymph of the bivoltine silkworm, B. mori L. Sericologia. 38, 299- 303.
Ito, T. and Niminura, M. (1966) Nutrition of the silkworm, Bombyx mori its specific requirements and its nutrition in relation to the mineral nutrition of its host plant mulberry Morus indica L. Indian }. Expt L. Biol. 4,31- 36.
Izhevskiy, S. S. (1976) The physiological effects of mineral salts on Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera, chrysomelidae). Ecologiya. 4, 90- 92.
Jungries, A.M. (1980) Haemolymph as a dynamic tissue in: Insect Biology in the future. Academic Press, New York. Krishnaswami, S. (1978) New technology of silkworm rearing. Bulletin No. 2, CSR & TI, Mysore, 1- 24.
Lowry, H., Rosebrough, N.L., Far A.L. and Randal, R.J. (1951) Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193, 265 - 275.
Mullins, D.E. (1985) Chemistry and physiology of the haemolymph in: Comprehensive insect physiology biochemistry and pharmacology (Ed Kerkut G.A. and Gilbert L. I). 3, 356- 392.
Murphy, T.A. and Wyatt, G.R. (1965) The enzymes of glycogen and trehalose synthesis in silk moth fat body. /. Bio. Chem. 240, 1500 - 1508.
Nirwani, R.B. and Kaliwal, B.B. (1995) Effect of ferrous and magnesium sulphate supplementation on some commercial characters of B. mori L. Bull. Seric. Res. 6, 21-27. Online version is available on www.cjes.net.
Nirwani, R.B. and Kaliwal, B.B. (1996) Increase of silk production and quantitative changes of carbohydrates and protein in fat body and haemolymphafter feeding potassium sulphate to bivoltine silkworm, B.mcri L. Sericologia. 36, 523-530.
Pant, R. and Morris, I.D. (1969) Changes in active phospholyrase activity and glycogen content during larval and pupal development of Philosamia ricini. J. Biochem, (Tokyo), 66,29 -31.
Raghava Rao, D. (1983) Statistical techniques in agricultural and biological research, Oxford and IBH Publishing co. New Delhi.
Roe, J.H. (1955) The determination of sugar in blood and spinal fluid with anthrone reagent. /. Biol. Chem. 242, 424- 428.
Sciefter, S., Dayton S., Novi, C. and Myntiyer, E. (1950) The estimation of glycogen with anthrone reagent. Arch. Biochem. 25, 191.
Thakare, V. K., Tembhare, D. B., Khan, M. W. and Pendharkar, V. (1980) Chemical composition of haemolymph in the larvae of the dragonfly Orthetrum chrysis (Anisoptera: LibeUxidae) Odontologia. 9, 321- 324.
Wigglesworth, V. B (1972) The principles of insect physiology, 7th Ed Chapman and Hall, London. Wyatt, G.R. (1967) The biochemistry of sugars and polysc chlorides in insects. Adv. Insect physiol. 4, 287- 360.
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_968_d51d4a3b5603b7165e08c191054c2678.pdf
2006-04-01
110
116
Biochemical Contents
Bombyx mori
Calcium Chloride
Silkworm
B.B.
Kaliwal
1
Post-graduate Department of Studies in Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad ? 580 003,
LEAD_AUTHOR
S.
Chakraborty
2
Post - graduate Department of Studies in Biotechnology and Microbiology,
Karnatak University, Dharwad-580 003, India.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Dose-Dependent Estrous Cycle, Ovarian Follicles and Biochemical Contents Reversal in Albino Mice after Exposure to Mancozeb.
Mancozeb, a fungicide of a manganese-zinc ethylenebisdithio-carbamate (EBDC), was administered by gavage at doses of 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg/day to female virgin mice for 30 days. The mice were autopsied on 31st day. Mice were also treated with similar doses for a period of 30 days and the treatment was withdrawn for a further period of 30 days for reversible study. The mice were autopsied on 61st day. Estrous cycle and follicles were affected in all the mancozeb treated mice when compared to the controls. There was a recovery in number and phases of estrous cycle in the mice after withdrawal of 400 and 600 mg/kg/day mancozeb, however, recovery was not seen in 800 mg/kg/day mancozeb withdrawal mice. There was a recovery in the number of follicles in the mice after withdrawal of 400 mg/kg/day mancozeb. However, complete recovery of the follicles was not seen in 600 and 800 mg/kg/day mancozeb withdrawal mice. Mice treated with 600 mg/kg/day mancozeb showed significant decrease in the levels of protein and glycogen in the ovary, glycogen and total lipids in the uterus, glycogen in the liver but there was significant increase in the total lipids of the liver. Mice treated with 800 mg/kg/day mancozeb showed significant decrease in protein and glycogen but there was significant increase in total lipids in ovary and liver , however, there was complete decrease in the levels of protein, glycogen and total lipids of the uterus. There was recovery in the levels of protein and total lipids in the ovary and liver in 600 and 800 mg/kg/day mancozeb withdrawal mice, however, recovery was not seen in the level of glycogen. There was significant decrease in the relative weight of the ovary and liver whereas spleen and thyroid weights were increased significantly with 800 mg kg/day mancozeb treatment. The recoveries in the relative weight were observed in the ovary, uterus, thymus and thyroid however, recovery in the relative weight was not seen in liver and spleen in 800 mg/kg/day mancozeb withdrawal mice. The results of the present study indicated a marked effect in the recovery of the estrous cycle, follicles and biochemical contents of the ovary, uterus and liver in mice after exposure to mancozeb with lower doses and it was dose dependent.
REFERENCES
Anderson, L.D. and Hirshfield, A. N. (1992) An overview of follicular development in the ovary: from embryo to the fertilized ovum in vitro. Md. Med. J. 41: 614-620.
Asch, R.H. Smith, C. Y. Siler-Krodr, T. M. and Pauerstein, C. J. (1990) Effect of ∆9 tetrahydrocannabinol during the follicular phase of the rhesus monkey. J. Clinical. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 50-55.
Asmathbanu, I. and Kaliwal, B.B. (1997) Temporal effect of methyl parathion on ovarian compensatory hypertrophy, follicular dynamics and estrous cycle in hemicastrated albino rats. J. Basic. Clinical Physiol. Pharmacol. 8: 237-254.
Ataya, K. and Tadros, M. Mohammad, S. (1988) Cyclophosphamide inhibits antral follicular development in the rat ovary. Biol. Reprod. Toxicol. 38.
Baligar, P. N. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2001) Induction of gonadal toxicity to female rats after chronic exposure to mancozeb. Ind. Health. 39: 235-243.
Baligar, P. N. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2003) Temporal effect of carbofuran, a carbamate insecticide in the interruption of estrous cycle and follicular toxicity in female Swiss albino mice. Bull. Enviro. Contam. Toxicol. 71: 422-428.
Bindali, B. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2002) Antiimplantation activity of carbamate Effects of mancozeb on albino mice. Ind. Health. 40: 191-197.
Bolon, B. Bucci, I.J. Warbritlon, A.R. Chen, J. J. Mattison, D.R. and Heindel, J.J. (1997) Differential follicle counts as a screen for chemically-induced ovarian toxicity in mice: results from continuous breeding bioassays. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 39: 1-10.
Bucci, T.J. Bolon, B. Warbritton, A.R. Chen, J. J. and Heindel, J. J. (1997) Influence of sampling on the reproducibility of ovarian follicle counts in mouce toxicity studies. Reprod. Toxicol. 11: 689-696.
Budreau, C.H. and Singh, R.P. (1973) Effect of fenthion and dimethoate on reproduction in the mouse. Toxic. Appl. Pharmac. 26: 29- 38.
Chen, Y.T. Mattison, D. R. Feigenbaum, L. Fukui, H. and Schulman, J. D. (1981) Reduction in oocyte number following prenatal exposure to a diet high in galactose. Science. 214: 1145-1147.
Cooper, R.L. Goldman, J.M. and Vandenbergh, J. G. (1993) Monitoring of the estrous cycle in the laboratory rodent by vaginal lavage. In : Heindel, J. J., Chapin, R. E. (Eds.), Methods in Toxicology: female reproductive toxicology, Vol. 3B. San Diego, Academic Press. pp. 45-56.
Dhondup, P. and Kaliwal, B. B. (1997) Inhibition of ovarian compensatory hypertrophy by the administration of methyl parathion in hemicastrated albino rats. Reprod. Toxicol. 11: 77-84.
Dikshith, T. S. S. Raizada, R. B. and Kumar, S. N. (1988) Effect of repeated dermal application of endosulfan to rats. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 30: 219-224.
Folch, J. Lees, M. and Stanley, G.H. (1957) Simple method for isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 226: 497-509.
Generoso, W. M. Stout, S.K. and Huft, S.W. (1971) Effects of alkalizing agents on reproductive capacity of adult female mice. Mutot. Res. 13: 171-184.
Goldman, J. M. Cooper, R.L. and Laws, S.C. (1990) Chlordimeform induced alterations in endocrine regulation within the male rat reproductive system. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 22: 467-472.
Goldman, J. M. Parris, M. B. Cooper, R. L. and McElory, W. K. (1997) Blockade ovulation in the rat by systemic and ovarian introbursal administration of the fungicide sodium N-dimethyl dithiocarbamate. Reprod. Toxicol. 15: 185-190.
Gowda, H. and Sastry, M.S. (1979) Effect of o, o-Dimethyl-o (3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate (sumithion) on reproductive performance in rats and oestrogenic activity in mice. In. J. Pharmacol. 11: 287-292.
Hiremath, M. B. and Kaliwal, B. B. (2002) Effect of endosulfan on ovarian compensatory hypertrophy in hemiovariectomized albino mice. Reprod. Toxicol. 16: 783-790.
Hore, S.K. Maiti, H.V.S. Chauhan, Neelu. Gupta. and Koley, K. M. (1997) Effects of long term exposure of mancozeb on clinicohaemato biochemical and pathological changes in rats. Indian Vet. J. 74: 20-28.
Ivanova-Chemishanska, L.(1962) Dithiocarbamates. In: Toxicity of pesticides, health aspects of chemical safety WHO Copenhagen, Interim Document. 9: 158-169.
Ivanova-Chemishanka, L. and Markov, D.V. (1971) Deshev G.Light and electron microscopic observation on rat thyroid after administration of some dithiocarbamates. Environ. Res. 4: 201-212.
Jadaramkunti, U.C. and Kaliwal, B.B. (1999) Effect of dicofol formulation on estrous cycle and follicular dynamics in albino rats. J. Basic Clinical Physiol. Pharmacol. 10(4): 305- 314.
Jarell, J. Lia, E.V. Barr, R. McMohan, A. Belbeek, L. and O’Connell, L.G. (1987) Ovarian toxicity of cyclophosphamide alone and in combination with ovarian irridiation in the rat. Cancer Res. 47: 2340- 43.
Kackar, R. Srivastava, M. K. and Raizada, R. B. (1997) Induction of gonadal toxicity to male rats after chronic exposure to mancozeb. Ind. Health. 35: 104-111.
Kackar, R. Srivastava, M.K. and Raizada, R.B. (1997) Studies on rat thyroid after oral administration of mancozeb: Morphological and biochemical evaluations. J. Appl. Toxicol. 17: 369-375.
Kackar, R. Srivastava, M.K. and Raizada, R. B. (1999) Assessment of toxicological effects of mancozeb in male rats after chronic exposure. Ind. J. Expt. Biol. 37: 553-559.
Kaskevich, L.M. Kamarova, L.I. Slina, V.I. Ivanicki, V. A. and Shilina, V. F. (1981) Clinical functional changes due to exposure 130 Estrous Cycle, Follicular Growth and Biochemical Changes in Mancozeb to zineb. Environ Health Criteria. 78: 109- 111.
Ksheerasagar, R.L. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2003) Temporal effects of mancozeb on testes, accessory reproductive organs and biochemical constituents in albino mice. Envirot. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 15: 9-17.
Kurttio, P. Vartiainen, T. and Savolainen, K. (1990) Environmental biological monitoring of exposure to ethylene bisdithiocarbamate fungicides and ethylene thiourea. Br. J. Ind. Med. 47: 203-206.
Larsson, K.S. Arnander, C. Cekanova, E. and Kjelberg, M. (1976) Studies of teratogenic ffects of the dithiocarbamates maneb, mancozeb and propineb. Teratology. 14: 171- 184.
Lerner, L.J. (1969) The biology of non-steroidal antifertility In : Contraception chemical control of fertility Ed Daniel Lednicel “Marcel Derker” Inc, New York.
Lowry, H. Rosebrough, N. I. Far, A. L. and Ranall, R. J. (1951) Protein measurement with folinphenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265- 275.
Lu, M.H. and Kennedy, G.L. (1986) Teratogenic evaluation of mancozeb in the rat following inhalation exposure. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 84: 355-362.
Mahadevaswami, M. P. Jadaramkunti, U. C. Hiremath, M.B. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2000) Effect of mancozeb on ovarian compensateory hypertrophy and biochemical constituents in hemicastrated albino rat. Reprod. Toxicol. 14: 127-134.
Maj, J. and Vetulani, J. Effect of some N, Ndisubstituted dithiocarbamates on catecholamines level in rat brain. Biochem Pharmacol. 18: 2045-2047.
Math, J.R. and Kaliwal, B.B. (1996) Effect of edifenphos on estrous cycle in albino rats. J. Karn. Univ. Science Special Issue.110 – 120.
Martinez, E.M. and Swartz, W.J. (1991) Effects of methoxychlor on the reproductive system of the adult female mouse. Gross and histological observations. Reprod. Toxicol. 5: 139 - 147.
Moawad, A. H. Rakoff, A. E. and Kramer, S. A. (1965) histologic study of the effects of lowdosage irradiation of rabbit ovaries. Fertil. Steril. 16: 370-381.
Mattison, D.R. Plowchalk, D.R. Meadow,s M. J. Muller, M. M. Malek, A. and London, S. N. (1989) The effect of smoking on oogenesis, fertilization and implantation. Semin. Reprod. Endocrinol. 7: 291-304.
Nebbia, C. and Ferrero, E. (1991) Pathologic changes tissue distribution and extent of common to ETU after sub acute administrations of zinc ethylene bisdithiocarbamate to calves with immat-ure lumen function. Am. J. Vet. Res. 52: 1717- 1722.
Neguin, L.G. Alvarez, J. and Schwartz, N.B. (1975) Steriod control of gonadotrophin release. J. Steroid. Biochem. 6.
Neyko, E. Drin, M. M. Lanevity, I. D.and Yurkevich, S. T. (1974) certain parameters of peripheral blood enzyme activity and reproductive function of women working in zineb manufacturing plants. Pediatar. Akash. Genecol. 36: 56-59.
Osman, P. (1985) Rate and course of atresia during follicular development in the adult cyclic rat. J. Reprod. Fertil. 73: 261-270.
Pasqualine, C. Sarrieau, A.D. and Assquillant, M. (1990) Estrogen like effects of 12- dimethyl (a) anthranene on the female rat hypothalamo-pituitory axis. J. Steroid. Biochem. 36: 485-491.
Pedersen, T. and Peters H. (1968) Proposal for a classification of oocytes and follicles in the mouse ovary. J. Reprod. Fertil. 17, 555- 557.
Przewlocka, B. Sarnek. J. Szmiielski, A. and Niewiakomsha, A. (1975) the effect of some dithiocarbamic acids on dopamine-βhydroxylase and catecholamines level in rats brain. Pol. J. Pharmacol. Pharm. 27: 555- 559.
Sarkar, R. Mohan Kumar, K.P. and Chowdhury, M. (2000) Effects of an organophosphate pesticide, Quinalphas on the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal-axis in adult male rats. J. Reprod. Fertil. 118: 29-38.
Sciefter, S. Dayton, S. Novoc, B. and Myntiyer, E. (1950) The estimation of glycogen with the antrone reagent. Arch. Biochem. 25: 191.
Sharpe, R.M. (1983) Local control of testicular function. Quart J. Expt. Physiol. 68: 265. Shrivastava, S. M. and Shrivastava, V.K. (1998) Toxicological effects of carbamyl testicular morph-ogy and testosterone levels in mus musculus. Poll. Res. 17: 215-218.
Shiromizu, K. Thorgeirsson, S.S. and Mattison, D. (1984) Effects of cyclophosamide on oocyte and follicle number in Sprague- Parimala and Kaliwal 131 Dawley rats C57BL/6N and DBA/2N mice. Pedioctr. Pharmacol. 4: 213-221.
Sittig, M. Mane, B. and Sittig, M. (1991) Handbook of toxic and hazardous chemicals and carcionogenesis, 3rd ed. Park Ridge NJ: Noyes. 1018-1020.
Simonich, S.L. and Hites, R.A. (1995) Global distribution of persistant organochlorine compounds. Science. 269: 1851-1854. Smith, B.T. Plowchalk, D.R. Sipes, I.G. and Mattison, D.R. (1991) Comparison of random and serial in assessment of ovarian toxicity. Reprod. Toxicol. 5: 379-383.
Soratur, S. M. and Kaliwal, B.B. (1999) Effect of methyl parathion formulation on estrous cycle and reproductive Performance in albino rats. Ind. J. Expt. Biol. 37: 176-178.
Stott, I. Anupam, M. Alex, R. Norman, W.T. and Jeffrey, R.F. (1997) Low dose dithiocarbamate attenuates the hepatotoxicity of 1,3- dichloro-2-propanol selectivity inhibits CYP2E1 activity in the rat. Human Expt. Toxicol. 16: 262-266.
Subramoniam, A. Agrawal, D. Srivastava, S.P. and Seth, P.K. (1991) Influence of mancozeb on mitogenically responsive lipids in rat cereburm and liver. Ind. J. Expt. Biol. 29: 943-945.
Swartz, W.J. and Mall, G.M. (1989) Chloredecone induced follicular toxicity in mouse ovaries. Reprod. Toxicol. 3: 203-206.
Thorn, C.D. and Ludwing, R.A. (1962) Chemistry mode of action of dithiocarbamate fungicides. Adv. Pest. Control Res. 3: 219-252.
Trivedi, N. Kackar, R. Srivastava, M.K. Mittal, A. and Raizada, R.B. (1993) Effect of oral administration of fungicide mancozeb on thyroid gland of rat. Ind. J. Expt. Biol. 31: 564-566.
Varnagy, L. Budai, P. Motnar, E. Takacs, and Karpati, A. (2000) Interaction of Dithane M45 (mancozeb) and lead acetate during a teratogenicity test in rats. Acta. vetesinaria Hungarica 48: 113-124.
Weitzman, G.A. Miller, M.M. London, S. N. and Mattison, D. R. (1992) Morphometric assessment of the murine ovarian toxicity of 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene. Reprod. Toxicol. 6: 137-141.
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_969_f54f4e593f6142f391b711b82fd7992d.pdf
2006-04-01
118
131
Biochemical Contents
Estrous cycle
Female mice
Follicles
Mancozeb
Ovary
Reversal
B. B.
Kaliwal
b_kaliwal@yahoo.com
1
Post-graduate Department of studies in Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580 003,
LEAD_AUTHOR
M. D.
Parimala
2
Post- graduate Department of Studies in Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad-580003
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Influence of Biofertilizers on Macronutrient uptake by the Mulberry Plant and its Impact on Silkworm Bioassay
The co-inoculation of mulberry with phosphate solubilizing micro-organisms, nitrogen fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhiza has influenced its macronutrient uptake through leaf. The data revealed that maximum nitrogen (484.12 kg /ha) , phosphorus (59.83 kg /ha) and potassium (244.61 kg/ha) uptake through leaf has taken place due to co-inoculation treatments as compared to the un inoculated treatments irrespective of different levels and sources of fertilizer. Significantly higher effective rate of rearing (ERR, 95.33%), single cocoon weight (2.06 g) and single shell weight (0.44 g) were recorded by feeding silkworm with the leaves harvested from the treatment T8 receiving 175 kg nitrogen and 70 kg phosphorus/ha/yr with rock phosphate as a source of phosphorus and co-inoculated with beneficial micro-organisms. Maximum filament length of 936.33 meter per cocoon and reel ability of (86%) was also recorded in the treatment T8.
REFERENCES
Baqual, M. F., Das, P.K., Katiyar, R. S. (2005) Effect of arbuscular mycorrh-izal fungi and other microbial inoculants on chlorophyll content of mulberry (Morus spp.). Mycorrhiza News. 17: 12-14.
Chaluvachari (1995) Leaf quality evaluation of few selected mulberry varieties. PhD Dissertation, Bangalore University. 220 p.
Chandrashekar, D.S., Shekar Shetty, S. and Datta, R.K (1996) Effect of inoculation with Acaulospora laevis, Bacillus megatherium var. phosphate-cum and Azospirrillum brasillense using two sources of phosphorus on the growth and leaf yield of mulb-erry. Sericologia. 36(2): 283-287.
Das, P.K., Choudhury, P.C. Gosh, A., Katiyar, R. S., Mathur, V.B., Madhava Rao, A.R and Mazumder, M.K (1994) Studies on the effect of bacterial biofertilizer in irrigated mulberry (Morus alba). Ind. J. Seric. 33(2): 170-173.
Datta, R.K. (1992) Guidelines for bivoltine rearing. Central Silk Board, Bangalore, India.
Katiyar, R.S., Das, P.K and Choudhury, P.C. (1998) VA-mycorrhizal inocula-tion of established mulberry garden through maize (Zea maize) intercr-opping. An effective technique. Abs: National Conference on Moriculture: Physiological, Biochemical and Mol-ecular aspects of stress tolerance in mulberry (Trichy), pp: 54.
Kasiviswanathan, K., Krisnaswami, S. and Venkataramu, C. V. (1977) Studies of varietal cum spacing and nitrogen fertilisation on the leaf yield of mulberry under irrigated conditions in Karnataka state, Indian J. seric. 16: 10-18.
Krishnaswamy, S. (1978) New Techn-ology of Silkworm rearing. CSR and TI, Mysore (India). Bulletin 2: 1-23.
Kundaswamy, D., Radha, N. V and Oblisami, G. (1986) Response of different mulberry varieties to the inoculation of VA-mycorrhizal fungi. Indian. J. Seric. 25(1): 36-39.
Pain, A.K. (1964) Effect of NPK fertilizers and the recombination on the yield and nutritive value of mulberry. Indian J. Seric. 4: 1 - 8.
Rangarajan, M. and Santhanakrishnan, P (1995) Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and biofertilizers increase the fresh leaf yield and nutrient content in Morus alba. pp 189-195. In: Adholeya A,; Singh, S (Eds.). Mycorrhizae: biofertilizers for the future. Proceedings of the Third National Conference on Mycorrhiza, New Delhi; India: 13-15 March 1995.
New Delhi. pp.548 Ravikumar, C. (1988) Western ghats as a bivoltine region-prospects, challen-ge and strategies for its development. Indian Silk. 26: 39-54.
Umakanth, C.G. and Bagyaraj, D.J. (1998) Response of mulberry saplings to inoculation with VA Mycorrhizal Fungi and Azotobacter. Sericologia. 38: 669- 675.
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_970_36b7c2b1185b1fa78056d663acde45e2.pdf
2006-04-01
98
109
Biofertilisers
Mulberry
Macronutrients
Bio
assay
M. F.
Baqual
fbaqual@rediffmail.com
1
University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, P. Box 674, G.P.O., Srinagar,
LEAD_AUTHOR
P. K.
Das
2
Central Sericultural Research and Trainig Institute Mysore, Karnataka,
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Distribution of Freshwater Turtles in Punjab, Pakistan
A total of 3528 specimens of freshwater turtles belonging to two families viz., Geoemydidae (Brown River Turtle, Kachuga smithi; Indian Saw-backed turtle, K. tecta; Brahminy Rrive Turtle, Hardella thurgi; Spotted Pond Turtle, Geoclemys hamiltonii) and Trionychidae (Indian Soft-shell Turtle, Aspederates gangeticus; Peacock Soft-shell Turtle, A.hurum; Narrow-headed Soft-shell Turtle, Chitra indica; Indian Flap-shell Turtle, Lissemys punciata) were identified. Kachuga smithi (43.62%) and K.tecta (42.06%) had abundant population status, whereas, Hardella thurgi (0.88%) and Chitra indica (0.54%) were rare. Capturing of turtles for supply to foreigners and export is a major threat to these animals. Fishermen also kill them during fishing. Canal closure and de-silting is also harmful to turtles. It is concluded that it is necessary to provide immediate legal protection/coverage to all turtle species under the Punjab Wildlife Act, 1974, Pakistan; otherwise turtle species will become extinct.
REFERENCES
Anonymous (2005), Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Genera, Switzerland.
Ernst C.H., Altenburg, R.G.M.and Barbour, R.W. (2005) Turtles of the World. CDcatalogue. ETI Information Services Ltd. Ver. 1.2. Information about, and samples of the catalogue are available on http:// www.eti.uva.nl/Turtles/Turtles.html
Jatkins M.D. (1995) Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles: the trade in Southeast Asia. Traffic International, U.K.
Khan M. S. (1999) Herpetology of Habitat Types of Pakistan. Pak. J. Zool. 31: 275-289
Minton S.A. (1966) A contribution to the herpetology of West Pakistan. Bull. Am. Mus. of Nat. Hist. 134: 49-70
Rubin E.S., Boyee W.M., Jorgenren M.C., Torres S.G., Hayes C.L., “O”Bien. C.S., and Jessup D.A. (1998) Distribution and abundance of Bighorn sheep in the Peninsular Ranges. Calif. Wild. Soc. Bull. 26: 539-51
Stidworthy, J. (1989) Encyclopedia of the animal World: Reptiles and Amphibians, Facts on file Limited Collins Street, Oxford, England, pp. 40-41.
Suwelo, I.S. (2004) The threatened species of Indonesian tortoises, terrapins and turtles. Tiperpaper 28 :11-13.
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_971_b0a1b26983135269cb895d096fd8a62c.pdf
2006-04-01
142
146
Turtle
population
Distribution
Species
Capturing
Rivers
Canals
Protection
and Management
Muhammad
Akbar
drmushtaqulhassan@hotmail.com
1
Punjab Wildlife Research Institute, Gatwala, Faisalabad, Pakistan
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Atmospheric warming induced changes in future rainfall and implications on water and agriculture in India
The projected rainfall change under various scenarios is likely to have both positive and negative implications on agriculture and water supply because in rainfall pattern across the country. Rise in rainfall is seen over all states except Punjab, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu, which show slight decrease in precipitation in the future scenarios. Marked increase in covering the Western Ghats and northwestern peninsular India including Maharastra and the adjoining parts of Andrapradesh, Madhyapradesh and Karnataka. The annual maximum peak in the sub basin of Mahanadi has exceeded from the present level of about 20000 cumecs under control scenario to a maximum level of 37000 cumecs under Green House Gas (GHG) scenario, such an increase in flood peak may be detrimental to a large number of existing structures on these drainage system. The number of drought weeks has considerably increased during GHG scenario barring about five sub basins out of the 21-sub basins of Krishna.
REFERENCES
Alcamo, J., Doll, P., Kaspar, F., Siebert, S. (1997) Global change and global scenario of water use and applicability: An application of water GAP 1.0. model, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany.
Allen, M.R., Ingram, W.J. (2002) Constraints of future change of climate and the hydrological cycle. Nature 418: 224-232.
Arnell, N.W., Liu, C., Compacnucci, R., da Cunha, L., Hanaki, K., Howe, C., Mailu, G., Shiklomanov, I., Stakhiv, E. (2001) Hydrology and Water resources. In: McCarthy, J.J., Canziani, O.F., Leary N.A., Dokken, D. J., White, K.S. (Eds.).
Arnold, J. G., Williams, J.R., Nics, A. and Sammons, N. B. (1990) SWRRB- A basin scale simulation Model for Soil and Water Management, Internal Report. Texas A&M Press, College Station, 255 p.
CGWB (1995) Ground Water Resources of India (CGWB). Central Groundwater Board, New Delhi. Datta, P.S. (2006) Ground water ethics for its sustainability. Curr. Sci. 89: 812- 817.
Gosain, A.K., Sandhya Rao and Debajit Basuray. (2003) Assessment of vulnerability and adaptation for water sector. Proceedings of the workshop on vulnerability assess-ment and adaptation due to climate change on Indian water resources, coastal zones and human health. Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi, 17-24.
Hansen, J. and Sato, M. (2004) Greenhouse gas growth rates. Proc. Natl Aca. Sci. 101(46): 16109-16114.
Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, M., Noguer, P.J, Van der Linden, Dai, X., Maskell, K. and Johnson, C.A. (2001) Climate Change: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Third Assessment Report on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, pp. 881.
Huntington, T. G. (2006). Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis. J. Hydrol. 319: 83- 95.
IPCC Climate Change (2001) Impacts, Adaptation &Vulnerability, The Third Assessment Report of Working Group 11 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 1000. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 133-191.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2001) Climate Change, The science of climate of change, Assessment report of IPCC working group 1 (eds.) Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, M., Noguer, P.J, van der linden, Dai, X., Maskell, K. and Johnson, C.A. and WMP/UNEP), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Kumar, R., Singh, R.D and Sharma, K.D. (2005). Water resources of India. Curr. Sci 89(5): 794-811.
Mall, R. K., Akhilesh Gupta, Ranjeet Singh, Singh, R. S. and Rathore L. S. (2006) Water resources and climate change: An Indian perspective. Curr. Sci., 90: 1610-1625.
Mooley, D.A., Parthasarathy, B., Sontakke, N.A and Munot, A.A. (1981). Annual rain-water over India, its variability and impact on the economy. J. Climatology 1:167-186.
Murugan, M, Miniraj, N., Josephrajkumar , A., Pradeep, K.P and Yusuf, L. (2003) Analysis and forecast of winter monsoon by pre Vedic and simulation model in Tamil Nadu. J. Asian Agri History 7(3): 219-231.
Murugan, M., Josephrajkumar, A., Sainamolekurian, P., Ambikadevi, D., Vasanthkumar, K. and Shetty, P.K. (2006). Critiques on the critical issues of cardamom cultivation in Cardomom hill reserves, Kerala, India. Indian Journal of Arecanut, Spices & Medicinal Plants. (In press).
Murugan, Shetty and Hiremath 141 Integrated Water Resources Management. (1999). A plan for action, Repot of the National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development, Ministry of Water Resources (MWRI), New Delhi.
National Centre for Integrated Water Development. (1999) Repot submitted for the Ministry of Water Resources, New Delhi.
Ramesh, R., Yadava, M.G. (2005) Climate and water resources in India. Curr. Sci 89(5): 818-824.
Ravindranath, N. H., Joshi, N. V., Sukumar, R. and Saxena, A. (2006) Impact of climate change on forest in India. Curr. Sci 90: 354-361.
Raju, K.C.B. (2006) An overview of the water resources and how important is the ground water resource for the development of the country and the role of geoscientist in making it a sustainable resource. Journal of Geological Society of India 67: 407-413.
Rupa Kumar, K., Sahai, A.K., Krishnakumar, K., Patwardhan, S.K., Mishra, P. K., Revadekar, J. V., Kamala, K. and Pant, G.B. (2006) High-resolution climate change scenarios for India for the 21st century. Curr. Sci. 90: 334-345.
UN (1998) Annual population (1950-2050), The 1998 Revision, United Nations, New York.
Vorosmarty, C.J., Sahagian, D. (2000). Anthropogenic disturbance of the terrestrial water cycle. Bioscience 50: 753-765.
Wetherald, R.T., Manabe, S. (2002). Simulation of hydrologic changes associated with global warming (DOI). Journal of Geophysical. Research 107: 4379-4393.
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_972_189be503c1107d0fa7999f317eb410db.pdf
2006-04-01
132
141
Climate Change
India
Rainfall
Water
Murugan,
M.
muthupeyan@yahoo.co.in
1
School of natural sciences and engineering, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bangalore-560012, India.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Organotin Compounds and the Environment
Organotin compound that have at least one Sn-C bond have wide commercial applications as PVC stabilizer, antifouling agent in paint and as agrochemicals. The general formula for organotin compounds is R4SnX4 - n where R is normally alkyl or aryl groups and X=Cl-, OH-, CH3COO- . If n=3, the compound has the highest toxicity, for example Et3SnOAC has LD 50 4mg/Kg ( rats ) and this is the most toxic compound. Organotin compounds affect natural killer (NK) on lymphocytes in human. It is known NK lymphocyte is the primary immune defense mechanism against tumor and virtually infected the cell in human bodies. Organotin compounds pollute water and soil that can be transferred to human body through seafood. Despite the ongoing legislative restrictions for the use of Organotin compounds in Western Countries, environmental pollution of these compounds is still a big problem. Therefore the investigation on the analysis and the degradation of these compounds in water and sediments is important. In this paper, we present the challenges in the analysis and the degradation of Organotin compounds.
REFERENCES Arnell, N.W., Liu, C., Compacnucci, R., da Cunha, L., Hanaki, K., Howe, C., Mailu, G., Shiklomanov, I., Stakhiv, E. (2001) Hydrology and Water resources. In: McCarthy, J.J., Canziani, O.F., Leary N.A., Dokken, D. J., White, K.S. (Eds.).Arnold, J. G., Williams, J.R., Nics, A. and Sammons, N. B. (1990) SWRRB- A basin scale simulation Model for Soil and Water Management, Internal Report. Texas A&M Press, College Station, 255 p.CGWB (1995) Ground Water Resources of India (CGWB). Central Groundwater Board, New Delhi. Datta, P.S. (2006) Ground water ethics for its sustainability. Curr. Sci. 89: 812- 817.Gosain, A.K., Sandhya Rao and Debajit Basuray. (2003) Assessment of vulnerability and adaptation for water sector. Proceedings of the workshop on vulnerability assess-ment and adaptation due to climate change on Indian water resources, coastal zones and human health. Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi, 17-24.Hansen, J. and Sato, M. (2004) Greenhouse gas growth rates. Proc. Natl Aca. Sci. 101(46): 16109-16114.Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, M., Noguer, P.J, Van der Linden, Dai, X., Maskell, K. and Johnson, C.A. (2001) Climate Change: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Third Assessment Report on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, pp. 881.Huntington, T. G. (2006). Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis. J. Hydrol. 319: 83- 95.IPCC Climate Change (2001) Impacts, Adaptation &Vulnerability, The Third Assessment Report of Working Group 11 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 1000. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 133-191.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2001) Climate Change, The science of climate of change, Assessment report of IPCC working group 1 (eds.) Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, M., Noguer, P.J, van der linden, Dai, X., Maskell, K. and Johnson, C.A. and WMP/UNEP), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Kumar, R., Singh, R.D and Sharma, K.D. (2005). Water resources of India. Curr. Sci 89(5): 794-811.Mall, R. K., Akhilesh Gupta, Ranjeet Singh, Singh, R. S. and Rathore L. S. (2006) Water resources and climate change: An Indian perspective. Curr. Sci., 90: 1610-1625.Mooley, D.A., Parthasarathy, B., Sontakke, N.A and Munot, A.A. (1981). Annual rain-water over India, its variability and impact on the economy. J. Climatology 1:167-186.Murugan, M, Miniraj, N., Josephrajkumar , A., Pradeep, K.P and Yusuf, L. (2003) Analysis and forecast of winter monsoon by pre Vedic and simulation model in Tamil Nadu. J. Asian Agri History 7(3): 219-231.Murugan, M., Josephrajkumar, A., Sainamolekurian, P., Ambikadevi, D., Vasanthkumar, K. and Shetty, P.K. (2006). Critiques on the critical issues of cardamom cultivation in Cardomom hill reserves, Kerala, India. Indian Journal of Arecanut, Spices & Medicinal Plants. (In press). Murugan, Shetty and Hiremath 141 Integrated Water Resources Management. (1999). A plan for action, Repot of the National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development, Ministry of Water Resources (MWRI), New Delhi.National Centre for Integrated Water Development. (1999) Repot submitted for the Ministry of Water Resources, New Delhi.Ramesh, R., Yadava, M.G. (2005) Climate and water resources in India. Curr. Sci 89(5): 818-824.Ravindranath, N. H., Joshi, N. V., Sukumar, R. and Saxena, A. (2006) Impact of climate change on forest in India. Curr. Sci 90: 354-361.Raju, K.C.B. (2006) An overview of the water resources and how important is the ground water resource for the development of the country and the role of geoscientist in making it a sustainable resource. Journal of Geological Society of India 67: 407-413.Rupa Kumar, K., Sahai, A.K., Krishnakumar, K., Patwardhan, S.K., Mishra, P. K., Revadekar, J. V., Kamala, K. and Pant, G.B. (2006) High-resolution climate change scenarios for India for the 21st century. Curr. Sci. 90: 334-345. UN (1998) Annual population (1950-2050), The 1998 Revision, United Nations, New York.Vorosmarty, C.J., Sahagian, D. (2000). Anthropogenic disturbance of the terrestrial water cycle. Bioscience 50: 753-765.
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_973_1cc32bf8825152045c6d163840645231.pdf
2006-04-01
148
152
Antifouling
Fentin
Organotins
Pollutants
M.
Misran
1
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur,
AUTHOR
M. R. Reisi
Reisi
chemreza2002@yahoo.com
2
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
LEAD_AUTHOR
C. H. Chuah
Chuah
2002@yahoo.com
3
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur,
AUTHOR