@article { author = {Fadaei, F. and Fallah, A. and Latifi, H and Mohammadi, K.}, title = {Determining the best form factor formula for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations at the age of 18, in Guilan- northern Iran}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {19-24}, year = {2008}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {In order to determine the best form factor formula for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in Talesh (Western Guilan province-Iran), a number of 110 trees were selected based on their distribution in diameter classes, from 12 to 34 cm (in a two- cm diameter interval). First, several quantitative factors including diameter at breast height, diameter at 0.65 m of height, and diameter at stump were measured using a diameter tape, just before the trees being felled. After cutting the trees, the heights and diameter from breast height up to the height where diameter is 5 cm was measured using a diameter tape in a two meter interval. Finally, diameter at 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 meter of the total height was measured respectively. As a consequent, each tree's volume was precisely calculated as the real volume. Next, the real form factor was calculated and its average was statistically compared to the averages of Natural , Artificial , and Hohenadl?s form factors using pair sample T-test. Results showed that there is no significant difference between the averages of real and Hohenadl?s form factors (at = 0.01 level). Furthermore, the averages of real and artificial form factors were not significantly different. Hence, both artificial and Hohenadl?s form factors are capable to replace the real form factor of Loblolly Pine over the study area.   REFERENCES Assman, E. (1970) The Principles of forest yield study. Pergmon Press, Oxford (Translated by S. H. Gardiner), 457 p. Bonyad, A., Rahimnejad, S. (2004) Volume table estimation of loblolly pine in the north of Iran. Pajouhesh-va-sazandegi, 66, 43-47 (In Persian).  Bonyad, A., Rostami shahraji, T. (2005) Study on Slash pine (Pinus elliottii) as a short rotation forestry in the North of Iran. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1, 55-58. Bruchwald, A. and Grochowski, J. (1977) Tree Form Factor f1/2 of Scots Pine Stands as a Measure of Stand Taper and as a Basis for Testing the Accuracy of Huber’s Method. SYLWAN. 121, 1-9. Fadaei, F. (2005) Investigating Loblolly Pine Growth in Guilan Plantations Using Stem Analysis (A Case Study of Pilambara Talesh). MSc. Dissertation, University of Mazandaran, Faculty of Natural Resources,  96 p. (In Persian). Girard, J.W. (1933) Volume Tables of Mississippi Bohomland Hardwoods and Southern Pine. Journal of Forestry. 31, 34-41. Heger, L. (1965) A Trial of Hohenadl’s Method of Stem Form and Stem Volume Esimation. Forest Chronology. 41, 466- 475. Hohenadl, W. (1936) Die Bestandesmessung. Forstwiss. Centraldl. 58, 51-61. Mahinpour, M. (2002) Quantitative Investigation and Volume Estimation of Eliotty Pine in Lakan- Guilan. MSc. Dissertation, University of Guilan, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sowmehsara, Iran, 83 p. (In Persian). Philip, M. (1994) Mensuring Trees and Forest. CAB International, p. 310. Rahimnejad, S. (2002) Quantitative Investigation and Volume Estimation of Loblolly Pine in Lakan- Guilan. MSc. Dissertation, University of Guilan, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sowmehsara, Iran,  83 p. (In Persian). Zar, J.H. (1998) Bio statistical Analysis. Prentice Hall Press, NJ, USA, 929 p. Zobeiri, M. (2000) Forest Inventory. University of Tehran Press, Tehran, Iran, p. 401 p. (In Persian). Zobeiri, M. (2002) Forest Biometry. University of Tehran Press, Tehran, Iran, 411 p. (In Persian). Zobeiri, M. and Najjaran, Gh. (1984) Investigation of Beech Form factor in Veisar Forests- Nowshahr. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 38, 33-37 (In Persian).}, keywords = {form factors,Loblolly Pine Plantations,T,test,Guilan}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_995.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_995_6660563b05c441374eef0e6a6a96f4a1.pdf} } @article { author = {Montazeri, M. and Mojaradi, M.}, title = {The effect of nutrition on conidiation and conidial germination of Fusarium anthophilum obtained from barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli)}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {25-30}, year = {2008}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {An isolated Fusarium anthophilum (A. Braun) Wollenweber (isolate 16C) has been considered as a candidate for microbial control of barnyard grass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv]. The effects of nutrition on conidiation, germination rate and germ-tube elongation of conidia of the fungus were evaluated. Conidia yield, conidial germination and conidial germ-tube elongation of the fungus grown in a liquid medium with a C: N ratio of 5:1 was significantly more than that in the same medium with C: N ratio of 15:1 or 40:1. Glycerol at 1, 2 or 5% (v/v) in the medium with a C: N ratio of 5:1, significantly enhanced conidiation of the fungus. The highest conidia production was obtained in the medium contained 5% glycerol. Glycerol did not enhance germination and germ-tube elongation. Harvested conidia in 0.2, 0.5, 1 or 2% Tween 40 resulted in higher germination and germ-tube elongation than those harvested in distilled water, when they were placed on top water agar for 8 h at 20 oC. The effect of Tween 40, particularly at 0.5% (v/v) was more pronounced after 9 and 35 days desiccation period at 20 oC and 15% RH.   REFERENCES  Abbas, H.K. and Egley, G.H. (1996) Influence of unrefined corn oil and surface-active agents on the germination and infectivity of Alternaria helianthi. Biocont. Sci. and Technol. 6, 531-538. Alan, K.W. (1991) The classical approach with plant pathogens. In: Microbial Control of Weeds (ed. D.O. TeBeest,) Chapman and Hall, London. pp. 3-23. Baily, B.A, O’Neill, N.R. and Anderson, J D. (2004) Influence of adjuvants on disease development by Pleospora papaveracea on opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Weed Sci. 52, 424-432. Boyette, C.D., Quimby, P.C. Jr, Caesar, A.J., Birdsall, J.L., Connick, W.J.Jr, Daigle, D.J., Jackson, M.A., Egley, G.H. and Abbas, H.K. (1996) Adjuvants, formulations, and spraying systems for improvement of mycoherbicides. Weed Technol. 10, 637-644. Boyette, C.D. and Walker, H.L. (1985) Evaluation of Fusarium lateritium as a biological herbicide for controlling velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and prickly sida (Sida spinosa). Weed Sci. 34, 106-109. Charudattan, R. (1991) The mycoherbicide approach with plant pathogens. In Microbial Control of Weeds (ed. D.O. TeBeest,), Chapman Hall, New York. pp. 24-57. Daigle, D.J. and Cotty, P.J. (1991) Factors that influence germination and mycoherbicidal activity of Alternaria cassiae. Weed Technol. 5, 82-86. Daniel, J.T., Templeton, G.E., Smith, R. J. Jr and Fox, W.T. (1973) Biological control of northern joinvetch in rice with an endemic fungal disease. Weed Sci. 21, 303-307. Green, S., Stewart-Wade, S.M., Boland, G.J., Teshler, M.P. and Liu, S.H. (1997) Formulating microorganisms for biological control of weeds, in Plant-Microbe Interactions and Biological Control (Eds. Boland, G. J., and Kuykendall, L. D.,) Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. pp. 249- 281. Imaizumi, S., Nishino, T., Miyabe, K., Fujimori, T. and Yamada, M. (1997) Biological control of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) with a Japanese isolate of Xanthomonas campestris pv poa (JT-P482). Biol. Contr. 8, 7- 14. Jackson, M.A. and Bothast, R.J. (1990) Carbon concentration and carbon to nitrogen ratio influence submerged culture conidiation by the potential bioherbicides Colletotrichum truncatum NRRL 13737.Appl. Env. Microbiol. 56, 3435-3438. Jackson, M.A. and Schisler, D.A. (1992) The composition and attributes of Colletotrichum truncatum spores are altered by the nutritional environment. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 58, 2260-2265. Johnson, D.R., Wyse, D.L. & Jones, K.J. (1996) Controlling weeds with phytopathogenic bacteria. Weed Technol. 10, 621-624. Klein, T.A. and Auld, B.A. (1995) Evaluation of Tween 20 and glycerol as additive to mycoherbicide suspensions applied to Bathurst burr. Plant Protec. 10,14-16. McWhorter, C.G., Fulgham, F.E. and Barrentine, W.L. (1988) An air-assist spray nozzle for applying herbicides in ultra low volume. Weed Sci. 36, 118-121. Mojaradi, M., Montazeri, M. and Rahimian, H. (2006) Study on the biological charectristics of Fusarium anthophilum isolated from barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli). In Proceedings of the first Iranian Weed Science congress, 25-26 January 2006, Plant Pest & Disease Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. pp. 625-628. Montazeri, M. and Greaves, M.P. (2002 a) Effects of nutrition on desiccation tolerance and virulence of Colletotrichum truncatum and Alternaria alternata conidia. Biocontr. Sci. & Technol. 12, 173-181. Montazeri, M. and Greaves, M.P. (2002 b) Effects of culture age, washing and storage conditions on desiccation tolerance of Colletotrichum truncatum conidia. Biocontr. Sci. & Technol. 12, 95-105. Scheepens, P.C. (1987) Join action of Cochliobolus lunatus and atrazine on Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Weed Res. 27, 43-47. Schisler, D.A., Jackson, M.A. and Bothast, R.J. (1991) Influence of nutrition during conidiation of Colletotrichum truncatum on conidial germination and efficacy in inciting disease in Sesbania exaltata. Phytopathol. 81, 458-461. Schroeder, D., Muller-Schaerer, H. and Stinson, C.S. (1993) A European weed survey in 10 major crop systems to identify targets for biological control. Weed Res. 33, 449-458. TeBeest, D.O., Yang, X.B. and Cisar, C.R. (1992) The status of biological control of weeds with fungal pathogens. Ann. Rev. Phytopath. 30, 637-657. Thomas, H., Sauerborn, J., Muller-Stover, D., Ziegler, A., Bedi, J.S. and Kroschel, J. (1998) The potential of Fusarium oxysparum f.sp. orthoceras as a biological control agent for Orobanche cumana in sunflower. Biologic. Contr. 13, 41-48. Tsukamoto, H., Gohbara, M., Tsuda, M. and Fujimori, T. (1997) Evaluation of fungal pathogens as biological control agents for the paddy weed, Echinochloa species by drop inoculation. Ann. Phytopath. Soc. of Japan 63, 366-372. Zhang, W. and Watson, A. K. (2000) Isolation and Partial characteristics of phytotoxins produced by Exserohilum monoceras, a potential bioherbicide for control of Echinochloa species. In Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (ed., N.R Spencer,). pp. 4-14 July (1999) Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA. pp. 125-130.}, keywords = {: Microbial control,Fusarium anthophilum,Echinochloa crus,galli,Glycerol,Nutritional regimes,Tween 40,C:N ratio}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_996.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_996_535811477ab29f446faead58bdc5e128.pdf} } @article { author = {Sadeghi, H.}, title = {Abundance of adult hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) on different flowering plants}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {47-51}, year = {2008}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Encouraging natural enemies by growing attractive plants is considered an effective method of pest control in organic farming. However, it is important to identify which flowers best attract beneficial insects. In this study, relative attractiveness of 16 species of flowering plants to adult hoverflies was assessed by conducting timed observations of feeding-visit frequencies. The experiments were conducted at two sites, at FUM Research Farm and FUM Campus in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. At both sites, there were significant differences between the mean numbers of feeding-visits to selected flowers by hoverflies. At the Research Farm Fennel, Chamomile, Hypericum, Yarrow, Lavender and Bishop's weed had higher visit rates than Marigold, Spider ivy, Sage, Dill and Dwarf Lark Spur. At this site, Fennel followed by Hypericum and Yarrow attracted more hoverflies than other flowers throughout the season. Lavender and Bishop?s weed that were less attractive on early sampling dates received more hoverflies toward the end of the season. At the FUM Campus, Petunia, Chamomile and Cosmos were the most attractive flowers, whereas Ageratum, Yarrow and Coreopsis were of intermediate visit status and Pot marigold was relatively under visited. On the whole, Cosmos, Petunia and Chamomile were visited more frequently than other floral sources, but their attractiveness were not constant throughout the season. On the first two sampling dates, Chamomile was the most preferred flower, but on the last two dates of sampling Cosmos was highly attractive to hoverflies. The hoverflies found in the study sites were: Sphaerophoria scripta (L.), Episyrphus balteatus (DeGeer), Eupeodes corollae (Fab.), Syrphus ribesii (L.), Eupeodes nuba (Wied.), Syrphus vitripennis (Meigen), Paragus bicolor (Fabr.), Sphaerophoria ruppellii (Wied.), Paragus tibialis (Fallen), Eristalis spp., Syritta pipiens. Sphaerophoria scripta, Episyrphus balteatus and Eupeodes corollae , which were the most abundant aphidophagous species.   REFERENCES  Ambrosino, M.D., Luna, J.M., Jepson, P.C. & Wratten, S.D. (2006) Relative frequencies of visits to selected insectary Plants by Predatory Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae), Other Beneficial Insects and Herbivors. J. Environ. Entomol. 35(2), 394-400. Chambers, R.J., Sunderland, K.D., Stacey, D.L. & Wyatt, I.J. (1985) Control of Cereal aphids in winter wheat by natural enemies: aphid-specific predators, parasitoids and pathogenic fungi. Annals of Applied Biology, 108, 219-231. Chambers, R.J. & Adams, T.H.L. (1986) Quantification of the impact of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) on cereal aphids in winter wheat: an analysis of field populations. Journal of Applied Ecology, 23, 895-904. Colley, M.R. & Luna, J.M. (2000) The relative attractiveness of potential beneficial insectary plants to aphidophagous hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae). Environ. Entomol. 29, 1054-1059. Gilbert, F.S. (1993) Hover flies. Naturalist’s Handbook No.5. Richmond Pub. Sloughs England. Hickman, J. & Wratten, S.D. (1996) Use of Phacelia tanacetifolia strips to enhance biological control of aphids by hoverfly larvae in cereal fields. J. Econ. Entomol. 89, 832-840. Jervis, M.A., Kidd, N.A.C., Fitton, M.G., Huddleston, T. & Dawah, H.A. (1993) Flower visiting by hymenopteran parasitoids. J. Nat. Hist. 27, 67-106. Kloen, H. & Altieri, M. (1990) Effect of mustard (Brassica hirta) as a non- Crop plant on competition and insect pests in broccoli. Crop Protection, 9, 90-96. Landis, D.A., Wratten, S.D., Gurr, G.M. (2000) Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 45, 175-201. Luna, J. Colley, M.R. (2000) Enhancement of biological control with beneficial insectary plantings. Organic Farming Foundation Project Report No. 98-27, 15 p. Lovei, G.L., Hodgeson, D.J., Macloed, A. & Wratten, S.D. (1993) Attractiveness of some novel crops for flower-visiting hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae0: comparisons from two continents. pp. 368-370. In: S. Corey (ed.) Pest control and sustainable agriculture. CSIRO,Canberra, Australia. Marshall E.J. P., Brown, V.K. Boatman, N.D, Lutman, P.J.W., Square, G.R.& Ward, L.K. (2003) The role of weeds in supporting biological diversity within crop fields. European Weed Research Society, Weed Research, 43, 77-89. Sadeghi, H. (2002) Part of Syrphid fauna of Mashhad region and key to the genera. J. of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan University, 9, 119-127 (In Persian). Sadeghi, H., Husseini, A. and Mohammad Abadi, A.A. 2005. The effect of application of 2-4.D & Benoron methyl herbicides on insects: Aphids and aphidophagous syrphid species . J. of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, Vol. 20(3), 101-109.  Shtakelberg, A.A. (1988). Family Syrphidae. In: G.Ya. Bei-Bienko (ed.). Keys to the Insects of the European part of the USSR. Vol.V (part II). Smithsonian institution Libraries and The National Science Foundation, Washington DC. Stubbs, A.E. & Falk, S.J. (1996) British Hoverflies: an illustrated Identification Guide.British Museum of Natural History, London.  Verkerk, R. (2001) Farmers’ friends. Recognition and conservation of natural enemies of vegetable pests. Biology Department, Imperial College, Journal of Science, Technology and Medicine, London. White, A.J., Wratten, S.D., Berry, N. A. & Weigmann, U. (1995) Habitat manipulation to enhance biological control of brassica pests by hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae). J. Econ. Entomol., 88, 1171-1176.}, keywords = {Pollen and nectar resources,Enhancing biological control,Flower flies}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_997.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_997_ea5eccf0c2fd2a4fb97302c22583896a.pdf} } @article { author = {Gholami, V. and Azodi, M. and Taghvaye Salimi, E.}, title = {Modeling of karst and alluvial springs discharge in the central Alborz highlands and on the Caspian southern coasts}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {41-45}, year = {2008}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Springs are the important water resources, which thier study is necessary in terms of their management and exploitation. In northern Iran, the karst springs locate in the central Alborz highlands and alluvial springs on the Caspian southern coasts.The Karst and alluvial springs discharge is variable because of different conditions in terms of aquifer, topography and precipitation .This study has been done to simulate the karst and alluvial springs discharge and to compare their hydrologic conditions. So, 80 karst springs and 82 alluvial springs were investigated in central Alborz and on the Caspian southern coasts. Two models were presented to simulate the karst and alluvial springs discharge using Multivariate Regression analysis (SPSS software).Then, their efficiency was considered. Finally, the models and the results of regression analyses were compared. The results showed that the most important factors of the karst springs discharge are aquifer formation (its porosity) and site elevation, but about the alluvial springs, the hydraulic conductivity of aquifer formation and aquifer depth are the most important factors.   REFERENCES  Alvis, A., Hargrave, R., Francisco, E., Fischer, D. (2005) Aquifer vulnerability of the Inyan Kava Group. Blakhawk QuaDRANGLE, SOUTH Dakota, Western South Dakota Hydrology Conference. Auckenthaler, A., Reichert, P., Huggenberger, P. (2005) Modeling discharge and microorganism transport in a karst aquifer. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 7, 01603.  Brouye`re, S., Carabin, G., Dassargues, A., (2004) Climate change impacts on groundwater reserves: modelled deficits in a chalky aquifer. Geer Basin, Belgium. Hydrogeology Journal. 12 (2), 123– 134. Dimitrov, D., Machkova, M., Damyanov, G. (1997) On the karst spring discharge forecasting by means of stochastic modeling. Karst Waters & Envronmental Impacts (Proceedings of Int. Symp. Antalya, Turkey, 1995, Günay, G. et. Johnson, A.I. (eds.), Balkema, Roterdam, pp. 353-359. Han, X.R., Lu, R.A., Li, Q.S. (1993) Karst Water System: A Study on Big Karst Spring in Shanxi. Geological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese with English abstract). IWRRO (2006) Data and studies of Mzandaran Springs. Water Resources Researches Organization of Iran (TAMAB), Tehran, Iran.  IWRRO (2006) Data and studies of karstic and costal aquifers in Meandering.  Water Resources Researches Organization of Iran (TAMAB) Tehran, Iran. Ma, T., Wang, Y., Guo, Q. (2004) Response of carbonate quifer to climate change in northern China: a case study at the Shentou springs. Journal of Hydrology. 297, 274–284. Prohaska, S., Stevanovic, Z. (1993) The development of the autocross-regression model for karst spring flow simulation. Theor. Appl. Karst., 6, pp. 151-155. Rimmer, A. (2006) Modeling recession curve of karstic springs- parallel or serial reservoirs? Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 8, 01761. William, B.W. (2003) Conceptual models for karstic aquifers. Re-published by permission from: Palmer, A.N., Palmer, M.V., and Sasowsky, I.D. (eds.), Karst Modeling: Special Publication 5, The Karst Waters Institute, Charles Town, West Virginia (USA), 11-16. Worthington, S. R. (1991) Karst hydrogeology of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Ph.D. thesis, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario,  227 p. Yonghong, H., Chyi, T. (2006) A gray system model for studying the response to climatic change: The Liulin karst spring, China. Journal of Hydrology. 328, 668-676.  Zhang, Y.K., Bai, E.W., Libra, R., Rowden, R., Huaibai, L. (1996) Simulation of spring discharge from a limestone aquifer in Iowa. USA, Hydrogeology Journal,  4: 41-54.}, keywords = {Discharge,Karst and alluvial springs,Central Alborz,Caspian coasts}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_998.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_998_874840d11e5805ee0ea59c88d4ef7075.pdf} } @article { author = {Kalteh, A. M.}, title = {Rainfall-runoff modelling using artificial neural networks (ANNs): modelling and understanding}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {53-58}, year = {2008}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {In recent years, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have become one of the most promising tools in order to model complex hydrological processes such as the rainfall-runoff process. In many studies, ANNs have demonstrated superior results compared to alternative methods. ANNs are able to map underlying relationship between input and output data without prior understanding of the process under investigation. However, they have been known as black-box models due to their problem in providing insight into the relationship learned. In this study, firstly we develop a rainfall-runoff model using an ANN approach, and secondly we describe different approaches including Neural Interpretation Diagram, Garson?s algorithm, and randomization approach to understand the relationship learned by the ANN model. The results indicate that ANNs are promising tools not only in accurate modelling of complex processes but also in providing insight from the learned relationship, which would assist the modeller in understanding of the process under investigation as well as in evaluation of the model.   REFERENCES ASCE Task Committee on Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Hydrology (2000a) Artificial neural networks in hydrology. I: preliminary concepts. J. Hydrol. Eng. ASCE, 5, 115-123. ASCE Task Committee on Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Hydrology (2000b) Artificial neural networks in hydrology. II: hydrologic applications. J. Hydrol. Eng. ASCE, 5, 124-137. Dawson, C.W. & Wilby, R.L. (1998) An artificial neural network approach to rainfall-runoff modeling. Hydrol. Sci. J. 43, 47-65. Dawson, C.W. & Wilby, R.L. (2001) Hydrological modelling using artificial neural networks. Prog. Phys. Geog. 25, 80-108. Garson, G.D. (1991) Interpreting neuralnetwork connection weights. Artificial Intell. Expert. 6, 47-51. Giustolisi, O. & Laucelli, D. (2005) Improving generalization of artificial neural networks in rainfall-runoff modelling. Hydrol. Sci. J. 50, 439-457. Hsu, K.L., Gupta, H.V. & Sorooshian, S. (1995) Artificial neural network modeling of the rainfall-runoff process. Wat. Resour. Res. 31, 2517-2530. Jain, A. & Srinivasulu, S. (2006) Integrated approach to model decomposed flow hydrograph using artificial neural network and conceptual techniques. J. Hydrol. 317, 291-306. Kingston, G.B. Maier, H.R. & Lambert, M.F. (2003) Understanding the mechanisms modelled by artificial neural networks for hydrological prediction. MODSIM 2003 congress, Townsville, Australia, July 14-17, Vol. 2, 825-830. Lorrai, M. & Sechi, G.M. (1995) Neural nets for modelling rainfall-runoff transformations. Wat. Res. Manage. 9, 299-313. Maier, H.R. & Dandy, G.C. (2000) Neural networks for the prediction and forecasting of water resources variables: a review of modelling issues and applications. Environ. Modelling Software 15, 101- 124. Minns, A.W. & Hall, M.J. (1996) Artificial neural networks as rainfall runoff models. Hydrol. Sci. J. 41(3), 399-417. Olden, J.D. & Jackson, D.A. (2002) Illuminating the “black box”: a randomization approach for understanding variable contributions in artificial neural networks. Ecol. Modelling. 154, 135-150. Özesmi, S.L. & Özesmi, U. (1999) An artificial neural network approach to spatial habitat modelling with interspecific interaction. Ecol. Modelling. 116, 15-31. Rajurkar, M.P., Kothyari, U.C. & Chaube, U.C. (2002) Artificial neural networks for daily rainfall-runoff modelling. Hydrol. Sci. J. 47, 865-877. Tokar, A.S. & Johnson, P.A. (1999) Rainfallrunoff modeling using artificial neural networks. J. Hydrol. Eng. ASCE. 4, 232- 239. Wilby, R.L., Abrahart, R.J. & Dawson, C.W. (2003) Detection of conceptual model rainfall-runoff processes inside an artificial neural network. Hydrol. Sci. J. 48, 163- 181}, keywords = {Rainfall-runoff modelling,Artificial neural networks (ANNs)}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_999.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_999_061e0a679a2adc08592df118877623fa.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohammadi Limaei, S. and Lohmander, P.}, title = {A game theory approach to the Iranian forest industry raw material market}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {59-71}, year = {2008}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Dynamic game theory is applied to analyze the timber market in northern Iran as a duopsony. The Nash equilibrium and the dynamic properties of the system based on marginal adjustments are determined. When timber is sold, the different mills use mixed strategies to give sealed bids. It is found that the decision probability combination of the different mills follow a special form of attractor and that centers should be expected to appear in unconstrained games. Since the probabilities of different strategies are always found in the interval [0,1], the boundaries of the feasible set are sometimes binding constraints. Then, the attractor becomes a constrained probability orbit. In the studied game, the probability that the Nash equilibrium will be reached is almost zero. The dynamic properties of timber prices derived via the duopsony game model are also found in the real empirical price series from the north of Iran.   REFERENCES Aumann, R.J. & Hart, S. (1992) Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications. Amsterdam, North-Holland 1, 733 p. Aumann, R.J. & Hart, S. (1994) Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications. Amsterdam, North-Holland 2, 786 p. Aumann, R.J. & Hart, S. (2002) Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications. Amsterdam, North-Holland 3, 832 p. Bellman, R. (1953) On a new iterative algorithm for finding the solutions of games and linear programming problems. Research Memorandum, The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, 473p. Brown, G.W. & von Neumann, J. (1950) Solution of a game by differential equations. (Eds. H.W. Kuhn & A.W. Tucker). Contributions to the theory of games. Princeton University Press, Annals of Mathematics Studies, 24, 73–79. Carter, D.R. & Newman, D.H. (1998) The impact of reserve prices in sealed bid federal timber sale auctions. Forest Science, 44, 485-495. Cournot, A.A. (1838) Recherches sur les principes mathe matiques de la theorie des Richesses. M. Riviere and Cie. Paris. Researches into the mathematical principles of wealth (English translation), A. M. Kelly, New York. 1960. Dresher, M. (1961) Games of strategy, theory and applications. Prentice-Hall. Flåm, S.D. (1990) Solving non-cooperative game by continuous subgradient projection methods. (Eds. H.J. Sebastian & K. Tammer) System Modelling and Optimization. Lecture notes in control and information sciences. 143, 123-155. Flåm, S.D. (1996) Approaches to economic equilibrium. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control. 20, 1505-1522. Flåm, S.D. (1999) Learning equilibrium play: A myopic approach. Computational Optimization and Applications. 14, 87-102. Flåm, S.D. (2002) Convexity, differential equations and games. Journal of Convex Analysis. 9, 429-438. Flåm, S.D. & Zaccour, G. (1991) Stochastic games, event-adapted equilibria and their Computation. University of Bergen, Department of Economics, Norway. Report 91. Isaacs, R. (1965) Differential games, A mathematical theory with applications to warfare and pursuit, control and optimization. Wiley. 408 p. Kalai, E. & M. Smorodinsky. (1975) Other Solutions to Nash's Bargaining Problem. Econometrica. 43, 513-518. Mohammadi Limaei & Lohmander 71 Koskela, E. & Ollikainen, M. (1998) A gametheoretic model of timber prices with capital stock: an empirical application to the Finnish pulp and paper industry. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 28, 1481-1493. Lohmander, P. (1994) Expansion dynamics and noncooperative decisions in stochastic markets: Theory and pulp industry application. (Eds. F. Helles & M. Linddal). Scandinavian Forest Economics, Proceedings from the Scandinavian Society of Forest Economics, Denmark, pp. 141-152. Lohmander, P. (1997) The constrained probability orbit of mixed strategy games with marginal adjustment: General theory and timber market application. System Analysis - Modelling – Simulation, 29, 27-55. Luce, R.D. & H. Raffia. (1957) Games and decisions, introduction and critical survey. Wiley. 509pp. Nash, J.F. (19500 The bargaining problem, Econometrica, 18, 155-62 Neumann, J. & Morgenstern O. (1944) The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. 2nd edition. Princeton University Press, 704 p. Rasmusen, E. (1990) Games and information, an introduction to game theory. Basil Blackwell, 448 p. Robinson, J. (1951) An iterative method of solving a game. Annals of mathematics. 54, 296-301. Schelling, T. (1960) Strategy of conflict. Harvard University Press,  309 p. Selten, R. (1975) Reexamination of the perfectness concept for equilibrium points in extensive games. International Journal of Game Theory. 4, 25-55. Von Neumann, J. (1954) A numerical method to determine optimum strategy. Naval Research Logistic Quarterly 1. Von Neumann, J. & Morgenstern O. (1944) Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton, 704 p. Von Stackelberg, H. (1934) Marketform und gleichgewicht. Wien, Von Stackelberg, H. (1938) Probleme der unvollkommenen konkurens. Weltwirtschaftlisches Arkiv. 48, 95-114.}, keywords = {Iranian forest industry,Game Theory,Nash equilibrium,Constrained probability orbit}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1000.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1000_c1f9173866b94a76ce44ce76d622e492.pdf} } @article { author = {Sharif Khan, M.}, title = {Review of the morphology, ecology, and distribution of geckos of the genus Cyrtopodion, with a note on generic placement of Cyrtopodion brachykolon Krysko et. al., 2007}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {79-86}, year = {2008}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {The genus Cyrtopodion is the most widely distributed of the four gekkonid genera of the angular-toed geckos that inhabit Pakistan and the contiguous Palearctic Region (Szczerbak & Golubev 1996), from the Indus Valley to the eastern borders of the Caspian Sea. Longitudinal rows of trihedral tubercles characteristically line the dorsum of these angular-toed geckos. They primarily inhabit arid badland strips with sparse vegetation, and secondarily extend into rocks and man-made structures. The generic affinities of recently described; sub-Himalayan gecko Cyrtopodion brachykolon Krysko et.al., 2007 from northern Pakistan, are commented upon.   REFERENCES  Anderson, S.C. (1999) the lizards of Iran. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, USA. Annandale, N. (1913) The geckoes of the genus Gymnodactylus. Records of the Indian Museum. 9, 309-362. Blanford, W.T. (1874) Descriptions of new lizards from Persia and Baluchistan. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 4. 13, 453-455. Boulenger, G.A. (1890) Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. London. Constable, J.D. (1949) Reptiles from Indian Peninsula in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 103, 59- 160. Khan, M.S. (1987) Checklist, distribution and zoogeographical affinities of herpetofauna of Balochistan. Proceedings of Pakistan Zoological Congress. 7, 105-112. Khan, M.S (1988) A new cyrtodactylid gecko from northwestern Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Herpetology. 22, 241-243. Khan, M.S (1989) Rediscovery and redescription of the highland ground gecko, Tenuidactylus montiumsalsorum (Annandale, l913). Herpetologica. 45, 46-54. Khan, M.S (1991) A new Tenuidactylus gecko from the Sulaiman Range, Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Herpetology. 25, 199-204. Khan, M.S (1993) A new sandstone gecko from Fort Munro, Dera Ghazi Khan District, Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 25, 217-221. Khan, M.S (1997) Validity, generic designation, and taxonomy of western rock gecko Gymnodactylus ingoldbyi Proctor, 1923. Russian Journal of Herpetolology. 4, 83-88. Khan, M.S (2003a) Notes on circum Indus geckos of genus Cyrtopodion Squamata: Gekkonidae). Gekkota. 4, 43-59. Khan, M.S. (2003b) Questions of generic designation of angular-toed geckos of Pakistan with descriptions of three new genera (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Journal of Natural History and Wildlife, Karachi,  2, 1-9. Khan, M.S. (2006) Amphibians and Reptiles of Pakistan. Krieger Publishing Company, ll 86 Malabar, Florida. Khan, M. S. and Rösler, H. (1999) Redescription and generic reallocation of Ladakhian gecko Gymnodactylus stoliczkai Steindachner, (1869) Asiat. Herpetol., Res. 8, 60-68. Mertens, R. (1969) Die Amphibien und Reptilien West-Pakistans. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. 197, 1-96.    }, keywords = {Geckos,Cyrtopodion,Morphology,Ecology,Distribution}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1001.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1001_5353945c8756d6ee77d906ab96947d59.pdf} } @article { author = {Arumugam, M. and Rajanna, M. P. and Gowda, R.}, title = {Seed dormancy and seedling vigour as influenced by planting time environment and date of harvest in rice (Oryza sativa L.)}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {1-9}, year = {2008}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Seed dormancy is a genetically inherited trait whose intensity is modified by the environment during seed development and maturation. In order to study the effect of harvest time on the seed quality and optimum time of sowing to obtain good quality seeds, freshly threshed seeds of ten diverse rice genotypes harvested from six environments were evaluated for seed dormancy and seedling vigour index as a measure of seed quality. There were significant differences in germination in different genotypes in all the six environments as well as days after harvest. The germination percentage was initially low and gradually increased with increasing in days after harvest (0. 15, 30 and 45th day after harvest). Out of these six genotypes viz., IET 8116, KMP 101, IR 30864, KRH-1, IR-64 and MTU 1001 were found dormant, immediately after harvest. The studies indicated that sowing in the first (June 2nd fortnight) and second environment (July 1st fortnight) were resulted in production of non-dormant seeds. Whereas all the six environments were favorable to take up seed production of new promising rice genotype KMP 101.   REFERENCES Abdul Baki, A.A and Anderson, J.D. (1973) Vigour determination in soybean seeds by multiple criteria. Crop Sci. 13, 630-633. Agarwal, P.K. (1981) Genotyic variation in seed dormancy of paddy and simple methods to break it. Seed Res. 9(1), 20-27. Allard, R.W. and Bradshaw, A.D. (1964) Implication of genotype- environment interaction in applied plant breeding. Crop Sci. 4, 503-507. Angrish, R. and Panwar, D.V.S. (1995) Seed dormancy and viability in some rice genotypes. Seed Res. 23(2), 118-120. Arumugam, M. (2002) Stability of rice genotypes over extended dates of sowing during wet season under cauvery command area in Karnataka. MSc. (Agri.) Dissertation submitted to University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India. Biradar, B.B. and Mahadevappa, M. (1993) Dormancy and germination studies in CTH 1 a cold tolerant rice. Seed special. 10, 494-497. CRRI, (1996) Central Rice Research Institute, Souvenir of 1996. CRRI, Cuttack, India. pp. 18-25. Hindu, (2002) The Hindu Survey of Indian Agriculture. pp.5-7. Hussaini, S.H. Ahmed, J. and Dhanraj, A. (1988) Effect of accelerated ageing in germination Vigour and yield of maize. Seed Res. 16, 68-74. ISTA, (1996) International rules for seed testing. Seed and Technol. 24, 335-342. Karuna, M.N and Aswathaiah, B. (1989) Effect of seed Vigour on field performance in beetroot and carrot. Seeds and Farm. 15, 40-47. Naylor, J.M. (1983) Studies on the genetic control of some physiological processes in seeds. Canadian Journal of Botany. 61, 3561- 3567. UAS (2000) Package of Practices for higher yields, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India, pp. 17-43. Padma, V. and Murali mohan reddy, B. (2000) Evaluation of rice genotypes for Arumugam et al. 9 dormancy duration and seed storability under natural and accelerated ageing. Seed Res. 28, 158-165. Padmaja R. (1994) Studies on seed dormancy in traditional rice varieties as affected by seasons. Indian J. Plant Physiol. 37(2), 113 - 115. Rame, G., Swarnna, C., Devaraju, P.J. and Vidya Chandra, B. (2003) Dissipation of seed Dormancy and its breaking methods I KRH-2 hybrid rice and its parental lines. Seed research. 31, 102-104. Singh, A.R. and Borikar, S.T. (1985) seed quality and storability as influenced by time of harvesting in sorghum. J. Mahastra Agri. Univ. 10, 167-169. Sukumara Dev, V.P. (1982) Post harvest dormancy of important high yielding paddy varieties cultivated in Kerala. Seed Res. 11, 167-171.}, keywords = {Environment,Seed Dormancy,Seedling vigour,Sowing Date,rice}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1002.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1002_f23e7dd5f81cdd55e5ebfbceeacfa76d.pdf} } @article { author = {Hiremath, M. B. and Josephrajkumar, A. and Mukund, V. and Ramesh, R. and Shetty, P. K.}, title = {Centennial rainfall variation in semi arid and tropical humid environments in the cardamom hill slopes, southern Western Ghats, India}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {31-39}, year = {2008}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Studies of rainfall variation generally focus on large areas. For example, in India, the area average monsoon rainfall series of the whole country or meteorological subdivisions are used. This would be of no use for local agriculture, particularly in places where rainfall is very high or very low, especially for crops like small cardamom and vanilla which are very sensitive to soil moisture and atmospheric air relative humidity. With this view, we present the data and analysis of the long term rainfall variations in semi arid as well as tropical humid environments in cardamom hill slopes in south-WesternGhats in India. In our analysis, the semi-arid cardamom hill slopes showed decreasing trend in rainfall over the recent past three decades ranging from 2.7 to 3.4 mm/yr with R2 values ranging from 0.42 to 0.85 (P= 0.05). Year-to-year variation in rainfall was considerable. No alternating pattern of increase and decrease in rainfall was seen in decads, epochal trends as accounted by ISM for the rest of the country were absent. If the present trend continues, agricultural production in this semi-arid, poor rain fed system will suffer, unless conservation and mitigation efforts are undertaken. In case of windward side humid tropics, the year- to- year variations in the monthly rainfall values were very large. For example, January and February rainfall values changed by a factor as high as two or more from one year to another. The lowest rainfall during a period was reported in 1987 which was one of the intense El-Nino years. There was a strong association of El-Nino phenomenon with below average rainfall (67% of the El-Nino years), indicating a good ENSO relationship. In case of La-Nina years, fifty per cent of the years had enjoyed excess rainfall. However, the impact of El-Nino phenomenon was not severe during the first pentad of this century (2000-2005) in this mountain range. This indicates that the relationship seems to have weakened. The coefficient of variation of rainfall for the entire data series ranged from 9 to 27%. The decadal averages for the first three decades (1896-1925) and the last three decades (1976-2005) studied, reported less than the annual mean (5000 mm) for the whole period (1896-2005). Only during the middle period (1926-1975) the decadal average rainfall exceeded the series annual mean.   REFERENCES Arkin, P.A. and Ardanuy, D. (1989) Estimating climatic scale-precipitation from space. A review. Journal of Climate 2, 1229-1238. Barrett, E.C. and Martin, D.W. (1981) The use of Satellite data in rainfall monitoring. Academic press, pp 340. Cubasch, U. (2001) Projections of future climate change. Climate change 2001. The scientific basis, J.T. Houghton et al., eds. Cambridge University Press. pp. 525-582. International Tea Committee (2007) Commodity situation – A stock taking. Planters’ Chronicle-August: pp.15-32. Kane, R.P. (2006) Unstable ENSO relationship with Indian regional rainfall. International Journal of Climatology 26, 771-783. Khole M., De U.S. (2003) A study on northeast monsoon rainfall over India. Mausam, 54(2), 419-426. Mooley, D.A., Parthasarathy, B. (1979) Poisson distribution and years of bad monsoon over India. Archives of Meteorological Geophyics 27, 381-332. Murugan, M., Miniraj, N., Josephrajkumar, A., Pradeep, K.P. and Yosuf, L. (2003) Analysis and forecast of winter monsoon based on Pre-vedic literature and simuated model. Journal of Asian Agri-History. 7, 219-231. Kummerow, C. (2000) The status of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) after two years in orbit. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 39, 1965-1982. Parthasarathy, B. and Mooley, D.A. (1978) Some features of homogeneous series of Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Monthly weather review. pp. 771-781. Parthasarathy, B. and Dhar, O.N. (1976) A study of trend and periodicities in the seasonal and annual rainfall of India. Indian Journal of meteorology, hydrology and Geophysics. 27, 23-28. Murugan et al. 39 Ropelwski, C.F. and Halpet, M.S. (1987) Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El-Nino /Southern Oscillation. Monthly Weather Review 115, 1606-1626. Reyes, T. Luukkanen, O. and Quiroz, R. (2006) Small cardamom-precious for people, harmful for mountain forests Mountain Research and Development, 26, 131-137. Singh, N. and Sontakke, N.A. (1990) On the variability and prediction of rainfall in the post monsoon season over India. International Journal of Climatology. 19, 309- 339. Sridharan, S. and Muthusamy, A. (1990) North east monsoon rainfall in relation to El- Nino, QBO and Atlantic hurricane frequency. Vayu Mandal. 20, 105-111. Sulochana, G. Abrol, Y.P. and Rao, P.R.S. (2005) On the growth and fluctuation of Indian food grain production available at (ww.ias.ac.in/currsci/feb25/artiles21. html). Thapiliyal, V. and Kulshrestha, S. (1992) Recent models for long range forecasting of south west monsoon rainfall over India. Mausam. 43, 239-248. Werth, D. and Avissar, R. (2006) The local and global effect of South Asian deforestation. Geophysical Research Letters. 32, L 20702. Wentz, F.J. (1999) A well calibrated ocean algorithm for special sensor microwave /imager. Journal of Geophysical Research. 102, 8703-8718. Xie, P. and Arkin, P.A. (1996) Analysis of global monthly precipitation using gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model predictions. Journal of Climate. 9, 840-858. Xie, S.P. Xu, H. Saji, N.H. and Wang, Y. (2006) Role of narrow mountains in largescale organization of Asian monsoon convection. Journal of climate. 19, 3420- 3429.}, keywords = {Cardamom hills,Semi,arid and humid tropics,Rainfall variability,Southern Western Ghats,India}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1003.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1003_62ad18d3e4ab8cfa3b0c53c917e758e5.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghasemnezhad, M. and Javaherdashti, M.}, title = {Effect of Methyl jasmonate treatment on antioxidant capacity, internal quality and postharvest life of raspberry fruit}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {73-78}, year = {2008}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Native population of raspberry fruits (Rubus spp) were treated with Methyl Jasmonate (MJ) fumigation and were assayed for the antioxidant capacity, total anthocyanins and postharvest quality after 7 days storage at 4?C. The result of experiment revealed that berries treated with methyl jasmonate (MJ) showed higher antioxidant capacity and total anthocyanins compared to the controled ones (non-treated). Decay incidence was reduced in fumigated fruits during storage at 4?C, which resulted to long postharvest life (as indicated by fugal decay) compared to the controled ones. Total soluble solid, titratable acidity and pH were influenced by storage periods. Therefore, MJ treatments could not suppress the declining, which happened during storage time. In conclusion, although raspberry fruits treated with MJ maintained higher levels of antioxidant capacity, total anthocyanins compared to untreated fruits during storage, but because of high perishable, MJ treated fruits could not maintain significant changes in internal quality.   REFERENCES  Abers, J.E. and Wrolstad, R.E. (1979) Causative factors of color deterioration in strawberry preserves during processing and storage. J. Food. Science. 44, 75-78. Ancos, B.D., Gonzalez, E. and PilarCano, M. (1999) Differentiation of raspberry varieties according to anthocyanin composition. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch A. 208, 22- 38. Ayala-Zavala, J.F., Wang, S.Y., Wang, C.Y. and Gonzalez-Aguilar, G.A. (2004) Methyl jasmonate in conjunction with ethanol treatment increases antioxidant capacity, volatile compounds and postharvest life of strawberry fruit. LWT. 37, 687–695 Buta, J.G. and Moline H.E. (1998) Methyl jasmonate extends shelf life and reduces microbial contamination of fresh-cut celery and pepper. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46, 1253– 1256. Deng, W., Hamilton-Kemp, T.R., Nielsen, M.T. and Andersen, R.A., Collins, G.B., Hildebrand, D.F. 1993. Volatile allelochemicals released by crucifer green manures. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 41, 506–510. Ding, C.K., Wang, C.Y., Gross, K.C. and Smith, D.L. (2001) MeSA and MeJA increase steady-state transcript levels of 78 Effect of Methyl jasmonate treatment on antioxidant alternative oxidase and resistance against chilling injury in sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Plant. Sci. 161, 1153–1159, Ding, C.K., Wang, C.Y., Gross, K.C. and Smith, D. L. (2002) Jasmonate and salicylate induce the expression of pathogenesisrelated-protein genes and increase resistance to chilling injury in tomato fruit. Planta. 214, 895–901. Droby, S., Porat, R., Cohen, L., Weiss, B., Shapiro, B., Philosoph-Hasas, S. and Meir, S. (1999) Suppressing green mold decay in grapefruit with postharvest jasmonate application. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 124, 184– 188. Garcia-Alonso, M., Rimbach, G., RivasGonzalo, J.C. and Pascual-Teresa, S. (2004) Antioxidant and cellular activities of anthocyanins and their corresponding vitisins studies in platelets, monocytes, and human endothelial cells. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 3378–3384. Elmastasa, M, Isildaka, O., Turkekulb, I. and Temura, N. (2007) Determination of antioxidant activity and antioxidant compounds in wild edible mushrooms. J. Food Comp Analy. 20, 337–345. Gonz´alez-Aguilar, G.A., Fortiz, J., Cruz, R., B´aez, R. and Wang, C.Y. (2000) Methyl jasmonate reduces chilling injury and maintains postharvest quality of mango fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48, 515–519. Gonz´alez-Aguilar, G.A., Buta, J.G. and Wang, C.Y. (2003) Methyl jasmonate and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) reduce decay and maintain postharvest quality of papaya ‘sunrise’. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 28, 361–370. Haffner, K., Rosenfeld. H.J., Skrede, G. and Wang, L. (2002) Quality of red raspberry Rubus idaeus L. cultivars after storage in controlled and normal atmospheres. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 24, 279– 289. Heinonen, I.M., Meyer, A.S. and Frankel, E.N. (1998) Antioxidant activity of berry phenolics on human low-density lipoprotein and liposome oxidation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46, 4107–4112. Heinonen, I.M., Meyer, A.S. and Frankel, E.N. (1998) The Study of phenolic compounds as natural antioxidants in wine. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 46, 4107– 4112. Heinonen, M., Lehtonen, P. and Hopia, A., (1998) Antioxidant activity of berry and fruit wines and liquors. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 46, 25–31. Chanjirakul K., Wang, S.Y., Wang, C.Y. and Siriphanich, J. (2006) Effect of natural volatile compounds on antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes in raspberries. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 40, 106–115. Mullen, W., McGinn, J., Lean, M., MacLean, E.J., Gardner, M.R. and P. Duthie, G. G. (2002) Ellagitannins, flavonoids, and other phenolics in red raspberries and their contribution to antioxidant capacity and vasorelaxation properties. J. Agri. Food. Chem. 50, 5191–5196. NCSS, (2000) Statistical system for windows. Kaysville, UT Tamura, H. and Yamagami, A. (1994) Antioxidative Activity of Monoacylated Anthocyanins isolated from muscat bailey a grape. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 42, 1612–1615. Wang, C.Y. and Buta, J.G. (1994) Methyl jasmonate reduces chilling injury in Cucurbita pepo through its regulation of abscisic acid and polyamine levels. Environ. Exp. Bot. 34, 427–432. Wang, H., Cao,G. and Prior, R.L. (1996) Total antioxidant capacity of fruits. J. Agric. Food .Chem. 44, 701–705. Wang, S.Y. and Lin, H.S. (2000) Antioxidant Activity in Fruits and Leaves of Blackberry, Raspberry, and Strawberry Varies with Cultivar and Developmental Stage. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 140–146. Wrolstad, R.E. (1976) Color and pigment analysis in fruit products. Station Bull. 621. Agric. Exp. Sta. Oregon Sta. University. Wrolstad, R.E., Putnam, T.P. and Varseveld, G.W. (1970) Color quality of frozen strawberries: effect of anthocyanin, pH, total acidity and ascorbic and variability. J. Food. Sci. 35, 448–452}, keywords = {Raspberry,Methyl jasmonate,Antioxidant,Anthocyanin,Decay and Fruit quality}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1004.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1004_2d88d06ef1fa5af3f664a9c3b63a18dc.pdf} } @article { author = {Enayatzamir, Kh. and Amini, M and Savaghebi, Gh. and Abbaspour, KC.}, title = {Quantifying the effect of traffic on lead accumulation in soil: a case study in Iran}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {11-17}, year = {2008}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Road transport is a ubiquitous source of lead contamination in the soil near highways with direct and indirect impacts on human health. Accumulation of traffic-induced lead in the soils depends on gasoline lead content, traffic volume, as well as meteorological conditions. To evaluate the effect of traffic on soil lead concentration, 113 samples from the topsoil (0-15 cm) were collected in a regularly spaced grid (70 x 70 m) in the vicinity of a busy highway (Tehran-Karaj) ;the west of Tehran. Total lead (Pb) concentration in soil samples was extracted by 4 M HNO3. Three different kriging techniques (ordinary, universal and indicator kriging) were applied to investigate the spatial distribution of Pb. According to the measured values, the average concentration of Pb (48 mg kg -1) was very close to the upper limit of the Swiss guide value of 50 mg kg-1 with the maximum value (75 mg kg-1) exceeding this limit. The result also showed an accumulation of 5 to 25 mg kg-1 Pb in the soil based on the distance from the highway. The average concentration of Pb decreased exponentially with distance from the highway up to 200 m becoming relatively constant thereafter. The trend of spatial continuity of Pb concentration was in agreement with major wind direction. 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