@article { author = {Mondal, M. and Trivedy, K and Irmal Kumar, SN}, title = {The silk proteins, sericin and fibroin in silkworm, Bombyx mori Linn., A review}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {63-76}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {The domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori Linn., a lepidopteran molecular model and an important economic insect that are emerging as an ideal molecular genetic resource for solving a broad range of biological problems. The silkworm, B. mori produces massive amount of silk proteins during the final stage of larval development. These proteins are stored in the middle silk gland and they are discharged through the anterior duct and spinneret, at the end of the fifth instar. Two kinds of silk proteins have been distinguished as major components of silk cocoons, the first being fibroin, a fibrous protein composed of heavy (H) chain, Light (L) chain and glycoprotein linked by disulfide bonds and the second being sericin a natural macromolecular protein, serving as an adhesive to unite fibroin for making silk cocoons of silkworm, 3. man". Recently, silkworm is being used as biofactory for the production of useful protein using the silk gland, which has promoted the technological development in sericulture. With the above background silkworm can be classified as a value added biomaterial for medical application, application of silk protein fibroin and sericin as a biomaterial and other seri—byproducts. The present paper overviews  some important studies carried out on sericin and fibroin of silkworm, Bomlvyx mori Linn. The domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori Linn., a lepidopteran molecular model and an important economic insect that are emerging as an ideal molecular genetic resource for solving a broad range of biological problems. The silkworm, B. mori produces massive amount of silk proteins during the final stage of larval development. These proteins are stored in the middle silk gland and they are discharged through the anterior duct and spinneret, at the end of the fifth instar. Two kinds of silk proteins have been distinguished as major components of silk cocoons, the first being fibroin, a fibrous protein composed of heavy (H) chain, Light (L) chain and glycoprotein linked by disulfide bonds and the second being sericin a natural macromolecular protein, serving as an adhesive to unite fibroin for making silk cocoons of silkworm, 3. man". Recently, silkworm is being used as biofactory for the production of useful protein using the silk gland, which has promoted the technological development in sericulture. With the above background silkworm can be classified as a value added biomaterial for medical application, application of silk protein fibroin and sericin as a biomaterial and other seri—byproducts. The present paper overviews  some important studies carried out on sericin and fibroin of silkworm, Bomlvyx mori Linn.    REFERENCES Ahn, ].S., Choi, H.K., Lee, K.I-I., Nahm, ].H.and Cho, S. (2001) Novel mucoadhesive polymer prepared by template polymer- rization of acrylic acid in the presence of silk sericin. ]. Appl. Polym. Sci. 80, 274-280. Akai, I-1., Imai, T. and Tsubouchi, K. (1987) Fine structural changes of liquid silk in the silkgland during the spinning stage of Bombyx mori larvae. I. scric. Sci. Ipn. 56, 131-137. Akai, I-I.T., Nagashima, T., lnoue, S., Kobayashi, I. and Tarmura, T. 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Zhou, C.Z., Confalonieri, F., Medina, N., Zivanovic, Y., Esnault, C., Iacquet, T., Ianin J., Duguet, M., Perasso, R. and Liz, G. (2000) Fine organization of Bombyx mori fibroin heavy chain gene. NaCl. Acids Res. 28, 2413-2419.      }, keywords = {Antiviral protein,Silkworm,Bombyx mori,Nuclear polyhedrosis virus}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_983.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_983_65c2dbb0c4ed106c5fba27f86d1ec0ef.pdf} } @article { author = {Razavi darbar, S.}, title = {Evaluation of chemical and biological consequences of soil sterilization methods}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {87-91}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Sterilized soils are commonly used for the study of xenobiotic sorption and as an abiotic control in biodegradation experiments. They are also used for the chemical study of nitrogen and carbon cycle processes and the elimination of the biological factors. In this research the effects of different soil sterilization methods such as autoclaving, fumigating and exposure to ultraviolet and microwave irradiation on soil chemical and biological properties (soil acidity, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, optical density, extractable carbon and nitrogen and colony forming unit) were examined under laboratory conditions. All the sterilization methods significantly (at P<0.05) decreased pH and increased electrical conductivity (EC), optical density (OD), extractable carbon and nitrogen as compared to non-sterilized soil samples. The results showed that autoclaving method was the most effective method in eliminating soil microorganisms and ultra violet irradiation was the less effective one. These induced changes were likely due to release of soluble organic acids from humic materials and dead microorganisms.   REFERENCES Dalal, R.C. (1979) Simple processor for the determination of total carbon and its radioactivity in soils and plant materials, Analyst. 104, 151-154. Dao, T.H., Marx, D.B., Lavy, T.H. and Dragun, J. (1982) Effect, and statistical evaluation, of soil sterilization on analine and diuron adsorption isotherms. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46, 963-969. Davidson, E.A., Eckert, R.W., Hart, S.C. and Firestone, M.K. (1989) Direct extraction of microbial biomass nitrogen from forest and grassland soils of California. Soil Bio. Biochem. 21, 773-778. Islam, K.R. and Weil, R.R. (1998) Microwave irradiation of soil for routine measurement of microbial biomass carbon. Biol. Fertile. Soils. 27, 408-416. Negre, M., Gennri, M., Crecchio, C. and Ruggiero, P. (1995) Effect of ethylene oxide sterilization of soil organic matter spectroscopic analysis and adsorption of acifuorfen. 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J. 18, 39-44.}, keywords = {Autoclaving,Colony forming unit,Fumigation,Microwave irradiation,Soil sterilization,Ultraviolet irradiation}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_984.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_984_dabde4da74b42d31fb1e2dce24370190.pdf} } @article { author = {Gupta, B. and Dass, B.}, title = {Composition of herbage in Pinus roxburghii Sargent stands: basal area and importance value index}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {93-98}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {In the present study basal area and Importance Value Index (IVI) attributes of herbage were investigated in chir pine (Pinus roxburghii Sargent) stands of three different ages and also in open grassland in the sub-tropical region of Himachal Pradesh (India) during growing season (June to September). A higher basal area of the herbage was recorded in open grassland as compared to chir pine stands of different ages. Basal area of the vegetation increased gradually from July onwards and its highest values were recorded in September in all the systems. Amongst the chir pine stands basal area of herbage was recorded highest in tree stand followed by pole and sapling stands. IVI and basal area values of different species revealed that only few species were major contributors to the total basal area values of the vegetation at different times. The differences in the basal area of vegetation in the four systems at a particular time and changes as recorded in the basal area with the sampling time were found to be statistically significant.   REFERENCES  Anderson, R.C. (1965) Light and precipitation in relation to pine understory development. MSc. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 51 p. Anderson, R.C., Loucks, O.L. & Swain, A.M. 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Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 12, 444-449. Kapoor, K.S. (1987) Species composition, plant biomass and primary production in certain grassland ecosystems of Shimla hills. PhD Dissertation. H P University, Shimla, India. Lee, I.K. & Monsi, M. (1963) Ecological studies on Pinus densiflora forest. Effect of plant substances in the floristic composition of undergrowth. Botanical Management. 76, 410-413. Melkania, N.P. & Tondon, J.P. (1983) Grass cover and their biomass as influenced by protection in Western Temperate Himalayas. Forage Research. 9, 61-65. Misra, R. (1968) Ecology workbook. Oxford IBH publishing Co. Calcutta, India. pp. 244. Phillips, E.A. (1959) Methods of vegetation study. A Holtdryden book. Henry Holt & Co. Inc. Sajwan, S.S., Singh, K., Agnihotri, Y. & Misra, P.R. (1980) Forage yield in different habitats on the plateau of low Ambala Shiwaliks. Indian Forester, 106, 786-790.  Singh, J.S. & Yadava, P.S. (1974) Seasonal variation in composition, plant biomass and net primary productivity of a tropical grassland at Kurukshetra, India. Ecological Monograph. 44, 351-376. Singh, K.S. & Lal, P. (1969) Effect of Khejri (Prosopis spp Linn) and Babool (Acacia arabica) trees on soil fertility and profile characteristics. Ann. Arid Zone. 8, 33-36. Singh, R.P., Gupta, M.K. & Mathur, H.N. (1985) Effect of Pinus roxburghii plantations on the yield and composition of grasses in temperate region. Indian Forester. 111, 787-793. Trivedi, B.K. (1994) Seasonal changes in composition of grassland communities in district of Jhansi. Range Management and Agroforestry. 15, 123-129.}, keywords = {Chir pine,Grasses,Sedges,Legumes,non,Basal area,Stands}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_985.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_985_a7e72b06ea4b7cc405f2a6884a36304a.pdf} } @article { author = {Solati, N.H. and Falahatkar, Bahram}, title = {Stress responses in sub-yearling great sturgeon to the air exposure}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {99-103}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {This study was conducted the effect of stress on blood glucose and cortisol levels in cultured great sturgeon. Blood sampling was done and then water level decreased to the half in experimental tanks. The fish were exposed in that situation and second blood sampling was taken after 6 hours. Glucose and cortisol concentrations were measured by glucose oxidase method and Radioimmunoassay (RIA), respectively. The results showed that average of cortisol concentration reached from 10.8 ? 3.3 to 14.6 ? 9.0 ng ml-1 (P<0.05). Indeed, average of glucose concentration was 56.4 ? 12.0 pre-stress exposures and reached to 111.6 ? 17.5 mg dl-1 post-stress (P<0.05). Stress is most often associated with a negative perspective. We recommend for increasing efficiency in rearing, should avoid of stressors possibly that it needs to right management on rearing practice and this action causes to increase in production, fish welfare, restoration and economic efficiency.   REFERENCES  Barton, B.A. and Iwama, G.K. (1991) Physiological changes in fish from stress in aquaculture with emphasis on the response and effects of corticosteroids. Ann. Rev. Fish. Dis. 1, 3-26. Barton, B.A., Weiner, G. S. and Schreck, C. B. (1985) Effect of prior acid exposure on physiological responses of juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to acute handling stress. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42, 710-717. Barton, B.A., Jansen, C.R., Hauskins, B.L. and Bollig, H. (1999) Juvenile scaphirhynchid sturgeons exhibit low physiological responses to aquaculture-related stressors. Aquaculture Canada 99, October 26-29, Victoria. Bayunova, L., Barannikova, I., Semenkova, T. (2002) Sturgeon stress reactions in aquaculture. J. Appl. Ichthyol.18, 397-404. Bukovskaya, O., Lambert, J.G.D. and Kime, D.E. (1997) In vitro steroidogenesis by gonads of the Russian sturgeon, Acipenser gueldenstaedti Brandt. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 4, 345-353. Donaldson, E.M. (1981) The Pituitaryinterrenal axis as an indicator of stress in fish. In: Pickering, A.D. (Ed.), Stress in fish. Academic Press, London. pp. 11-47. Faulkner, I.N. and Moberg, G.P. (1997) Effects of short term management stress on the ability of GnRHa to induce gonadotropin secretion in male white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus. Aquaculture. 159, 159-168. Fevolden, S.E., Røed, K.H., Fjalestad, K.T. and Stien, J. (2002) Selection response of cortisol and lysozyme in rainbow trout and correlation to growth. Aquaculture. 205, 61-75. Floodmark, L.E.W., Urke, H.A., Halleraker, J.H., Arnekleiv, J.V., Vøllestad, L.A. and Pole΄o, A.B.S. (2002) Cortisol and glucose response in juvenile brown trout subjected to a fluctuating flow regime in an artificial stream. Journal of fish biology. 60, 238-248. Grutter, A.S. and Pankhurst, N.W. (2000) The effect of capture, handling, confinement and ectoparasite load on plasma levels of cortisol, glucose and lactate in the coral reef fish (Hemigymnus melapterus). Journal of Fish Biology. 57, 391-401. Keyvan, A. (2003) Iranian sturgeons in the Caspian Sea. Naghsh Mehr Publication,  400 p. (In Persian) Kozlov, V.I. (1993) Sturgeon farming. VNIRO, Moscow. 63 p. Pankhurst, N.W. and Sharples, D.F. (1992) Effects of capture and confinement on plasma cortisol concentrations in the snapper, Pagrus auratus. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 43, 345-356. Pickering, A.D. and Pottinger, T.G. (1987) Poor water quality suppresses the cortisol response of salmonid fish to handling and confinement. Journal of Fish Biology. 30, 363-374. Pickering, A.D., Pottinger, T.G., Carragher, J. and Sumpter, J.P. (1987) The effects of acute and chronic stress on the levels of reproductive hormones in the plasma of mature male brown trout, Salmo trutta L. Gen. Comp. Endorinol. 68, 249-259. Pottinger, T.G. (1998) Changes in blood cortisol, glucose and lactate in carp retained in anglers keep nets. Journal of fish biology. 53, 728-742. Pottinger, T.G. and Carrick, T.R. (1999) A comparison of plasma glucose and plasma cortisol as selection markers for high and low stress-responsiveness in female rainbow trout. Aquaculture. 175, 351-363. Ruane, N.M., Huisman, E.A. and Komen, J. (2001) Plasma cortisol and metabolite level profiles in two isogenic strains of common carp during confinement. Journal of Fish Biology. 59, 1-12. Schreck, C.B. (1981) Stress and compensation in teleostean fishes: responses to social and physical factors. In: Pickering, A. D. (Ed.), Stress in fish. Academic Press, London. pp. 295-321. Sumpter, J.P., Dye, H.M. and Benfey, T.J. (1986) The effects of stress on plasma ACTH, α-MSH, and cortisol levels in salmonid fishes. General and Comparative Endocrinology. 62, 377-385. Sumpter, J.P. (1997) The endocrinology of stress. In: Iwama, G.K., Pickering, J.P., Sumpter, J.P. and Schreck, C.B. (Eds.), Fish stress and health in aquaculture. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Wedemeyer, G.A. and McLeay, D.J. (1981) Methods for determining the tolerance of fishes Solati & Falahatkar 103 to environmental stressors. In: Pickering, A.D. (Ed.), Stress in fish. Academic Press, London. pp. 247-275. Wedemeyer, G.A., Barton, B.A. and McLeay, D.J. (1990) Stress and acclimation. In: Schreck, C.B. and Moyle, P.B. (Eds.), Methods for fish biology. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. pp. 451-489. Williot, P., Bronzi, P. and Arlati, G. (1993) A very brief survey of status and prospects of freshwater sturgeon farming in Europe (EEC). In: Ketesmont, P., Billard, R. (Eds.), Workshop on aquaculture of freshwater species (except salmonids), Ghent, Belgium, EAS Special Publication. 20, 32-36.}, keywords = {Cortisol,Glucose,Handling,Great Sturgeon (Huso huso),Stress}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_986.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_986_5f1b6d88e5078d7614f3f793469e47ca.pdf} } @article { author = {Bhat, SH.A. and Nataraju, B.}, title = {A comparative study on artificial germination of two microsporidia under the neutralization method}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {105-109}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Lamerin microspridia (Lbms) isolated from Lamerin breed of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, L. and the standard strain Nosema bombycis, were induced to germinate artificially by two-step procedure. Fresh percoll purified spores were activated by incubating them in potassium hydroxide solution (KOH) (pH 11.00) and germinated artificially by using phosphate buffer saline (PBS), (pH 7.00). Germinated spores appeared black under phase contrast microscope. Germination percentage amoung the microsporidia spores varied in different concentrations of KOH. The Lbms was found poor germinator as compared to Nosema bombycis in all the concentrations of the chemicals. The length of the extruded polar filament was also varied between the two microsporidia.   REFERENCES Bhat, Sh.A. and Nataraju, B. (2004) Preliminary study on a Microsporidian isolate occurring in the Lamerin breed of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. in India. Int. J. Indust. Entomol. 2, 265 – 267. Bhat, Sh.A. and Nataraju, B. (2005) A report on the impact of the microsporidian parasite on Lamerin breed of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. Int. J. Indust. Entomol. 2, 143 – 145. Brayan, R.T. (1995) Microsporidia, In G.L. Mandell, J.E., Bennett and Dolin, R. (ed.), Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 4 th ed. Churchill Livingstone, Inc., New York, N.Y., pp. 2513 -2524. Canning, E.U. and Lom, J. (1986) The microsporidia of vertebrates. Academic press. Inc., New York, N.Y. Canning, E.U. and Hollister, W.S. (1987) Microsporidia of mammals- widespread pathogens or opportunistic curiosities. Parasitolo. Today. 3‚ 267-273. Canning, E. U. and Hollister, W S. (1992) The importance of microsporidia as opportunistic infectious in patients with acquires immune deficiency syndrome. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 4, 422-427. Cantwell, G.E. (1974) Insect diseases. Vol. II, Marcel Dekkar Inc. New York, pp. 501-547. Fujiwara, T. (1980) Three microsporidians (Nosema spp.) from the silkworm Bombyx mori. J. Seric. Sci. Jpn. 49‚ 229-236. Fujiwara, T. (1984a) A pleistophora like microsporidian isolated from the silkworm Bombyx mori. J. Seric. Sci. Jpn. 53, 398-402. Fujiwara, T. (1984b) Thelohania sp. (Microsporidia; Thelohaniidae) isolated from the the silkworm Bombyx mori. J. Seric. Sci. Jpn. 53, 398-402.  Fujiwara, T. (1985) Microsporidian from silkmoths in egg production Sericulture. J.Seric. Sci. Jpn. 54, 108-111. Fujiwara, T. (1993) Comprehensive report on the silkworm disease control. A report on “Bivoltine Sericulture Technology Development in India” submitted to Central Silk Board, Bangalore, India, 110 p. Govindan, R., Narayanaswamy, T.K. and Devaiah, M.C. (1998) Principles of silkworm pathology. ser. Scientific Publishers, Banagalore, India, 420 p.  Issi, I.V. (1986) Microsporidia phylum of parasitic protozoa, Protozoology. (Leningrad) 10, 6- 136. Keohan, E.M. and Weiss, L.M. (1999) The structure, function and composition of microsporidian polar tube, In The Microsporidia and Microsporopdiosis, pp. 196 – 224. ASM Press, Washington, D. C. Larson, J.I.R. (1988) Identification of microsporidian genera (Protozoa, Microspora) – a guide with comments on the taxomony. Arch. Protistenkd. 136, 1-37. Lom, J. and Vavr, J. (1963) The mode of sporoplasm extrusion in microsporidian spores. Acta. Porotozool. 1, 81 – 89. Naegelli, K.W. (1857) Uber die neue Krankheit der Seidenraupe und verwandte organismen. Bot. Z. 15, 760-761. Peer, Y.V.W. Ali, A.B. and Meyer, A. (2000) Microsporidia accumulating molecular evidence that a group of amitochondriate and suspectedly primative eukaryotes are just curious fungi. Gene. 246, 1-8. Sasidharan, T.O. Singh, R.N. and Santha, P.C. (2003) Studies on the microsporidiosis of silkworm, B. mori, L. Annual Report- SSTL Banagalore, pp. 1-3. Sato, R. and Watanabe, H. (1980) Purification of mature Microsporodian spores by iso density equilibrium centrifugation, J. Seric. Sci. Jpn. 49, 512-516. Selvakumar, T., Nataraju, B., Chandrasekharan, K., Sharma, S.D., Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Sudhakara, R., Thiagarajan, V. and Dandin, S.B. (2005) Isolation of a new microsporidian sp. (NIK-5hm) forming spores within the haemocytes of silkworm, B.mori L. Int. J. Indust. Entomol. 11, 63- 66. Yasunaga, C., Funakoshi, M., Kawarabata, T. and Hayasaka, S. (1991) Infection and development of Nosema spp. NIS- M11 (Microsporida: Protozoa) in a Lepidopteron cell line. J. Seric. Sic. Japan. 60, 450-456. Yasunaga, C., Funakoshi, M., Kawarabata, T. and Hayasaka, S. (1992) Comparative inoculation of Antheraea eucalypti (lipidoptera: Saturniidae) cell cultures with EDTA or KOH primed spores of Nosema Sp. NIS-M11 (Microsporida: Nosematidae), J. of Invert. Pathol. 6, 109-110.  }, keywords = {Artificial germination,Lamerin,Microsporidia,Phosphate buffer,Bombyx mori}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_987.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_987_c50854257ae496ac57136a33d9bacd03.pdf} } @article { author = {Mondal, M. and Trivedy, k. and Nirmal Kumar, S.}, title = {Silk proteins, sericin and fibroin in silkworm, Bombyx mori Linn., A review}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {63-76}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {The domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori Linn., a lepidopteran molecular model and an important economic insect that are emerging as an ideal molecular genetic resource for solving a broad range of biological problems. The silkworm, B. mori produces massive amount of silk proteins during the final stage of larval development. These proteins are stored in the middle silk gland and they are discharged through the anterior duct and spinneret, at the end of the fifth instar. Two kinds of silk proteins have been distinguished as major components of silk cocoons, the first being fibroin, a fibrous protein composed of heavy (H) chain, Light (L) chain and glycoprotein linked by disulfide bonds and the second being sericin a natural macromolecular protein, serving as an adhesive to unite fibroin for making silk cocoons of silkworm, B. mori. Recently, silkworm is being used as biofactory for the production of useful protein using the silk gland, which has promoted the technological development in sericulture. With the above background silkworm can be classified as a value added biomaterial for medical application, application of silk protein fibroin and sericin as a biomaterial and other seri-byproducts. 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(1989) Application of fibroin membrane to immobilizing coenzed insect cell culture for use as vaccine. Agri and Biol. Chem. 52, 3201-3202. Yoshii, F., Kume, N., Makuuchi, K. and Sato, F. (2000) Hydrogel composition containing silk protein. Japan Patent 06-017373A. Zhaorigetu, S.N., Sasakim M., Watanbe, H. and Kato, N. (2003) Silk protein, sericin, suppresses DMBA-TPA induced mouse skin tumorigenesis by reducing oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and endogenous tumor promoter TNF-alpha. Oncol Rep. 10, 537-543. Zhou, C.Z., Confalonieri, F., Medina, N., Zivanovic, Y., Esnault, C., Jacquet, T., Janin J., Duguet, M., Perasso, R. and Liz, G. (2000) Fine organization of Bombyx mori fibroin heavy chain gene. Nucl. Acids Res. 28, 2413-2419.}, keywords = {Silk protein,Sericin,Fibroin,SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,Bombyx}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_988.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_988_6806c5f5fde4c51166120520c1faeb5b.pdf} } @article { author = {Ram Rao, D.M and Kodandaramaiah, J. and Reddy, M.P. and Katiyar, R.S. and Rahmathulla, V.K.}, title = {Effect of VAM fungi and bacterial biofertilizers on mulberry leaf quality and silkworm cocoon characters under semiarid conditions}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {111-117}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {The influence of VAM fungi and bacterial biofertilizer (BBF) with 50% reduction in the recommended dose of (N and P) chemical fertilizers on leaf quality traits of mulberry variety (S-13) and its impact on silkworm (PM ? NB4D2) growth and cocoon characters were studied under semi-arid conditions. Four different treatments were imposed i.e., T1: Control (only 100% NPK); T2: VAM (50% cut in P); T3: BBF (50% cut in N) and T4: BBF and VAM (50% cut in N and P). The results revealed that reduction (50%) in the dose of chemical fertilizers in T2, T3 and T4 did not affected the leaf quality traits or cocoon parameters, this may be due to the effect of microbial inoculants in these treatments, which had efficiently regulated the normal growth, metabolism and physiological activity in plants. Among the three-biofertilizer treatments, leaf quality, silkworm growth and cocoon parameters were found improved in T4 and was on par with T1 control. The dual inoculation (T4) proved economical and beneficial with regard to saving of 50 % cost of chemical fertilizers and improvement in soil fertility, leaf quality and cocoon parameters, thus this technology can be recommended to sericulture.   REFERENCES  Bongale, U.D. and Chaluvachari (1995) Evaluation of eight mulberry germplasm varieties by leaf biochemical and bioassay moulting studies. Sericologia 35, 83-94. Bose, P.C. and Bindroo, B.B. (2001) A comparative biochemical study of seven promising mulberry (Morus Alba L.) varieties under rainfed conditions of subtropical region. Indian J. Seric. 40, 171 -173. Das, P.K., Choudhury, P.C.‚ Ghosh, A.‚ Katiyar, R.S.‚ Mathur, V.B. and Datta, R.K. (1993) Use of Azotobacter biofertilizer in mulberry cultivation. Indian Silk. 3, 43 - 45. Das, P.K., Katiyar, R.S., Hanumantha Gowda, M., Fathima, P.S. and Choudhury, P.C. (1995) Effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on growth and development of mulberry (Morus spp) saplings Indian J. Seric., 34, 15-17. Deckard L.‚ Lambert, R.J. and Hageman, R.H. (1973) NR activity in corn leaves as related to yields of grain and grain protein. Crop Sci. 13,343 - 350. Dubios, M.K.‚ Giller, K.A.‚ Hamilton, K.‚ Relers, P.A. and Smith, F. (1956) Colorimetric method for determination of sugar of related substances Ann. Chem, 28, 350- 356. Fathima, P.S., Das, P.K.‚ Katiyar, R.S.‚ Himanthraj, M.T. and Pallavi, S.N. (1996) Effect of vesicular arbuscular mychorrhiza inoculation in mulberry under different levels and sources of phosphorus on silkworm growth, cocoon yield and quality. Indian J. Seric. 35, 99-103 Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1983) Statistical procedure for agriculture research 2nd Edn. John Wiley and Sons, New York pp.1-680 Hiratsuka, E. (1917) Researches on the nutrition of the silkworm Shangai Shkenjo Hoko Ku., Tech Bull. 2, 353-412. Hiscox, J.D.‚ and Israelistam G.F. (1979) A method for extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissue without maceration. Can. J. Bot. 57, 1332-1334. Hori, Y. (1978) Quantitative requirement of nutrition for growth of the silkworm. Bombyx mori L. JARQ. 12, 211-217. Hori, Y. (1980) Recent advances in Sericulture. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 25, 49–71. Jackson, M.L. (1973) Nitrogen determination for soil and plant tissue. In: Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice- Hall of India, Pvt. (Ltd.) New Delhi pp. 183-204 Kashyap, S., Sharma, S. and Vasudevan‚ P. (2004) Role of bioinoculants in developpment of salt resistant saplings of Morus alba (Var. sujanpuri) in vivo. Scientia Hort. 100, 291–307. Katiyar, R.S., Das, P.K., Choudhury, P. C., Ghosh, A., Singh, G.B. and Datta, R.K. (1995) Response of irrigated mulberry (Morus alba L.) to VA mycorrhiza inoculation under graded doses of Phosphorus. Plant Soil. 170, 331-337. Krishnaswami, S. (1978) New Technology of Silkworm rearing. Bulletin CSRI 2, 1-24 Lowri, O.H.‚ Rosenbrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. (1951) Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193, 265- 275. Machii, H. (1989) Varietal differences of nitrogen and amino acid contents in mulberry leaves. Acta Sericul. Entomol. 1, 51-61. Machii, H. and Katagiri, K. (1991) Varietal differences in nutritive values of mulberry leaves for rearing silkworm. JARQ. 25, 202- 208. Mandhare, V.K., Patil, P.C.‚ Gadekar, D.A. (1998) Phosphorus uptake of onion as influenced by Glomus fasiculatum, Azotobacter and phosphorus levels. Agric. Sci. Digest. 18, 228–230. Marwaha, B.C. (1995) Biofertilizer – A supplementary source of plant nutrient. Fertilizer News. 40, 39-50. McCready, R.M., Guggale, J., Silver, V. and Owens, H.S. (1960) Determination of starch and amylase in vegetables. Application to Peas, Anal Chem., 29, 1156-1158. Panwar, J.D.S. (1993) Response of VAM and Azospirillum inoculation to water status and grain yield in wheat under stress condition. Indian J. Plant Physiol. 36, 41-43. Rahmathulla, V.K., Himanthraj, M.T.‚ Srinivasa, G. and Rajan, R.K. (2004). Association of moisture content in mulberry leaf with nutritional parameters of bivoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) Acta Entomol. Sinica. 47, 701-704. Ram Rao, D.M., Reddy, M.P.‚ Reddy, B.K. and Suryanarayana N. (2000) Nitrate reductase (NR) activity and its relationship with protein content, leaf yield and its components in mulberry (Morus spp.). Indian J. Seric. 39, 86-88. Reddy, M.P., Rao, D.M.R.‚ Verma, R.S.‚ Srinath, B. and Katiyar, R.S. (1998) Response of S13 mulberry variety to VAM inoculation under semi-arid condition Indian J. Plant Physiol. 3,194-196 Reddy, M.P., Ram Rao, D.M.‚ Katiyar, R.S. and Suryanarayana, N. (2000b) Economisation of N and P fertilizers through dual inoculation of VAM and Bacterial biofertilizers in farmers field of Andhra Pradesh. Proceedings of the National Conference on Strategies for Sericulture Research and Development, 16 – 18 November 2000. Adv. in Indian Seri. Res., pp. 212-215. Sansamma, G., Raghavah, P. and Pushpakumari, R. (1998) Influence of biofertilizer on productivity of guinea grass intercropped in coconut garden, Indian J. Agron. 43,622-627. Scot, D.B. and Neyra, C.A. (1979) Glutamine synthetase and Nitrate assimilation in sorghum leaves Can. J. Bot 57, 754-758 Selvaraj, T., Sivakumar, P. and Bhaskar, C. (1996) Comparative efficiency of different VAM fungi on Coleus aromaticus (Benth) and Coleus barbatus (Benth). J. Indian Bot. SOC., 75,271-273. Sharma, S.D., Bhutan, V.P. and Awasthi, R.P. (2002) Effect of Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza and phosphorus on leaf and soil mineral nutrient status of apple seedlings. Indian J. Hort. 59, 141-144. Spies, J.R. (1955) Colorimetric procedure for amino acids and phenol In: Methods in Enzymol. Colonick, S.P. and N.P.O. Kaplan (Eds.) Vol 3, 461- 477. Sreeramulu, K.R., Hanumanthappa, M. Gowda, A.‚ Kalyana, K. N.‚ Jayasheela, N. (2000) Dual inoculation of Azotobacter chrococcum and Glomus fasciculatum improves growth and yield of sunflower under field conditions and saves N and P fertilizer application Environ. Ecol. 18, 380- 384. Subba Rao, N.S. (1982) Biofertilizers in Agriculture. Oxford/ IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India. Sujathamma, P. and Dandin, S.B. (2000) Leaf quality evaluation of mulberry (Morus spp.) through chemical analysis Indian J. Seric. 39, 117-121. Sumana, D.A. and Bagyaraj, D.J. (2002) Interaction between VAM fungi and Nitrogen fixing bacteria and their influence on growth and nutrition of neem (Azadirachta indica A Juss). Indian J. Microbiol. 42,295-298. Suryanarayana, N and Shivashankar Murthy, T.C. (2002) Differences in amino acid contents in leaf blades of mulberry (Morus spp.) Varieties. Adv. Plan Sci. 15, 475–481. Thakur, A.K. and Panwar, J.D.S. (1995) Effect of Rhizobium-VAM interaction on growth and yield in Mung bean (Vigna Radiata L.) Wilezek. Under field conditions. Indian J. Plant Physiol. 38, 62–65. Umakanth, C.G. and Bagyaraj, D.J. (1998) Response of mulberry saplings to inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi and Azotobacter, Sericologia, 38, 669-675. Vijayan, K., Tikader, A.‚ Das, K.K.‚ Roy, B.N. and Pawan Kumar T. (1996) Genotypic influence on leaf moisture content and moisture retention capacity in mulberry Morus spp. Bull. Seri. Res. 7, 95-98.}, keywords = {Biofertilizers,S,13 variety,Leaf quality,Silkworm growth,Cocoon characters,Semi,arid condition}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_989.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_989_ee844f6b7fa44b1b419ccaf133576304.pdf} } @article { author = {Shayesteh, N. and Ziaee, M.}, title = {Insecticidal efficacy of diatomaceous earth against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {119-123}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Laboratory bioassays were carried out to evaluate the insecticidal efficacy of SilicoSec? against 7 - 14 day old adults, old and young larvae of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) with the mean ? SE (n = 30) weight of 3.4 ? 0.1 and 0.6 ? 0.1 mg, respectively at 27?C and 55 ? 5% RH. Wheat treated with four dose rates of SilicoSec? and untreated wheat served as a control with three replications. Adult?s mortality was measured after 2, 7 and 14 days of exposure. After 14 day mortality counts, all adults were removed and samples retained under the same conditions for a further 60 days to assess progeny production. In the case of larvae, mortality was counted after 1, 2 and 7 day. After 2 day no concentration achieved 11% mortality for adults, however; adult's mortality exceeds 89.65% when exposed for 7 day to SilicoSec?. Mortality of old and young larvae at 600 ppm after 2 day were 28.88 and 22.22%, respectively and exceed to 60.71 and 69.04% at longer exposure of 7 day. Due to results mortality of T. castaneum was influenced by interval exposed to wheat treated with SilicoSec? and over this exposure, the increases in application rate of SilicoSec? had significant effect on the mortality. Young larvae of red flour beetle were more sensitive to SilicoSec? than old larvae and adults were more tolerant. The mean number ? SE of progeny in the control was 1.66 ? 0.101 individuals per vial and there was a significant difference between treated and untreated wheat, so reproductive potential of adults in treated wheat was suppressed when compared with untreated wheat.   REFERENCES  Abbott, W.S., (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol. 18, 265-267. Aldryhim, Y.N., (1990) Efficacy of the amorphous silica dust, Dryacide, against Tribolium confusum Duval and Sitophilus granaries (L.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae and Curculionidae). J. Stored Prod. Res. 26, 207-210. Aldryhim, Y.N., (1993) Combination of classes of wheat and environmental factors affecting the efficacy of amorphous silica dust, Dryacide, against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). J. Stored Prod. Res. 29, 271- 275. Arnaud, L., Lan, H.T.T., Brostaux, Y and Haubruge, E., (2005) Efficacy of diatomaceous earth formulations admixed with grain against populations of Tribolium castaneum. J. Stored Prod. Res. 41, 121-130. Arthur, F.H., (2000) Toxicity of diatomaceous earth to red flour beetles and confused flour beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) effects of temperature and relative humidity. J. Econ. Entomol. 93, 526–532. Athanassiou, C.G., Vayias B.J., Dimizas G.B., Kavalieratos N.G., Papagregoriou A.S. and Buchelos C.Th. (2005) Insecticidal efficacy of diatomaceous earth against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium confusum Du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on stored wheat: Influence of dose rates, temperature and exposure interval. J. Stored Prod. Res. 41, 47-55. Fields, P.G., Korunic, Z., (2000) The effect of grain moisture content and temperature on the efficacy of diatomaceous earths from different geographical locations against stored-product beetles. J. Stored Prod. Res. 36, 1-13. Golob, P., (1997) Current status and future perspectives for inert dusts for control of stored product insects. J. Econ. Entomol. 90, 69-79. Korunic, Z., Fields P.G., Kovacs M.I.P., Noll J.S., Lukow O.M., Demianyk C.J. and Shibley K.J. (1996) The effect of diatomaceous earth on grain quality. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 9, 373–387. Korunic, Z. (1998) Diatomaceous earths, a group of natural insecticides. J. Stored Prod. Res. 34, 87–97. Pixton, S.W. and Warburton, S. (1971) Moisture content/relative humidity equilibrium of some cereal grains at different temperatures. J. Stored Prod. Res. 6, 283-293. SAS, 2000. The SAS System version 7 for Windows. SAS Institute, Cary, Nc. SPSS, 1999. SPSS for Windows User’s Guide Release 10. SPSS Inc. Chicago Vayias, B.J., and Athanassiou, C.G. (2004) Factors affecting the insecticidal efficacy of the diatomaceous earth formulation SilicoSec against adults and larvae of the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Duval (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Crop Prot., 23, 565-573.}, keywords = {Diatomaceous earth,Grain protectant,SilicoSec?,Tribolium castaneum,Wheat}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_990.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_990_42ff874fcc658fb12c8e5e0d3f9a214c.pdf} } @article { author = {Rezayati Charani, P. and Mohammadi Rovshandeh?, J. and Mohebby, B. and Ramezani, O.}, title = {Influence of hydrothermal treatment on the dimensional stability of beech wood}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {125-131}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Hydrothermal treatment of wood material products with many interesting properties such as enhanced dimensional stability, lower equilibrium moisture content and increased biological durability. The effects of hydrothermal treatment on dimensional stability, oven dry density and water absorption of beech wood (Fagus Orientalis) naturally grown, has been studied in present research that extremely used in Iran. Hydrothermal applied to the wood samples (2.5Cm × 2.5Cm × 2.5Cm) in three different temperatures (150 °C, 160 °C,170°C) and four different durations (1h, 3h, 5h and 7h) in reactor. Then, the samples and their controls were immersed in water at 25 °C, 65% relative humidity for various periods. Volumetric swelling percentage and rate of the water absorption values of the samples and their controls were measured at a period of 24 hour in 8 steps on basis of oven dried dimension. The obtained data were analyzed using Microsoft Office (EXCEL 2003). The data analysis indicated that best anti-swelling efficiency value was achieved at 170 oC (treating temperature) within 1 hour (treating time) and 8 steps of soaking - dried measurement by hydrothermal treatment. Consequences for anti-swelling efficiency, decreasing of samples specific gravity, water absorption and water repellency effectiveness values obtained 27.95%, 8.49%, 56.41% and 20.20% respectively. Therefore, hydrothermal treatment showed a little decreasing at 150 oC to 170oC in specific gravity of treatment samples because maximum lessening of specific gravity obtained 8.02% in the highest condition of treatment after final soaking.   REFERENCES Brischke, C. and Rapp, A.O. (2004) Investigation of the suitability of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) for thermal modification. IRG / WP 04- 40275, IRG Annual Meeting 6-10 June, SLOVENIA. Caparro´s, S., Ariza, J., Hernanz, D., Dı´az, M.J. and Arundo donax L. (2006) Valorization under Hydrothermal and Pulp Processing. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 45, No. 9. Hietala, S., Maunu, S.L., Sundholm, F., Jämsä, S., and Viitaniemi, P. (2002) Structure of Thermally Modified Wood Studied by Liquid State NMR Measurements. Holzforschung. 56, 522-528. Homan, W., Tjeerdsma, B., Beckers, E., Jorissen, A. (2000) Structural and other properties of modified wood, World Conference on Timber Engineering, Whistler Resort, British Columbia, Canada, July 31 - August 3, 2000. Inoue, M., Norimoto, M., Tanahashi, M., and Rowell, R.M. (1993) Steam or Heat Fixation of Compressed Wood, Wood and Fiber Science, 25, 224-235. Kotilainen, R. (2000) Chemical Changes in Wood During Heating at 150-260 ° PhD Thesis, Jyväskylä University, Research Repot 80, Finland. Kollmann, F. and A. Schneider (1963) Über das Sorptionsverhalten wärmebehandelter Hölzer. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 21, 77- 85. Militz, H., and Tjeerdsma, B. (2001) “Heat treatment of wood by the PLATOProcess” Review on Heat Treatments Wood, Rezayati et al., 131 Cost Action E 22, Proceeding of Special Seminar Held in Antibes, February, France, pp: 23-33. Rapp, A.O., Sailer, M. (2001) Oil-Heat treatment of wood in Germany – State of the art. European commission, DirectorateGeneral for Research EUR 19885, COST Action E22, Proceedings of Special Seminar, Antibes/France, 9 February 2001, pp. 47-64. Rapp, A.O., and Sailer, M. (2004) Oil Heat Treatment of Wood in Germany – State of the art. Review on Heat Treatment of wood, Cost Action E 22, Proceeding of Special Seminar Held in Antibes, February 2004, France, pp. 47-62. Rep, G., Pohleven, F., and Bucar, B. (2004) Characteristics of Thermally modified Wood in Vacuum. IRG / WP02- 40223, IRG Annual Meeting 6-10 June, SLOVENIA.  Sanaee, A., and Mohebby, B. (2004) The effects of heat treatment on physical proposition of beech wood, M. S. Thesis, Tarbiat Modarres University. Santos, J.A. (2000) Mechanical behavior of Eucalyptus wood modified by heat, Wood Science and Technology. 34, 39-43. Sivonen, H., Maunu, S,L., Sundholm, F., Jämsä, S. and Viitaniemi, P. (2002) Magnetic Resonance Studies of Thermally Modified Wood. Holzforschung 56, 648-654. Syrjänen, T. and Oy, K. (2001) Production and classification of heat Treated Wood in Finland. Review on Heat Treatment of wood, Cost Action E 22, Proceeding of Special Seminar Held in Antibes, February 2001, France, 7-15. Tjeerdsma, B., Boonstra, M., Pizzi, A., Tekely, P. and Militz, H. (1998) Characterization of thermally modified wood: molecular reasons for wood performance improvement. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 56,149- 153. Vernois, M. (2000) Heat treatment of wood in France – state of the art. In: Proceedings of the seminar on production of heat treated wood in Europe 20 11 2000 in Helsinki. Tekes Lahontorjuntayhdistys ry Kestopuu Oy, p: 6. Westin, M., Rappa A.O. and Nilsson, T. (2004) Durability of pine modified by 9 different methods, IRG / WP 04- 40288, IRG Annual Meeting 6-10 June, SLOVENIA. Welzbacher, C. and Rapp, A.O. (2004) Determination of the water sorption properties and preliminary results from field tests above ground of thermally modified martial form industrial scale processes. IRG / WP 04- 40288, IRG Annual Meeting 6-10 June, SLOVENIA. Yildiz, U., Gercek, Z., Yildize, S., Gezer, E., Serdar, B., Yildiz, S., Gezer, E.D., Dizman, E. and Temiz, A. (2003) The effects of heat treatment on the specific gravity of beech and spruce wood; IRG / WP 03- 40254, IRG Annual Meeting 18-23 May, Australia. Yildiz, U., Gercek, Z., Gezer, E., Serdar, B., Yildiz, S., Gezer, E.D., Dizman, E. and Temiz, A.(2004a) The effects of Heat Treatment on Anatomical changes of beech wood; IRG / WP02- 40223, IRG Annual Meeting 6-10 June, SLOVENIA. Yildiz, S., Yildiz, Ü., Gezer, E., Temiz, A. and Dízman, E. (2004b) The effects of Heat Treatment on Toughness of beech wood, IRG/WP 04-40283, IRG Annual Meeting 6- 10 June, SLOVENIA.}, keywords = {Hydrothermal treatment,Dimensional stability,water absorption,Specific gravity,Beech wood}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_991.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_991_e5a454104d2b4447cc1b88e307fb3a97.pdf} } @article { author = {Ayodele, J.T. and Emmanuel, B.}, title = {Methane in Kano-Nigeria atmosphere}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {133-141}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {ABSTRACT Methane concentrations in Kano municipality have been attributed to the burning of solid and fossil fuels and industrial processes. Using an automatic gas sampling system, methane in the Kano atmosphere was determined. Its distribution in the municipality was skewed towards high frequency of low concentration with a mean and standard deviation of 0.61 ± 0.39 µg/m3. Similarly the distribution in Sabon gari, Bata, Nassarawa and Hotoro were 0.41± 0.28; 0.58 ± 0.29; 0.46 ± 0.31 and 0.71 ± 0.49 µg/m3 respectively while BUK, City Brigade, Kurna-Asabe and other residential areas were (0.54 ± 0.45, 0.74 ± 0.46; 0.61 ± 0.34; 0.78 ± 0.40 µg/m3) respectively. The industrial areas did not show significant variations from each other as in the residential areas.   REFERENCES Alan, W. (1988) Air Pollution and acid rain: The Biological Impact. Longman Scientific and Technical. John-Wiley and sons Inc. New York. pp.167-168. Ayodele, J.T and Ahmed, A. (2001) Monitoring air pollution in Kano municipalityby chemical analysis of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L) needles for sulphur. The Environmentalist 21, 145-151. Ayodele, J.T. and Bernard, E. (2006) Hydrogen Sulphide in Kano Atmosphere. The Intergrator .1, 44-53. 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(1982) Termites a potentially large source of atmospheric methane, carbon dioxide and molecular hydrogen, Science, 218, 563-565.}, keywords = {Concentration,Kano atmospheres,Methane}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_992.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_992_90b295ea5510d553289c91398bab44b1.pdf} } @article { author = {Soomro, A.N. and Baloch, W.A. and Jafri, S.I.H. and Suzuki, H.}, title = {Studies on length-weight and length-length relationships of a catfish Eutropiichthyes vacha Hamilton (Schilbeidae: Siluriformes) from Indus river, Sindh, Pakistan}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {143-145}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Present study describes the length-weight (LWR) and length-length (LLR) relationships of a freshwater catfish Eutropiichthyes vacha Hamilton from Indus River, Sindh, Pakistan. A total of 281 specimen of E. vacha were collected from fisherman?s catch from February 2005 to January 2006, are used for this study. The parameters a and b of the length-weight relationship were calculated as W= aLb are presented. The values for allometric coefficient b of the LWR were close to isometric value for male (b = 3.159) and combined values for both sexes (b = 3.053). However, it suggested negative allometric growth for females (b = 2.973). Results for LLRs indicated that these are highly correlated (r2 > 0.9) P< 0.0001.   REFERENCES Agarwal, N.K. (1996) Fish reproduction. APH Publishing Corporation, N. Delhi. pp. 157. Begenal, T. and Tesch, F.W. (1978) Age and Growth. Method for assessment of fish production in freshwater. (ed. Bagenal T.), IBP Hand book, Blackwell Scientific Press, Oxford. Hossain, M.Y., Ahmed, Z. F., Leunda, P. M., Jasmine, S., Oscoz, J. Miranda, R. and Ohtomi, J. (2006) Condition, length-weight and length-length relationship of the Asian striped catfish Mystus vittatus (Bloch, 1794) (Siluriformes: Bagridae) in the Mathbhanga River, southwestern Bangladesh. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 22, 304-307. Le Cren, E.D. (1951) The length-weight relationships and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in the perch (Perca fluviatilis). J. Anim. Ecol. 20, 201-219. Martin-Smith, K.M. (1996) Legth-weight relationships of fishes in diverse tropical fresh-water community, Sabah, Malaysia. J. Fish. Biol. 49, 297-298. Mirza, M.R. and Bhatti, M.N. (1999) Biodiversity of the freshwater fishes of Pakistan and Azad Kashmir. Proc. Aq. Biodiversity, Pakistan (eds. Q.B. Kazmi and N.A. Kazmi). pp. 177-184. Moutopoulos, D.K. and Stergiou, K.I. (2002) Length-weight and length-length relationships of fish species from Aegean Sea (Greece). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 18, 200-2003. Pauly D, Gayanilo Jr. F.C. (1997) A Bee: An alternative approach to estimating the parameters of a length-weight relationship from length frequency samples and their bulk weights. NAGA ICLARM, Manila, Philippines. Pitcher, T.J. and Hart, P.J. (1982) Fisheries Ecology. Chapman and Hall, London. Tesch, F., W. (1971) Age and Growth. Methods for assessment of fish production in fresh waters. (ed. Ricker W. E.). pp. 99-130. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. Zar, J.H. (1984) Biostatistical analysis. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.  718 p.}, keywords = {catfish,Eutropiichthyes vacha,Indus river,length,weight,relationships}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_993.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_993_6b1bbe40e0560f0b813a4beda9b8808c.pdf} } @article { author = {Mahdavi, A. and Naghdi, R.}, title = {Information and data flow analysis for forestry sector in Iran as a basic requirement for designing a forest information system (FIS)}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {147-153}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the status of information on forest and data transfer and to identify the gaps in information and data flow in forestry sector in Iran. The study evaluated the data and information flow in three levels (control offices level, provincial offices level and organizational offices level) using the document analysis and questioning (interviews and questionnaire). It has a major outputs; identification of the gaps in information and data flow to sustainable forest management and also can be used as a prerequisite to designing a forest information system.   REFERENCES Custom office (2002). Annual statistical reports of the custom office of Iran, Tehran, Iran, 200 p. Forest range watershed organization (2002). Annual operation report. 150 p. Ghiassallhossini, A. (2000). Evaluation of the effects of the organizing plan to sending out domesticated animals from the north forests in Iran. Science and Research Centre of Azad University of Ahvaz. MSc. Dissertation, 130 p. Hedayati, M.A. (2003). Plantation in north of Iran (purposes, policies, and future plans). Plantations and Parks Office, Report of Plantation Office, Tehran, Iran, 40 p. HITO (2002). Documents and information of harvesting and timber industries office, Tehran, Iran, 100 p. Najaran, (1988). Integrative plan of northern forests, Forestry Technical Office, Forests Range Watershed Organization, Tehran, Iran, 107 p. Rajerz, (1964). Statistic of Caspian Forests. Technical Office, Ministry of Natural Resources, Tehran, Iran,   86 p. Rassaneh, Yadollah (2003). Forest Typology. Forestry Technical Office, FRWOI, Tehran, Iran,  109 p. Solvberg, A. and Kung, D.C. (1993). Information systems engineering, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany,  268 p. Yakko P.F. (1974). Integrative plan of Caspian forests, Forests Rangelands Organization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tehran, Iran,   133 p.}, keywords = {Information,Information flow,Information gaps,Information system,Database}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_994.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_994_c5dc66ecb7ba26085aa9c52c4d8b4273.pdf} }