@article { author = {Mahmood, Q. and Hassan, M. J. and Zhu, Z. and Ahmad, B.}, title = {Influence of Cadmium Toxicity on Rice Genotypes as Affected by Zinc, Sulfur and Nitrogen Fertilizers}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {1-8}, year = {2006}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Cadmium (Cd) is among the most widespread and toxic heavy metal in several part of the world. Its toxicity in soil is becoming a severe threat to living organism worldwide. It is one of the main pollutants in paddy fields near industrial areas and highly toxic to plant growth and development of the plants. Cd can be easily taken up by plants and enter the food chain. Therefore, precautionary measurements should be done to reduce accumulation of Cd in crops to alleviate the risk of health hazards in response to Cd-polluted soils. Several strategies have been proposed for the successful management of the Cd-contaminated in crops. One approach, applicable on slightly contaminated soils, is selection of plant genotypes with high ability to repress root uptake and shoot transport of Cd which could be a reasonable approach to alleviate adverse effects of Cd toxicity in crops. Moreover, the toxic effect of Cd can be decreased by proper application of essential nutrients such as Zn, S and N fertilizers Cd contaminated soil.   REFERENCES Ajakaiye, C. O. (1981) Influence of soil applications of nitrogen on nitrate reductase activity, leaf and protein content in sorghum. Plant Soil. 60, 423- 434. Alloway, B. J. (1995) Heavy Metals in Soils, 2nd ed. Blackie Academic & Professional Publishers, London. 368 p. Angelova, I. and Atanassov, V. I. (1993) Deposition of Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu in the soil of the smelter’s area near Plovdiv. Sci. Works Higher Inst. Agri. 38, 99-102 (BG). Aravind, P., Prasad, M. N. V. (2003) Zinc alleviates cadmium-induced oxidative stress in Ceratophyllum demersum L: a free-floating freshwater macrophyte. Plant Physiol and Biochem. 41, 391- 397 Bettger, W. J. and O’Dell, B. L. (1981) A critical physiological role of zinc in the structure and function of biomembrances, Life Sci. 28, 1425- 287.  Bingham, T., Page, A. L. and Strong, J. E. (1980) Yield and cadmium content of rice grain in relation to addition rates of cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc with sewage sludge and liming. Soil Sci. 130, 32-38. Bungard, R. A., McNeil, D. and Morton, J. D. (1997) Effects of nitrogen on the photosynthetic apparatus of Clematis vitalba grown at several irradiances. Australian J. of Plant Physiol. 24, 205- 214.  Cataldo, C. A., Garland, T. R. and Wildung, R. E. (1983) Cadmium uptake kinetics in intact soybean plants. Plant Physiol. 73, 844- 848. Chaoui, A., Ghorbal, M. H. and El-Ferjani, .E. (1997) Effect of cadmium-zinc on hydrogenically grown bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant Sci. 126, 21- 28. Chen, Y. and Huerta, A. J. (1997) Effects of sulfur nutrition on photosynthesis in cadmium-treated barley seedlings. J. Plant Nutr. 20, 845-856. Choudhary, M., Bailey, L. D., Grant, C. A. and Leisle, D. (1995) Effect of Zn on the concentration of Cd and Zn in plant tissue of two Durum wheat lines. Can. J. Plant Sci. 75, 445– 448. Cobbett, C. S. (2000) Phytochelatins and their roles in heavy metal detoxification. Plant Physiol. 123, 825- 832. De Vos, C. H. R., and Schat, H. (1981) Free radicals and heavy metal tolerance. In Rozema J and Verkleij J (eds.) Ecological responses to environmental stress. AC Kluwar Publishers, The Netherlands. pp. 22- 30. Ed. J. Nriagu, Wiley and Sons, New York, 639– 653. Dunbar, K. R., McLaughlin, M. J. and Reid, R. J. (2003) The uptake and partitioning of cadmium in two cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). J. Exp. Bot. 54, 349- 354. Evans, J. R. and Terashima, I. (1987) Effects of nitrogen nutrition on electron transport components and photosynthesis in 6 Cadmium toxicity on rice genotypes spinach. Australian J. of Plant Physiolo. 14, 59- 68. Fergusson, J. E. (1991) The Heavy Elements: Chemistry, Environmental Impact and Health Effects. Pergamon Press, OxfordNew York-Tokyo- Seoul. 329– 406. Frechilla, S., Bonzalez, E. M., Royuela, M., Arrese- Igor, C., Lamsfus, C and AparicioTejo, P.M., (1999) Source of nitrogen nutrition affects pea growth involving changes in stomatal conductance and photorespiration. J. Plant Nutr. 22, 911- 926. Grant, C., Buckley, W., Bailey, L. and Selles, F. (1998) Cadmium accumulation in crops. Can. J. Plant Scienc., 78, 1- 17. Grill, E., Winnacker, E. L. and Zenk, M. H. (1985) Phytochelatins: The principal heavy metal complexing peptides of higher plants. Science 230, 674- 676 Hall, J. L. (2002) Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification and tolerance. J. Experimental Botany, 53, 1- 11. Harris, N. and Taylor, G. J. (2001) Remobilization of cadmium in maturing shoots of near isogenic lines of durum wheat that differ in grain cadmium accumulation. J. Exp. Bot. 52, 1473-1481 Hassan, M. J., Shao, G. and Zhang, G. (2005a) Influence of cadmium toxicity on antioxidant enzymes activity in rice cultivars with different grain Cd accumulation. J. Plant Nutr. 28, 1259- 1270  Hassan, M. J., Zhang, G., Wu, F, Wei, K., and Chonghua, C. (2005b) Zinc alleviates growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by Cadmium toxicity in rice. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 168, 256- 261  Hassan, M. J., Wang, Z. and Zhang, G. (2005c) Sulfur alleviates growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by cadmium toxicity in rice. J. Plant Nutr. 28, 1785-1780 Hassan, M. J., Wang, F., Ali, S. and Zhang, G. (2005d) Toxic effect of cadmium on rice as affected by nitrogen fertilizer form. Plant and Soil, 277, 359- 365 Herandez, L.E., Garate, A. and Caroeba-Ruiz. R. (1997) Effect of cadmium on the uptake, distribution and assimilation of nitrate in Pisum sativum. Plant and Soil. 189, 97-106. Howden, R., Goldsbrough, P.B., Andersen, C.R. and Cobbet, C.S. (1995) Cadmiumsensitive, Cd1 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana are phytochelatin deficient. Plant Physiol. 107, 1059- 1066. Hu, Y.T. and Kao, C.H. (2003) Changes in protein and amino acid contents in two cultivars of rice seedlings with different apparent tolerance to cadmium. Plant Growth Regulation. 40, 147- 155. Jarup, L., Berglund, M., Elinder, C.G., Nordberg, G. and Vahter, M. (1998) Health effects of cadmium exposure-a review of the literature and a risk estimate. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 24, 1- 51. Joel, G., Gamon, J. A. and Field, C.B. (1997) Production efficiency in sunflower the role of water and nitrogen stress. Remote Sensing of the Environment. 62, 176- 188.  Kabata-Pendias, A. and Pendias, H. (2001) Trace elements in soils and plants. Boca Raton, USA, CRC Press. Third edition.  Kastori, R., Petrovic M. and Petrovic N. (1992) Effects of excess lead, cadmium, copper and zinc on water relations in sunflower. J. Plant Nutr. 15, 2427- 2439. Khater, A., Abou-Seed M., Soliman, S. and Salem, N. (1991) Growth, nodule formation, chlorophyll content and the uptake of some nutrients by broad bean plants as affected by cadmium application. Agrochim. 35, 434- 440. Kim, T., Harry, A. M. and Hazel, Y. W. (2002) Studies on the effect of zinc supply on growth and nutrient uptake in pecan. J. Plant.Nutr. 25, 1987- 2000 Kochian, L. V., Pence, N. S., Letham, D. L. D., Pineros, M. A., Magalhaes, J. V., Hoekenga, O. A. Garvin, D. F. (2002) Mechanisms of metal resistance in plants: aluminum and heavy metals. Plant Soil, 247, 109-119. Larson, W. J. (1988) The antioxidants of higher plants, Phytochemistry. 27, 969- 768. Leustek, T., Martin, M. N., Bick, J. N. and Davies, J. P., (2000) Pathways and regulation of sulfur metabolism revealed through molecular and genetic studies. Annu Rev Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 51, 141- 165. Li, Y. M., Channey, L. R. and Schneiter, A. A. (1995) Genotypic variation in kernel cadmium concentration in sunflower germplasm under varying soil conditions. Crop Sci. 35, 137- 141. Liu, J. G., Liang, J. S., Li, K. Q., Zhang, Z. J., Yu B. Y., Lu X. L. and YangZhu, Q. S. (2003) Correlations between cadmium and mineral nutrients in absorption and accumulation in various genotypes of rice Hassan et al., 7 under cadmium stress. Chemosphere. 52, 1467- 1473.  Liu, M. C, Li, H. F., Xia, L. J. and Yang, L.S. (2001) Effect of Fe, Mn coating formed on roots on Cd uptake by rice varieties. Acta Ecologica Sinica. 21, 598- 602. Maclean, A. J. (1976) Cadmium in different plant species and its availability in soils as influenced by organic matter and additions of lime, P, Cd and Zn. Can. J. Soil Sci. 56, 129- 138. Majerowicz, N. and Kerbauy, J. (2002) Effect of nitrogen form on dry matter partitioning and nitrogen metabolism in two contrasting genotype of Catasetum fimbriatum (orchidaceae). Environ. Exp. Bot. 47, 249- 258. Makino, A., Sakashita, H., Hidema, J., Mae, T., Ojima, K. and Osmond, B. (1992) Distinctive responses of ribulose-1, 5- bisphosphate carboxylase and carbonic anhydrase in wheat leaves to nitrogen nutrition and their possible relationships to CO2 transfer resistance. Plant Physiol. 100, 1737 -1743. Moraghan, J. T. (1993) Accumulation of cadmium and selected elements in flax seed grown on a calcareous soil. Plant and Soil. 150, 61- 68. Nakashima, K., Kobayashi, E., Nogawa, K., Kido, T. and Honda, R. (1997) Concentration of cadmium in rice and urinary indicators of renal dysfunction. Occup. Environ. Med. 54, 750- 755. Nordberg, G. F., Jin, T., Kong, Q., Ye, T., Cai, S., Wang, Z., Zhuang, F. and Wu, X. (1997) Biological monitoring of cadmium exposure and renal effects in a population group residing in a polluted area in China. Sci. Total Environ. 199, 111- 114. Nussbaum, S., Schmutz, D. and Brunold, C. (1988) Regulation of assimilatory sulfate reduction by cadmium in Zea mays L. Plant Physiol. 88, 1407-1410. Oliver, D. P., Wilhelm, N. S., McFarlane, J. D., Tiller, K. G. and Cozens, G. D. (1997) Effect of soil and foliar applications of zinc on cadmium concentration in wheat grain. Australian J. Expt. Agriculture 37, 677- 682. Oliver, D. O., Hannam, R., Tiller, K. G., Wilhelm, N. S., Merry, R. H. and Cozens, G. D. (1994) The effects of zinc fertilization on cadmium concentration in wheat grain. J. Environ. Qual. 23, 705-711. Oritz, D. F., Kreppel, L., Speiser D. M, Scheel, G, McDonald, G. and Ow, D. W., (1992) Heavy metal tolerance in the fission yeast requires an ATP-binding cassette-type vacuolar membrane transporter. EMBO J. 11, 3491- 3499. Ozturk, L., Karanlik, S., Özkutlu, F., Çakmak, I. and Kochian L. V. (2003) Shoot biomass and zinc/cadmium uptake for hyper accumulator and non-accumulator Thlaspi species in response to growth on a zincdeficient calcareous soil. Plant Sci. 164, 1095- 1101. Penner, G. A., Clarke, J., Bezte, L. J. and Leisle, D. (1995) Identification of RAPD markers linked to a gene governing cadmium uptake in durum wheat. Genome. 38, 543- 547. Petrovic, N., Kastori, R. and Rajean, I. (1990). The effect of cadmium on nitrate reductase activity in sugar beet (Beeta vulgaris). Plant nutrition- Physiolo and Applications. Ed. M L van Beusichem. pp 107- 109. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Prasad, M.N.V. and Hagemeyer J. (Eds.) (1999) Heavy metal stress in plants from molecules to ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. Rüegsegger, A. and Brunold, C. (1992) Effect of cadmium on Y- glutamylcysteine synthesis in maize seedlings. Plant Physiol. 99, 428- 433. Salt, D. E. and Rauser, W. E. (1995) MgATPdependent transport of phytochelatins across the tonoplast of oat roots. Plant Physiol. 107, 1293- 1301. Sanità di Toppi, L. and Gabbrieli, R. (1999) Response to cadmium in higher plants, Environ. Exp. Bot. 41, 105- 130. Scheller, H. V., Huang, B., Hatch, E. and Goldsbrough, P. B. (1987) Phytochelatin synthesis and glutathione levels in response to heavy metals in tomato cells. Plant Physiol. 85, 1031- 1035. Siedlecka, A. and Krupa, Z. (1996) Interaction between cadmium and iron and its effects on photosynthetic capacity of primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 34, 833- 841. Siedlecka, A. (1995) Some aspects of interactions between heavy metals and plant mineral nutrients. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae. 64, 265- 272. Smilde, K. W., Luit B. V. and Driel, W. V. (1992) The extraction by soil and absorption by plants of applied zinc and cadmium. Plant and Soil. 143, 233- 238. Smith, G. C. and Brennan, E. G. (1983) Cadmium–zinc interaction in tomato plants. Phytopathology 73, 879–882. Stolt, J. P, Sneller, F. E. C., Bryngelsson, T., Lundborg T., Schat, H. (2003) Phytochelatin and cadmium accumulation in wheat. Environ. Exp. Bot. 49, 21- 28. Vallee, B. L. and Auld. D.S. (1990) Zinc coordination, function and structure of zinc enzymes and other proteins, Biochemistry. 29, 5647- 5659. Von-Caemmererm, S. and Farquharm, G .D. M. (1981) Some relationships between the biochemistry of photosynthesis and the gas exchange of leaves. Planta. 153, 376- 387 Wahbeh, M. I. (1984) Levels of zinc, manganese, magnesium, iron and cadmium in three species of seagrass from Aqaba (Jordan). Aquatic Botany 20, 179-183. Wang, K. R. and Gong, H. Q. (1996) Compared study on the cadmium absorption and distribution of two genotypes rice. Agroenvironmental Protection 15, 145– 149. Wang, K. R., 2002. Tolerance of cultivated plants to cadmium and their utilization in polluted farmland soils. Acta Biotechnol. 22, 189– 198.  Weigel, H. J. and Jager, H. J. (1980) Subcellular distribution and chemical form of cadmium in bean plants. Plant Physiol. 65, 480- 482 White, M. C., and Chaney, R. L. (1980.) Zinc, Cd and Mn uptake by soybean from two Zn and Cd-amended coastal plant soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44, 308- 313. Wu, F. B., Zhang, G. P. and Peter, D. (2003) Four barley genotypes respond differently to cadmium: lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant capacity. Environ. Exp. Bot. 50, 67- 77.  Wu, Q. T., Chen, L. and Wang, G. S. (1999) Differences on Cd uptake and accumulation among rice cultivars and its mechanism. Acta Ecologica Sinica. 19, 104-107. Zago, M. P. and Oteiza, P. I. (2001) The antioxidant properties of zinc: interactions with iron and antioxidants, Free Rad. Biol. Med. 31, 266- 274. Zenk, M.H. (1996) Heavy metal detoxification in higher plants. A review. Gene. 179, 21-30}, keywords = {cadmium,Genotypes,Nitrogen,rice,sulfur,Toxicity,Zinc}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_956.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_956_164b1ee8f3a8c074842ddb93aeea74f3.pdf} } @article { author = {Mahmood, Q. and Hayat, Y. and Jilani, G. and Shamsi, H. and Marwat, K. B. and Khalid, S.}, title = {Response of Poaceous Weeds in Wheat to Post-Emergence Herbicides}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {9-16}, year = {2006}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Poaceous weeds are prolific and competitive in winter crops, but they are more insidious in wheat due to their similar morphology and growing requirements. Herbicides are effective and efficient tools of weed management, however, they are vulnerable to resistance, and herbicides with different modes of action might check the dominance of a particular weed flora. The current study was undertaken to see the response of three poaceous weeds viz., Phalaris minor, Avena fatua and Lolium temulentum, to herbicides Isoproturon, Topik (Clodinafop-p) and Puma Super (Fenoxaprop-p). Completely randomized design with two factor treatments (weeds, herbicides) and eight replications was employed. Data were recorded on chlorotic and necrotic effects of herbicides on weeds, and percent mortality at the time interval of 14, 21 and 28 days after the application of herbicides. Dry biomass weight of weeds was recorded at 30 days after the treatments. Results indicated that all the parameters were affected significantly over the period of time. Maximum counts of chlorotic (2.16) and necrotic (2.97) weeds were observed at the 21st day of treatment. The highest mortality (31.1 %) was recorded at 21st day after the application of herbicides. Phalaris minor was the most resistant weed to herbicides showing the lowest mortality (only 17.7 %) compared to other two weeds. Maximum dry weight of weeds was recorded in control while a minimum of 0.456 g dry weight was observed where Topik (Clodinafop-p) was applied. For the effective control of P. minor, A. fatua and L. temulentum weeds in wheat crop, Topik (15 WP) @ 0.37 kg a.i. ha-1 was proved to be the most suitable herbicide applied at 3-4 foliar stage.   REFERENCES  Angiras, N. N., Sharma, V. and Sherma, V. (1996) Influence of row orientation, row spacing and weed control methods & physiological performance of irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Indian J. Agri. l Sci. 41, 41- 47. Balyan, R. S., Malik, R. K., Dhankar, R. S. and Singh, S. M. (1994) Effect of time and method of isoproturon application on weeds in wheat. Haryana Agric. Univ. J. Res. 24, 158- 162. Chancellor, R. J. (1979) The long-term effects of herbicides on weed populations. Annals of Applied Biol. 91, 141– 144. Chhokar, R. S., Chauhan, D. S., Sharma, R. K., Singh, R. K. and Singh, R. P. (2002) Major Weeds of Wheat and Their Management. Research Bulletin No. 13, Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal, India.16 pp. Chhokar, R. S., Sharma, R. K., Chauhan, D. S. and Mongia, A. D. (2006) Evaluation of herbicides against Phalaris minor in wheat in north-western Indian plains. Weed Res. 46, 40– 49. Dhawan, R. S. (1995) Effect of isoproturon on Hill activity and membrane permeability in leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum), small canary grass (Phalaris minor) and wild oat (Avena Iudoviciana). Indian J. Agri. Sci. 65, 894-8 95. Ghafoor, A., Shad, R. A. and Sher, M. A. (1987) Ten most important weeds in Pakistan. Prog. Farming 7, 17- 20. Hassan, G. and Marwat, K. B. (2001) Integrated Weed Management in Agricultural Crops. National Workshop on Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture. Sept. 24-26, 2001, NIAB, Faisalabd, Pakistan. Jones, R. and Medd, R. (1997) Economic analysis of integrated management of wild oats involving fallow, herbicide and crop rotational options. Aust. J. Expt. Agri. 37, 683– 691. Khan, M. and H. Noor (1995). Weeds of wheat crop and their control. Div. of Com. Services. NWFP Agric. Univ. Peshawar. Khan, N., Hassan, G., Khan, M. A. and Khan, I. (2003) Efficacy of different herbicides for controlling weeds in wheat crop at different times of application–I. Asian J. Plant Sci. 2, 305-309. Khan, N. U., Khan, S. U., Hassan, G., Khakwani, A.A. and Nawaz, Q. (2001) Studies on chemical weed control measures in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J. Biol. Sci. 1, 584- 586. Malik, R. K. and Singh, S. (1995) Littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.) resistance to isoproturon in India. Weed Tech. 9, 419– 25.  Manning, T. H., Palmer, J. J. and Hewson, R. T. (1993) Weed control in wheat with Hoe 1028-a combination of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and isoproturon. Brighten Crop Protection Conference. 9, 597-600. CAB Abstracts 1/93- 12/94. Masood, M., Jan, M. T. and Shamsi, I. H. (2002) Impact of nitrogen fertilizer, their levels, application time and weeding methods on yield and yield components of wheat. Asian J. Plant Sci. 1, 361- 363. Pervaiz, K. and Quazi, M. H. (1992) Status of food production in Pakistan. Prog. Farming 12, 5. Pingali, P.L. (1999) CIMMYT 1998-99. World Wheat Facts and Trends. Global Wheat Research in a Changing World: Challenges and Achievements. Mexico, D. F. CIMMYT. Singh, S., Kirkwood, R.C. and Marshall, G. (1999) Biology and control of Phalaris minor Retz. (littleseed canarygrass) in wheat. Crop Protection 18, 1- 16. Singh, S. and Malik, R. K. (1992) Weed management and fertiliser utilization. Fert. News 37, 59- 63. Shamsi, I. H., Khan, S., Farid, S. and Hussain, S. Z. (2001) Effect and economics of weed management practices on yield and yield components of wheat. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 1, 20- 22. Steel, R. G. D. and Torrie, J. H. (1980) Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, USA.  Stokosa, A., Janeczko, A., Skoczowski, A. and Kie, J. (2006) Isothermal calorimetry as a tool for estimating resistance of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) to aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides. Thermochimica Acta 441, 203–206. Tysoe, R.H. (1975) The control of Avena fatua in winter sown cereals with chlorotoluron. Weed Abst. 24, 34. Walia, U. S. and Gill, H.S . (1985) Interactions between herbicides and nitrogen in the control of Phalaris minor in wheat. Trop. Pest Management 31, 226-231. Welch, C. and Ross, M. A. (1997) Effect of glyphosate, glufosinate and 2, 4-D on Canada thistle. Proc. North Central Weed Sci. Soc. 52, 33-35.}, keywords = {Avena fatua,Clodinafop,p,Fenoxaprop,Herbicides,Isoproturon,Lolium temulentum,Phalaris minor,Weeds}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_957.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_957_008c4c9c041352ae2adb47f150c2a265.pdf} } @article { author = {S .C., Kochi and Kaliwal, B. B.}, title = {The Effects of Potassium Bromide on Biochemical Contents of the Fat Body and Haemolymph of Crossbreed Races of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {17-24}, year = {2006}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Oral supplementation with potassium bromide (10, 20 and 40 ?g/ml) to fifth instar larvae of CSR2, CSR4 and CSR2xCSR4 crossbreed races of the silkworm, Bombyx mori resulted in a significant increase in the fat body glycogen in all the treated groups and in all the three races of the silkworm, B. mori. The fat body protein content was increased with 20 and 40 ?g/ml treated groups in CSR2 and CSR4 races and in all the treated groups in CSR2xCSR4 cdrossbreed race of the silkworm, B. mori. However, there was a decrease in fat body protein with 10 ?g/ml treated groups in CSR2 and CSR4 races. There was a significant increase in the haemolymph trehalose with 10 ?g/ml in CSR2 race, in all the treated groups in CSR4 race and with 20 and 40 ?g/ml treated groups in CSR2xCSR4 crossbreed race when compared over the respective carrier controls. There was also a significant increase in the haemolymph protein treated with 20 and 40 ?g/ml in CSR2 race, with 10 and 20 ?g/ml in CSR4 race and in all the treated groups in CSR2xCSR4 crossbreed race when compared over the respective carrier controls. There was a significant increase in the fat body total lipids with all the treated groups and in all the three races of the silkworm, but there was a significant decrease with 40 ?g/ml treated group in CSR2xCSR4 race of the silkworm, B. mori when compared over the respective carrier controls. These results indicated that the biochemical contents of the fat body and haemolymph to potassium bromide showed good response in all the three races of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L   REFERENCES  Bhattacharya, A. and Kaliwal, B. B.(2004) Influence of the mineral potassium permanganate on the biochemical constitutents in the fat body and haemolymph of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Int. J. Indust. Entomol. 9, 131-135.  Bhattacharya, A. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2005 a) The biochemical effects of potassium chloride on the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Insect Science, 12, 95- 100. Bhattacharya, A. and Kaliwal, B. B. (2005 b) Biochemical content of the fat body and haemolymph of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) larvae fed with mulberry leaves fortified with mineral magnesium chloride (MgCl2). The Philippine Agricultural Scientist. 88, 337- 340. Bhattacharya, A. and Kaliwal, B. B. (2005 c) Synergetic effects of potassium and magnesium chloride on biochemical contents of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Caspian J. Env. Sci. 3, 1- 7. Bhattacharya, A. and Kaliwal, B. B. (2005 d) Influence of themineral potassium Kochi and Kaliwal 23 permanganate on the economic parameters of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Proc. National Conference on Sericulture for Global Competitiveness, 338- 340.  Chapman, R. F. (1998) The insect structure and function, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Dasmahapatra, A. K., Chakraborthi, m. k. and Medda, A. K. (1989) Effect of potassium iodide, cobalt chloride, calcium chloride and potassium nitrate on protein, DNA and RNA content of silkgland of silkworm (Bombyx mori L) Nistari race. Sericologia. 29, 355- 359. Downer, R. G. H. (1979) Trehalose production in isolated fat body of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 62, 31- 34.  Etebari, K. and Fazilati, M. (2003) Effect of feeding of mulbery’s supplementary leaves with NP and K in some biological and biochemical characteristics of silkworm, Bombyx mori. J. Sci Technol Agric. and Natur. Resour. 7, 233- 244. Folch, J., Less, M. and Sloane Stanley, G. H. (1957) A simple method for isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissue J. Biol. Chem. 226, 497- 509. Gilbert, L. J. and Chino, P. (1974) Transport of lipids in insects J. Lipid Res. 15, 439-456. Goudar, K. S. and Kaliwal, B. B. (2001) Effect of potassiu m nitrate on the biochemical parameters of the silworm, Bombyx mori L. Int. J. Indust. Entomol. 3 , 93- 96. House, H. L. (1974) The physiology of Insecta 5, 2nd Edn. (Ed Rockstein M.) Academic press, New York, 63- 117. Hugar, I. I., Nirwani, R. B. and Kaliwal, B. B. (1998) Effect of zinc chloride on the biochemical changes in the fat body and haemolymph of the bivoltine silkworm, B. mori L. Sericologia. 38, 299- 303.  Inagaki, S. and Yamashita, O. (1986) Metabolic shift from lipogenesis to glycogenesis in the last instar larval fat body of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Insect Biochem. 16, 327- 331.  Ito, T. and Tanaka, M. (1959) Administration of the nutrients to the silkworm larvae. 1. Effect of the administration of glucose. Sanshi Shikenjo Hokuku. 15, 353- 364. Ito, T. (1978) Silkworm Nutrition; in The silkworm an important Laboratory Tool, Tazima, Y (ed). pp. 121- 157, Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo. Izhevskiy, S. S. (1976) The physiological effects of mineral salts on Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Coleoptrera, Chrysomelidae). Ecologiya. 4, 90 - 92. Krishnaswami, S. (1978) New technology of silkworm rearing, Bulletin No.2, CSRTI Mysore, 1- 24. Lowry, H., Rosebrough, N. I., Far, A.L. and Randall, R. J. (1951) Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent, J. Biol. Chem. 193, 265- 275. Murphy, T. A. and Wyatt, G. R. (1965) Theenzymes of glycogen and trehalose synthesis in silk moth fat body. J. Bio. Chem. 240, 1500– 1508. Nirwani, R. B. and Kaliwal B. B. (1996) Increase of silk production and quantitative changes of carbohydrates and protein in fat body andhaemolymph after feeding potassium sulphate to bivoltine silkworm, B. mori L. Sericologia. 36, 523-530. Padaki, P. R. (1991) Some aspects of physiology of the Eri silkworm, Philosamia ricini. PhD. Dissertation, Karnatak University, Dharwad, India. 48- 62. Pant, R. and Morris I. D. (1969) Changes inactive phosphorylase activity and glycogen content during larval and pupal development of Philosamia ricini. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 66, 29- 31. Raghava Rao, D. (1983) Statistical Techniques in Agricultural and Biological Research, Oxford Publishing Co, New Delhi. Raubenheimer, D. and Simpson, S. J. (1999) Integrating nutrition: a geometrical approach. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 91, 67- 82. Roe, J. H. (1955) The determination of sugar in blood and spinal cord fluid with anthrone reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 242, 424- 428. Sciefter, S. S. Dayton, B. Novic and Myntiyer E. (1950) The estimation of glycogen with the anthrone reagent. Arch. Biochem. 25, 191. Thompson, S. N., Borchardt, D. B. and Wang, L. W. (2003) Dietarynutrient levels regulate protein and carbohydrate intale, gluconeogenic/glycolytic flux and blood trehalose level in the insect Manduca sexta L. J. Comp. Physiol. B 173, 149- 163. Thompson, S. N. and Redak, R. A. (2000) Integration of dietary protein and carbohydrate determine blood sugar level and regulate nutrient selection in the insect Manduca sexta. L. Biochim Biophys. Acta 1523, 91- 102. Wigglesworth, N. B. (1977) The principles of insect physiology 7th ed., Chapman and Hall, London. Wyatt, G. R. (1967) The biochemistry of sugars and polyscchlorides in insects. Adv. Insect physiol. 4, 287- 360.}, keywords = {Bombyx mori. Fat body,Glycogen,Haemolymph,Potassium bromide,Trehalose}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_958.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_958_71b81dcd780777a5c9b878f080e24bc8.pdf} } @article { author = {Etebari, K. and Bizhannia, A. R.}, title = {Effects of Thrips (Pseudodendrothrips mori Niwa) Infested Mulberry Leaves on Silkworm Growth and Commercial Cocoon Parameters}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {31-37}, year = {2006}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {In mulberry orchards in northern part of Iran, thrips is a dominant pest and causing a lot of damage to the mulberry. The effect of pest on bio-chemical parameters of mulberry leaf of two varieties viz. Kenmochi and Ichenoise and also the effect of feeding of infested leaves on rearing performances have been studied. For the study, six plots of 200 m2 area of both the varieties were selected and three of them, of each variety, were sprayed with 0.5% Metasystox at a peak period of occurrence of nymph population to obtain the good healthy leaf without thrips infestation. Another 3 plots were left without pesticide spray to obtain infested leaves so as effect of infestation on chemical parameters of leaf and effect of infested leaves on rearing performance could be studied. During rearing, larvae were fed with good quality of mulberry leaf while another lot were fed with infested leaves. The results showed that there was a decrease in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and protein contents of leaves by 2.5, 10.8, 18.7 and 12.5%, respectively due to infestation and the decrease in these parameters was more in Kenmochi. There was also a significant decrease in total cocoon production, cocoon weight, pupal weight, and shell weight due to feeding of infested leaves. However, there was no significant difference in shell ratio between the lots fed with healthy and infested leaves.   REFERENCES  Bhattacharya, S. S., Chakraborty, N., Rao, K. M. and Sahakundu (1993) Thrips of mulberry in West Bengal & the record of thrips infecting mulberry in India. Environ. Ecol. 11, 239-240. Bray, R.H. and Kurtz, L.T., 1945. Determination of total, organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci, 59, 39-45 Cappellozza, A. and Mitto, F. (1987) Observations on the bio-ethological behaviour of Pseudodendrothrips mori Niwa (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia) in some zones of Italy. Redia. 70, 523-533. Chen, L. S. (1980) Thrips associated with a The effect of mulberry thrips infection on shell ratio characteristics of silkworm fed on two varieties of mulberry 36 Effects of mulberry thrips on silkworm mulberry plant (Morus sp) in Taiwan. Proceedings of the National Science Council ROC. 4, 169-182. Das, C. Shivanath and Sinha, S.S. (1994 a) Thrips (Tysanoptera) infestation losses in mulberry (Morus alba). Ann. Entomol. 12, 1-4. Das, C., Shivanath and Rao, K.M. (1994 b) An investigation on morpho-physiological changes due to thrips infestation in mulberry (Morus alba L.). Geobios. 21, 109- 113. Das, C., Shivanath, Rao, K.M. and Gltosh, P. (1991) Biochemical changes due to thrips infection in mulberry. Proceedings of National Symposium: Plant Sciences in the nineties, K.U., pp. 225-229. Etebari, K. (2002) Determination of efficiency of sprinkler irrigation for non- chemical control of mulberry thrips Pseudodendrothrips mori (Thys., Thripidae) Proceeding of 15th Iranian Plant Protection Congress. Kermansha. pp. 191. Etebari, K. and Matindoost, L. (2004) Evaluation of effects of sprinkler irrigation & spring prunning on density of mulberry thrips Pseudodendrothrips mori Niwa (Thys., Thripidae) J. Entomol. Soc. Iran. 23, 1-14. Etebari, K., Matindoost, L. and Singh, R.N. (2004) Decision tools for mulberry thrips Pseudodendrothrips mori management in sericultural regions; an overview. Entomologia Sinica, 11, 243-255. Etebari, K., Jalali, J. and Taksokhan, M. (1998) First report on the presence of mulberry thrips Pseudodendrothrips mori Niwa (Thys., Thripidae) as a new species for insect fauna of mulberry field of north of Iran. J. Entomol. Soc. Iran, 18, 26.  Etebari, K., Jalali, J. and Taksokhan, M. (2000 a) Investigation on host preference of Psuedodendrothrips mori Niwa (Thy; Thripidae) on four varieties of mulberry in the field & laboratory. Iran. J. Agric. Sci. 31, 489-495. Etebari, K., Jalali, J. and Taksokhan, M. (2000 b) Thrips (Thysanoptera) fauna of mulberry fields in Guilan province. Proceeding of 14th Iranian Plant Protection Congress. Isfahan. pp. 364.  Jalali, J., Hasheminia, M., Etebari, K. and Shojaee, M. (2002) The Laboratory biology & seasonal population variations of mulberry thrips Pseudodendrothips mori Niwa (Thys., Thripidae) in Guilan province. J. Entomol. Soc. Iran. 21, 87-100.  Lewis, T. (1997) Thrips as Crop Pests. CAB international publication, pp. 740. Lim, S. H., Y. T. Kim, S. P. Lee, I. J. Rhee, J. S. Lim and Lim, B. H. (1990) Sericulture training manual. FAO, Agricultural Services Bulletin, Rome. Misra S., C. R. Reddy , V. Sivaprasad, K. D. Reddy & Chandrashekhariah. (2003) Effect of certain insecticides in controlling Pseudodendrothrips mori in mulberry. Int. J. Indust. Entomol. 7, 83-86. Mound, L. A. (1999) Saltatorial leaf-feeding Thysanoptera (Thripidae: Dendrothripinae) from Australia & New Caledonia, with newly recorded pests of ferns, figs and mulberries, Aust. J. Entomol. 38, 257- 273. Naik, S. L. (1997) Bio-ecology of thrips infesting mulberry. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Agriculture Sciences, Bangalore, India. Paik, H. J. and Lee, W.C. (1984) Efficacy of several insecticides to the mulberry thrips. Seri. J. Korea. 25, 32-36. Palmer, J. M. (1990) Identification of the common thrips of tropical Africa (Thysanoptera: Insecta) Trop. Pest Manag. 36, 27-49. Paul, D. C., Rao, G. S. and Deb, D. C. (1992) Impact of dietary moisture on nutritional indices and growth of Bombyx mori and concommitant larval duration. J. Insect Physiol. 38, 229-235. SAS institute (1997) SAS/STAT User’s Guide for personal computers, Cary, NC: SAS Institute. Sengupta, T., Misra, A. K., Das, C., Das, K. K., Sen, S. K. and Saratchandra, B. (1999) Physiochemical changes in thrips infected mulberry leaves. Sericologia. 39, 417-421. Singh, R. N. and Saratchandra, B. (2002) An Integrated Approach in the Pest Management in Sericulture. Int. J. Indust. Entomol. 5, 141-151. Stannard, L. J. (1968) The thrips, or Thysanoptera, of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Surv. Bull. 29, 215-552. Venugopala, S. and Krishnaswami, S. (1983) Population of mulberry thrips, Pseudodendrothrips mori (Niwa), in relation to weather factors. Indian J. Seric. 21, 46- 52. Woo, K. S. (1974) Thysanoptera of Korea. Korean J. Entomol. 4, 1-90. Wan, R. X. and Zhang, X.W. (1997) Etebari and Bizhannia 37 Investigation of the distribution of Belothrips mori Niwa on mulberry trees and its natural enemies Ningxia Jour. Agric. Forestry Sci. Tech. 6, 20–22.  Xi, T. Z, and Zhu, J. (1991) The regular pattern of occurrence of mulberry thrips & the control strategies. Sichuan Sericulture 2, 24-25. Ye, Y.B. and Gu, Z.F. (1990) Chemical control of the mulberry thrips Pseudodendrothrips mori. Sericologia. 30, 385-388.}, keywords = {Bombyx mori,Crop loss assessment,Mulberry Thrips,Pseudodendrothrips mori,Silkworm}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_959.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_959_f330d7b0fbd11329dee49b111030385b.pdf} } @article { author = {Yakubu, M. K. and Gumel, S. M. and Ogbose, L. O. and Adekunle, A. T.}, title = {Pretreatment of Cotton Fibres with Alcohols to Optimize Dye Uptake}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {39-44}, year = {2006}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Cotton fibres were subjected to cleaning process and then characterized for maturity. Decrystallisation and swelling processes with caustic soda, ethanol, propan-2-ol and Trichloroethene on the native fibres were carried out. The effects of these on the strength and moisture regain were investigated. The activation energies of the dyeings were also analysed with Durazol Scarlet Red 4 BAS. The results indicated that unlike the traditional scouring/bleaching processes the use of these reagents did not lead to adverse loss in strength. The moisture regain values also appreciated above the control indicating swelling, which might have resulted from decrystallization. The reduction of the activation energy as a result of the pretreatments confirmed the assertion. The performance of propan-2-ol was phenomenal. It suffices to say that propan-2-ol could replace the caustic soda kiering process with its attendant environmental hazards and often-difficult recycling procedure.   REFERENCES Balcerzyk, E., Kazlowski, W. and Wlodarski, G. (1969) Thermokinetics of Cellulose Fiber Penetration by Physically and Chemically Reactive Liquids and Structure of Accessible Regions. Text. Res. J., 39, 666-667. D’Silva, A.P., Harrison G., Harrocs, A.R. and Rhodes, D. (2000a) Investigation into Cotton Fibre Morphology Part II: Effect of Scouring and Bleaching Treatments on Absorption. J. Text. Inst. 91, 107-122. D’Silva, A.P., Harrison, G., Harrocs, A.R. and Rhodes, D. (2000b) Investigation into Cotton Fibre Morphology Part III: Effect of Alcohol Treatment on Water Absorption. J. Text. Inst. 91, 123-131. Daruwalla E. H and D’Silva A. P (1963) Heats of Dyeing of Direct Cotton Dyes on Cellulose a new Thermodynamic Approach to the Determination of Activity of Direct Dyes in Cellulose. Text. Res. J. 33: 40-51. Everett, D. H. and Stone, F. S. (1958) The structure and properties of porous materials, Butterworths, London, UK. pp. 23-87. Koshimo, A. and Kakishita, T. (1965) Steam and Heat Setting of Nylon 6 Fiber X. Effect of Heat Setting on Diffusion of Dyestuff into Nylon 6 fiber. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 9, 91. Lemin, D. R. and Vickerstaff, T. (1947) The Measurement of the Affinity of Monobasic Acid Dyes for Wool. J. Soc. Dyers and Col. 63, 405. Porter, B. R. and Rollins, M. L. (1972) Changes in Porosity of Treated Lint Cotton Fibers 44 Pretreatment of cotton fibres I. Purification and Swelling Treatments. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 16, 217-236. Rowland, S. P. and Bertoniere, N. R. (1985) Chemical methods of studying supramolecular structure in cellulose chemistry and its application. Ellis Harwood, Chichester, West Sussex, UK pp 112-137. Sivaraja Iyer S. R. (1974) Physical Chemistry of Dyeing: Kinetics, Equilibrium, Dye-Fiber Affinity and Mechanism. The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes (ed. by Venkataraman K.) Vol. 7, pp. 115-191, Academic Press, New York, San Francisco, London Tsurata, M. and Koshimo, A. (1965) Steam and Heat Setting of Nylon 6 Fiber I. Effect of Dry Heat Setting and Steam Setting on Young’s Modulus and Specific Gravity of Nylon 6 Fiber. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 9, 3 Warwicker J. O, Jeffries R, Colbran R.L and Robinson, R. N (1966) A Review of the Literature on the Effect of Caustic Soda and other Swelling Agents on the Fine Structure of Cotton (Shirley Institute Pamphlet No. 93) Shirley Institute, Manchester, U.K.}, keywords = {Activation Energy,Decrystallization,Diffusion,Swelling agents}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_960.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_960_1a74315120901d1306113b60c739f045.pdf} } @article { author = {Mahmood, Q. and Zheng, P. and Hassan, M. J. and Azim, M. R. and Wu, D. L. and Tahavi, M. and Hussain, M.}, title = {Risk Evaluation of Brick Kiln Smoke to Acacia arabica}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {45-52}, year = {2006}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Risk analysis is an important technique to estimate impacts on the environment for adopting effective measures to avoid risks. This field study was conducted to investigate the risk of brick kiln (BK) smoke on the shoots of Acacia arabica. Different phenotypic parameters including morphology and growth of shoots and epidermal imprints of the leaves were studied in the vicinity of a brick kiln situated 500 meters away from Lahore-Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan. Results show that smoke exposure has posed differential effects on shoots i.e. some shoots of same tree remained normal, others died and still others were badly affected by the smoke. Moreover, the number of leaves and fresh weight in the smoke affected shoots significantly reduced as compared with normal ones. The study of the epidermal imprints of the leaves of these normal and smoke effected shoots revealed that the mean values of the stomatal size of both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the normal and smoke effected leaves were not statistically significant. However, the number of stomata on both epidermal layers of smoke effected leaves was significantly reduced as compared with normal ones. This study showed that due to the exposure to BK smoke, the growth of Acacia arabica trees in the field was significantly suppressed.   REFERENCES Chaudhari, G. S., Rao, N.V. and Inamdar, I. A. (1984) Effect of air pollution on leaf epidermis and architecture of Lycopersicon lycopersicum L. Karet var angurlata. Indian J., Environ. Health, 26, 238- 243. Ceulemans, R. and Mousseau, M. (1994) Effects of elevated CO2 on woody plants New Physiologist, 127, 425- 446. Creed, E. R., Lees, D. R. and Ducket, J. G. (1973) Biological methods of estimating smoke and SO2 pollution. Nature, 244, 278- 280. Garg, K. K. and Varshney, C. K. (1980) (recd.1981). Effect of air pollution on the leaf epidermis at the sub microscopic level. Experiential (Basel) 36, 1364-1366. Honjyo, Takaaki, Toshio, S. and Yuuji, S. (1980) Recd. 1981. Influence of air pollution on the forest trees. Sci.Rep.Kyoto Prefect Uni. Agric., 32, 125- 127. Irwin, J. G. and Williams, M. L. (1988) Acid Rain: Chemistry and Transport. Environ. Poll. 50, 29- 59. Johnson, D. W. and Taylor, G. E. (1989) Role of Air Pollution in Forest Decline in Eastern North America. Water Air Soil Poll. 48, 21-43.  Keller, T. (1984) Direct effects of sulfur dioxide on trees Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 305,317- 326. Matyssek, R., Reich, P. B., Oren, R. and Winner, W. E. (1995) Response mechanisms of conifers to air pollutants. In Smith, W.K & Hinckley, T.M. (eds.), Ecophysiology of Coniferous Forests, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 255- 308. NWFP Environmental Protection Agency, (2004) Environmental Assessment Checklists and Guidelines, Brick Kiln, pdf. P 1-20, JICA Country Profile On Environment Pakistan, (1999). Japan International Cooperation Agency, p.1-27, pdf. Rao, D.N. (1985). Air pollution and plants. Biol. Mem. 11, 60-71.  Schulze, E. D., Loge, 0. L. and Oren, (1989) Forest Decline and Air Pollution. Ecological Studies 77. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.  Takaaki, H., Scnoo, T. and Swond, Y. (1980) Influence of air pollution on forest trees. Sci. Rep. Kyoto. Prefect. Uni. Agric., 33, 125-137. Taylor, G. E.; Johnson, D.W. and Andersen, C.P. (1994) Air pollution and forest ecosystems: A regional to global perspective. Ecological Applications 4, 662-689. Winner, W. E. (1994) Mechanistic analysis of plant responses to air pollution Ecological Applications 4, 651- 661.}, keywords = {Acacia arabica,brick kiln smoke,foliar characteristics,growth characteristics,risk analysis}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_961.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_961_3d226d25f159825e27fbd7c65454975c.pdf} } @article { author = {Kahneh, E. and RamezanPour, H. RamezanPour and Haghparast, M. R. and Shirinfekr, A.}, title = {Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phosphorus Supplement on Leaf P, Zn, Cu and Fe Concentrations of Tea Seedlings}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {53-58}, year = {2006}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus etunicatum, G. intraradices and Glomus versiforme) and external phosphorus supplement (8 and 35 mg P Kg-1 soil) on leaf P, Zn, Cu and Fe nutrition of 4-month-old tea(Camellia sinensis) was studied in an glass house pot experiment. The highest leaf P concentration  (up to 59.43% increase) was found in G. versiforme inoculated seedlings grown in the zero mg P Kg-1 soil, compared to the control seedlings. Higher level of Zn, Cu, and Fe concentrations were found in plants inoculated with G. intraradices as compared to other treatments. Our results showed that inoculation with G. intraradices had greater effect on uptaking of P, Zn, Cu, and Fe by tea seedlings than inoculation with either G. etunicatum or G. versiforme.   REFERENCES Aikio, S. and Ruotsalainen, A. L. (2002) The modeled growth of mycorrhizal and non- mycorrhizal plants under constant versus variable soil nutrient concentration. Mycorrhiza. 12, 257- 261. Buerkert, B. and Robson, A. D. (1994) 65Zn Uptake in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) by three vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a rootfree sandy soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26, 1117- 1124. Call, C. A. and Davies, F. T. (1988) Effect of vesicular- arbuscular mycorrhizae on survival and growth of perennial grasses in lignite overburden in Texas. Agri. Eco. Env. 24, 395- 405. Champawat, R. S. (1990) Current trends in mycorrhizal research, Proc. Nat. Conf. Mycorrhiza, HAU, Hisar, Feb. 14-16. P. 141. Chen, B., Christie, P. and Li, X. (2001) A modified glass bead compartment cultivation system for studies on nutrient and trace metal uptake by arbuscular mycorrhiza. Chemosphere.42, 185- 192. Clark, R. B. and Zeto, S. K. (1996) Iron acquisition by mycorrhizal maize grown on alkaline soil. J. plant Nut. 19, 247- 264. Gupta, M. L., Prasad, A., Ram, M. and Kumar, S. (2002) Effect of the VesicularArbuscular Mycorrhizal (VAM) Fungus Glomus fasiculatum on the essential oil yield related characters and nutrient acquisition in the crops of different cultivars of Menthol Mint (Mentha Orvensis) under field conditions. Biores. Tech. 81, 71- 79. Hayman, D. S. (1983) The physiology of vesicular arbuscular endomycorrhizal symbiosis. Canadian J. Botany. 61, 944-963. Jakobsen, I., Abbott, L. K. and Robson, A. D. (1992) External hyphae of vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with trifolium subterraneum L., I. spread of hyphae and phosphorus inflow into roots. New Phytologist. 120, 371- 380. Jakobsen, I., Joner, E. J. and Larsen, J. (1994) Hyphal phosphorus transport, a keystone to mycorrhizal enhancement of plant growth, In: Gianinazzi, S., Schiiepp, H. (eds.), Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizas on sustainable agriculture, pp. 133-146. Kothari, S. K., Marschner, H. and Romheld, V. (1991) Contribution of the VA mycorrhizal hyphae in acquisition of phosphorus and zinc by maize grown in a calcareous soil. Plant Soil. 131, 177-185. Li, X. L., George, E., Marschner, H. (1991) Phosphorus depletion and pH decrease at the root-soil and hyphae- soil interfaces of VA mycorrhizal white clover fertilized with ammonium. New phytologist. 119, 397- 404.  Liu, A., Hamel, C., Hamilton, R. I., Ma, B. L. and Smith, D.L. (2000) Acquisition of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe by mycorrhizal maize (Zea maize L.) grown in soil at different P and micronutrient levels. Mycorrhiza 9, 331- 336. Menon, K. K. G. (2002) The tea industry in India, How to redesign a native, In: Mulky, M. J., V. S. Sharma (eds.) Tea culture processing and marketing, Oxford and IBH publishing Co. PVt. Ltd. New Delhi, pp. 3-10. Murphy, J., J. P. Riley (1962). A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta. 27, 31-36.  Page, A. L., Miller, R. H., Keeney, D. R. (1982) Methods of soil analysis. American Society of Agronomy. Madison. WI. 1158 p. Purakayasta, T. J., Singh, C. S. and Chhonkar, P. K. (1998) Growth and iron nutrition of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica plenck) growth in a typic ustochrept, as influenced by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the present of pyrite and farmyard manure. Biol. Fert. Soil. 27, 35- 38. Rajan, S. K., Reddy, B. J. D. and Bagyaraj, D. J. (2000) Screening of arbuscular mycor- 58 Influence of AMF on Tea rhizal fungi for their symbiotic efficiency with Tectona grandis. Forest Ecol. Manag. 126, 91-95. Rao, A. V., and Tak, R. (2001) Influence of mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of different tree species and their nutrient uptake in gypsum mine spoil in India. App. Soil Eco. 17, 279- 284. Roy, A. K., Kumari, R., Chakraborty, B. N. and Chakraborty, U. (2002) VA mycorrhizae in relation to growth of different tea varieties. Mycorrhiza News 14, 9-11. Sana, D. L. (1987) Tea science, ASHRAFIA, B, I Ghar, Bangladesh. SAS Institute Inc (1999) The SAS system for windows, version 8. SAS Institute, Cary, N.C. Schubert, A., Lubraco, G. (2000) Mycorrhizal inoculation enhances growth and nutrient uptake of micro propagated apple rootstocks during weaning in commercial substrates of high nutrient availability. App. Soil Eco. 15, 113-118. Sieverding, E. and Toro, S.T. (1987) Growth of Coffee and tea plants in nurseries inoculated with different VAM fungal species. In proceedings of the seventh North American conference on mycorrhiza, Sylvia, D.M., Hung, L. L. and Graham, J. H. (eds.) Florida, University of Florida. 364 pp. Srivastava, D., Kapoor, R., Srivastava, A. K. and Mukerji, K. G. (1996) vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza, an overview, in: Mukerj, k. G. (ed.) concepts in mycorrhizal research, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 1-34. Tarafdar, J.C. (1995) Role of VA mycorrhizal fungus on growth and water relations in wheat in presence of organic and inorganic phosphates. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 43, 200- 204. Tisdal, S. L., Nelson, W. L., Beaton, J. D. and Havlin, J. L. (eds.) (1993) Soil fertility and fertilizers. Macmillan, New York. Vaast, Ph., Zasoki, R. J. and Bledose, C. S. (1996) Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation at different soil P availabilities on growth and nutrient uptake of in vitro propagated coffee (Cofea arabica L.) plants. Mycorrhiza 6, 493- 497.  Valentine, A. J., Osborne, B. A., Mitchell, D. T. (2001) Interaction between phosphorous supply and total nutrient availability on mycorrizal colonization, growth and photosynthesis of cucumber.Sci. Hort. 88, 177- 189. Zhi, L. (1993) Effect of VA mycorrhiza on growth and mineral nutrition of tea plant. J. Tea Sci. 13, 15-20.}, keywords = {Arbuscular mycorrhiza,Camellia sinensis,Glomus etunicatum,G. intraradices,G. versiforme,leaf nutrient concentrations Tea}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_962.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_962_d33836f5098ed01862ad43e76f19b127.pdf} } @article { author = {Safari, A. A.}, title = {Relationships Between land Use and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Spore Abundance in Calcareous Soils}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {59-65}, year = {2006}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {This study was conducted to determine soil properties that correlate with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) spore numbers in semiarid calcareous soils of Hamadan province in northwestern of Iran. Soil samples from six sites managed differently were collected from a 0 to 30 cm depth. The results showed that land use and management systems had a significant effect on AMF spore number in soils. The mean spore number was found to fluctuate from 87 10g-1 to 172 10g-1 in coniferous woodland and dry farmland soils, respectively. The AMF spore numbers in soils exhibited a positive correlation with soil silt content, organic carbon/available P ratio, total nitrogen/available P ratio, basal respiration and fungal population, but a negative correlation with soil available P and available P/available K ratio. It may be concluded that soil management system, plant cover, silt content, available P are the main factors affecting AMF spore numbers in calcareous soils.   REFERENCES Alef, K., and Nannipieri P. (1995) Methods in applied soil microbiology and biochemistry, Academic Press, Harcourt Brace & Company, Publishers, London. Allen. M. F. (1983) Formation of vesicularmycorrhizae in Atriplex gardneri (Chenopodiaceae): Seasonal response in a cold desert. Mycologia 75, 773- 776. Anderson, J. P. E., and Domsch K. H. (1978) A physiological method for the quantitative measurement of microbial biomass in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 10, 214– 221.  Asimi, S., Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. and Gianinazzi, S. (1980) Influence of increasing soil phosphorus levels on interactions between vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and Rhizobium in soybean. Canadian Journal of Botany 58, 2200-2205.  Bever, J. D., Morton, J. B. Antonovics, J. and Schultz, P. A. (1996) Host-dependent sporulation and species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a mown grassland. Journal of Ecology 84, 71– 82. Bower, C. A., Reitmeir, R. F. and Fireman, M. (1952) Exchangeable cation analysis of saline and alkali soils. Soil Science 73, 251- 261. Bremner, J. S., and Mulvaney, C. S. (1982)  Relationships between land use and AM Nitrogen-total. In: Page, A. l., Miller, R. H., and Keeney, D. R. (Eds.), Method of soil analysis, part 2: chemical and microbiological properties. Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. 595- 624.  Daniels Hetrick, B. A., and Bloom, J. (1986) The influence of host plant on production and colonisation ability of vesicular– arbuscular mycorrhizal spores. Mycologia 78, 32–36. Douds, D. D., and Millner, P. D. (1999) Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74, 77–93. Eivazi, F., and Tabatabai, M. A. (1977) Phosphatase in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 9, 167-172.  Eom, A. H., Hartnett, D. C. and Wilson, G. W. T. (2000) Host plant effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in tallgrass prairie. Mycologia 122, 435–444. Gee, G. W., and Bauder, J. W. (1986) Particle size analysis. In: Klute A. (ed),.Method of soil analysis, part 1: Physical and mineralogical methods, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin USA. 383- 411. Gerdmann, J. W. and Nicolson, T. H. (1963) Spores of mycorrhizal endogone species extracted by wet sieving and decanting. Transaction British Mycological Society 46, 235-244. Graham, J. H., Leonard, R. T. and Menge J. A. (1981) Membrane mediated decrease in root exudation responsible for phosphorus inhibition of vesicular- arbuscular mycorrhiza formation. Plant Physiology 68, 548- 552. Guillemin, J. P., Orozco, M. O. GianinazziPearson,V. and Gianinazzi, S. (1995) Influence of phosphate fertilization on fungal alkaline phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase activities in arbusculare mycorrhiza of soybean and pineapple. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 53, 63-69. Hesse, P. R (1971) A text book of soil chemical analysis. John Murray. London. Hinds, A., Lowe, L. E. (1980) Ammonium N determination. Soil nitrogen. Berthelot reaction. Soil Science and Plant Analysis 11, 469– 475. Jackson, M. L. (1958) Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. James, N. (1958) Soil extract in soil microbiology. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 4, 363-370. Jenkins, W. R. (1964) A rapid centrifugal floatation technique for separating nematodes from soil. Plant Dis. Rep., 73, 203-204 Johnson, N. C., Tilman, D. and Wedin, D. (1992) Plant and soil controls on mycorrhizal fungal communities. Ecology 73, 2034– 2042.  Leoppert, R. H. and Suarez, G. L. (1996) Carbonates and Gypsum. In: Sparks D. L. (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 3, Chemical methods. Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Ortega-Larrocea, M. P., Siebe, C., Becard, G., Mendez, I., and Webster. R. (2001) Impact of it century of wastewater irrigation on the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhiza1 spores in the soil of the Mezquital Valley of Mexico. Applied Soil Ecology 16, 149- 157.  Parkinson, D., Gray, T. R. G. and S. T. Williams (1971) Media for isolation of microorganisms. In: Methods for studying the ecology of soil micro-organisms. Blackwell Science Publication. Oxford. 105-116. Plenchette, C., Furlan, V. and Fortin,J. A. (1983) Response of endomycorrhizal plants grown in a calcined monmorillonite clay to different levels of soluble phosphorus. I. Effects on growth and mycorrhizal development. Canadian Journal of Botany 61, 1377-1383. Sanders, I. R., and Fitter, A. H. (1992) Evidence for differential responses between host–fungus combinations of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizas from a grassland. Mycology Research 96, 415–419. Schinner, F., and Von Mersi, W. (1990) Xylanase, CM-cellulase and invertase activity in soil: an improved method. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 22, 511 –515. Schwab, S. M., Menge, J. A. and Leonard, R.T. (1983) Comparision of stages of vesiculararbuscular mycorrhiza formation in sudangrass grown at two levels of phosphorus nutrition. American Journal of Botany 70, 1225-1232. Simon, L., Bousquet, J., Levesque, R. C. and Lalonde, M. (1993) Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal fungi and coincidence with vascular land plants. Nature 363, 67-69.  Skujins. J. and Allen , M. F. (1986) Use of mycorrhizae for land rehabilitation. MIRCEN Journal, 12, 161-176. SPSS Inc. Headquarters, 233 S. Wacker Drive, 11th floor, Chicago, Illinois 60606 Subba Rao N.S. (2001) Soil microbiology (Forth edition of soil microorganisms and plant growth). Science Publishers, Inc. Enfield (NH). USA. Sylvia, D.M. (1994) Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi.Methods of soil Analysis, Part 2: Microbiological and Biochemical properties. SSSA, Book series, no. 5. pp 351-378.  Tsai, S. M., and Phillips, D. A. (1991) Flavonoids released naturally from alfalfa promote development of symbiotic Glomus spores in vitro. Applied Environmental Microbiology 57, 1485–1488. Walkley, A., and Black, I. A. (1934) An examination of the Degtareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 37, 29–38.}, keywords = {Land use,plant cover,Soil properties,Arbuscular mycorrhiza}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_963.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_963_ccdc2e45bfceac71b45ddfb9f3c02d20.pdf} } @article { author = {Rahmathulla, V.K., and Tilak, R. and Rajan, R. K,}, title = {Influence of Moisture Content of Mulberry Leaf on Growth and Silk Production in Bombyx mori L.}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {25-30}, year = {2006}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {The influence of moisture content of mulberry leaf on the growth, development and moisture build up in the body of silkworm was studied by feeding with different maturity leaves to late age of silkworm larvae. Significantly higher larval moisture (79.78%), larval weight (65.65 g), pupal moisture (73.81%) was recorded in top tender leaf (high moisture) fed batches and least was recorded in the coarse leaf (lower moisture) fed batches. Significantly positive correlation between moisture content of leaf and larva to different variables like growth rate, larval weight, single cocoon weight, single shell weight and average filament length were recorded.   REFERENCES  Anonymous (1980) Text book of tropical sericulture, 2nd edition Japan overseas cooperation Volunteers, Tokyo. pp. 154- 166. Barman, A. C. (1992) Manifestation of bacterial and viral diseases of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.), role of mulberry leaves, spacing and feeding frequencies in relation to atmospheric high temperature and humidity. Bull. Seric. Res, 3, 46- 50. Basu, R.,. Roychoudhary, N., Shamsuddin, M., Sen, S. K. and Sinha, S. S. (1995) Effect of leaf quality on rearing and reproductive potentiality of Bombyx mori L. Indian silk, 33, 21- 23. Beegum, B. (1992) Influence of leaf water content on dietary water and food utilization in the different races of silkworm Bombyx mori L. M. phil. Dissertation, Bangalore Univesity, 104 p. Bongale, U., Chaluvachari, D. M. and Narahari Rao, B. V. (1991) Mulberry leaf quality evaluation and its importance. Indian silk, 3, 51- 53. Delvi, M. Radha Krishna, R. and Noor Pasha, P. G. (1988) Effect of leaf ration on dietary water budget of the larvae of sikworm, Bombyx mori and Eri silkworm, Philosamia ricini. Proc. Indian Acad.Sci., (Anim.sci.) 97, 197- 202. Diwedi, N. K. (1992) Silkworm nutrition and mulberry . Indian Silk, 31, 9- 12. Kumar, C. S., Sekharappa, B. M and Sarangi, S. K. (1996) Influence of temperature and leaf quality on rearing performance of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Ind. J. Seric. 36, 116-120. Krishnaswami, S., Ahsan, M. M. and Sriharan. T. P. (1970) Studies on quality of mulberry leaves and silkworm cocoon crop production, Part 2. Quality difference due to maturity. Ind. J. Seric. , 9, 11- 17. Krishnaswami. S. (1978) New technology of silkworm rearing, Bulletin No.2 Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore, India, pp.1- 28. Paul, D. C., Subba Rao , G. and Deb, D. C (1992) Impact of dietary moisture on nutritional indices and growth of Bombyx mori and concomitant larval duration. J. Insect. Physiol., 38, 229- 235. Pathak, J. P. N.and Ashish Vyes (1998) Correlation between water content of mulberry leaves and amount of urination in the spinning larvae of multivoltine race (PMxHS6), Bombyx mori L. Ind. J. Seric. 27, 122- 125. Rajan, R. K., Singh, G. B. , Himantharaj, M. T. , Nataraju, B. and Subbaiah M. B.(2001) Illustrated working process of new bivoltine rearing technology. JICA publication , CSR and TI, Mysore, pp 1- 92.  Rashid, M. A., Mahadeva murthy, T. S. Shiva Kumar, G. R. and Magadum , S. B (1993) Effect of preservation of bush and tree leaf on feeding efficiency and growth in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Bull. Sericult. Res., 4, 462- 64. Sudo sho, Y.and Okajima T. (1981) The relation between the leaf quality at different orders on silkworm growth and cocoon quality of silkworm J. Seric. Sci. Jpn., 50, 306- 310. Vage, M. N. and Ashoka. J. (1999) Effect of tender shoots to fifth instar of PMxNB4D2 on cocoon and silk filament traits. Proceeding of National Seminar on Tropical Sericulture, Dec 28-30, Bangalore.  Veda, K., Nagai, L and Morikomi. M. (1997) Silkworm rearing. (Translated from Japanese). 123-137.}, keywords = {Bombyx mori,Development,Growth,Larval weight,Larval moisture,Leaf moisture}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_964.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_964_cc537fe38f64871f3fe8360634ed2460.pdf} } @article { author = {Kaliwal, B. B. and Ksheerasagar, R. L.}, title = {Histological and Biochemical Changes in the Liver of Albino Mice on Exposure to Insecticide, Carbosulfan}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {67-76}, year = {2006}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Carbosulfan (2,3-dihydro-2,2dimethyl-7-benzofuronyl [(dibutyl amino) thio] methyl] a carbamate insecticide and acaricide was administered orally at an effective dose of 48 mg/kg/day to albino mice for 5, 10, 20 and 30 days .Control mice received similar quantities of olive oil. Daily body weights were recorded and mice were sacrificed after 24 hours after the terminal exposure. The histologic examination of liver of the mice treated with carbosulfan for 10, 20 and 30 days revealed the dilation of central vein and sinusoids between hypertrophied hepatocytes. Vacuolization and hyalinization of hepatocytes with loss of radial arrangement. Treatment with carbosulfan for 20 days in female and male mice resulted in a significant decrease in protein and liver glycogen contents in female mice, whereas in male mice the glycogen was not changed significantly in the liver. The cholesterol content was increased significantly in male mice, but in female mice there was no significant change. Treatment with carbosulfan for 30 days caused significant decrease in DNA, RNA, protein, glycogen and significant increase in the level of cholesterol in male and female mice. Temporal study on liver enzymes displays treatment with carbosulfan for 20 days caused significant increase in LDH activity and significant decrease in Na+K+ATPase, Mg++ATPase, Ca++ATPase and no significant change in SDH, ASAT, ALAT, ACP activity in female mice, however in male mice the activity of liver enzymes was not changed significantly. Carbosulfan treatment for 30 days caused significant decrease in SDH, Na+-K+ATPase, Mg++ATPase, Ca++ATPase, ACP activity, whereas LDH, ASAT, ALAT, AKP activity were increased significantly in the liver of male and female mice. The results of the present study suggests that the carbosulfan has adverse effects on liver functions leading to histologic and physiological impairment.   REFERENCES  Abell .L. L, Levy .B. B, Brodie .B. P. and Kendal. F. E (1952) Simplified method for estimation of total cholesterol in serum and demonstration of its specificity. J. Biol. Chem; 195, 357- 361.  Adhikari, N. and Grover, I. S (1988) Genotoxic effects of some systemic pesticides : in vivo chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells in rats. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 12, 235-242. Babu, G. R. V., Reddy, G. R., Reddy, A. T. V., Rajendra, W. and Chetty, C. S. (1990) Effect of in vitro of propoxur on calcium dependent ATP hydrolysis and calcium uptake by the rat brain synaptosomes. Biochem. Intrnl., 21, 1089-1094.  Baligar, P. N. and Kaliwal, B. B(2001) Induction of gonadal toxicity to female rats after chronic exposure to mancozeb. Ind. Health, 39, 235- 243. Barale, R. C., Seapoli, C., Meli, D., Casini, M., Minunni, A., Marrazzini, N., Loprieno and Barrai, I(1993) Cytogenetic effects of benzimidazoles in mouse bone marrow. Mutation Res., 300, 15- 28. Bhaynagar, V. K., Saigal, S., Khemani, L. D., Malviya, A. N. (1982) Survey among workers in Pesticide factories. Toxicol. Lett. 10, 129- 132. Brown, H.R. and Sharma, R.P(1976) Synaptosomal adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) inhibition by organophosphates. Experentia, 32(12), 1540-1542. Butler, A.M., Murray, M(1993) Inhibition and inactivation of constitutive cytochromes P450 in rat liver by parathion. Mol. Pharmacol., 43, 902-908. Carrol, N.V., Langely, R.W. and Row, R.H(1956) Glycogen determination in liver and mode by use of anthrone reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 20, 583-593. Choudhary, N., Sharma, M, Verma, P., Joshi, S.C(2003) Hepato and nephrotoxicity in rat exposed to endosulfan. J. Environ. Biol., 24, 305-308. Cid, M.G., Loria, D. and Matos, E(1990) Genotoxicity of the pesticide propoxur and its nitroso derivative, No-propoxur on human lymphocytes in vitro. Mutation Res., 232, 45- 48. Desaiah, D. (1982) Mechanisms of chlordecone 74 Effects of Carbosulfan on Albino Mice neurotoxicity A Review. Neurotoxicity, 3, 103- 110. Dikshith, T. S. S., Raizada, R. B., Datta, K. K(1980) Interaction of phosphomidon and Benzene in female rabbits. Ind. J. Exptl. Biol., 18, 1273-1277. Dikshit, T. S. S., Raizada, R. B., Singh, V., Pandey, M. and Shrivastava, M. K. (1991) Repeated dermal toxicity of Lech. HCH and methyl parathion (So Ec) to female rats (Rattus norvegicus). Ind. J. Exptt Biol., 29, 149-155. Durham, W. F., Wolfe, H. R. (1962) Measurement of the exposure of workers to pesticides, Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 26, 75- 91. Enan E. E. (1983)Comparative biochemical effects of three aliphatic organophosphorus insecticides on white rats. Intrnl. Pest control, 25, 42- 44. Fukuto, R. T. (1983) Structure-activity relationship in derivatives of anticholinesterase insecticides. In: Pesticide chemistry human welfare and the environment. Pergmen Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 OBW, England, pp. 203- 212. Georgieva, V. R., Vactikova, M., Tzoneva and Kappas, A. (1990) Genotoxic activity of Benomyl in different test systems. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 16, 32-36. Harper, A.J., Rodwell, V.M., Meyer, P.A(1977) Review of physiological chemistry, 16th ed.Large Medical Pub. Los. Actor., California. Hayes, W. J., Jr(1982) Pesticides studied in man. Williams and Wilkins Col., Baltimore. Ivanova- Chemishanska, L (1982) Dithiocarbamates. In : Toxicity of pesticides, health aspects of chemical safety WHO Copenhagen, Interim Document, 9, 158-169. Jinna, R. R., Ozodinma, J. E. and Desaiah, D(1989) Age related changes in rat brain ATPases during treatment with chlordecone. J. Toxicol. Environ. Hlth., 27, 199- 208. JMPR (2003) Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on pesticide residues, http://www.who.int/ pes/jmpr/2003.htm. Kackar, R., Srivastava, M.K., Raizada, R.B(1997) Induction of gonadal toxicity to male rats after chronic exposure to mancozeb. Ind. Health, 35, 104-111.  King, J. (1965) In: Practical Clinical Enzymology, Edn. Z. Van, D. Norstrand, Co. London, p. 83. Kinter, W. B., Merkens, L. S., Janiki, R.H., Guarino, A. M. (1972) Studies on the mechanism of toxicity of DDT and PCBS; Disruption of osmoregulation in marine fish. Environ. Hlth. Persps., 8, 169 - 173. Klassen, C. P. and Plaa, G. L. (1966) Relative effects of various chlorinated hydrocarbons on liver and kidney function in mice. Toxicol. & Appl. Pharmacol., 9, 139.  Koch, R. B. (1969a) Inhibition of animal tissue ATPase activities by chlorinated hydrocarbon. Pesticides chem. Biol. Interact., 1, 199- 209. Koch, R. B. (1969a) Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide inhibition of rabbit brain ATPase. J. Nero. Chem., 16, 169. Kostka, G., Palut, D., Kopec-Szlezak, J., Kudwicki, J. K. (2000) Early hepatic changes in rats induced by permethrin in comparison with DDT. Toxicology, 142, 135-143. Kumar, R., Bindu Madhavi, N.B., Sharma, C. B. (1993) Biodegronulation of a carbamate pesticide, propoxur, in rat tissues. Biomed. Chromatgr., 7, 20-24. Lowry, H., Rosebrough, N.I., Far, A.L. and Ranall, R.J(1951) Protein measurement with Folinphenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193, 265- 275. Mahadevaswami, M. P., Jadaramkunti, U. C., Hiremath, M. B and Kaliwal, B. B. (2000) Effect of mancozeb on ovarian compensatory hypertrophy and biochemical constituents in hemicastrated albino rat. Reprod. Toxicol., 14, 127- 134. Mishra, V. K., Shrivastava, M. K., Raizada, R. B (1998) Testicular toxicity in rat to repeated oral administration of tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (Thiram). Ind. J. Exptl. Biol., 36, 390-394. Murphy, S. D. and Porter, S. (1966) Effects of toxic chemicals on some adaptive liver enzymes, liver glycogen and blood glucose in fuster rats. Biochem. Pharmacol., 15, 1655- 1676. Nachles, M. M. Margulius, S. I. and Sellirgman, A.M(1960) Site of electron transfer to tetrazolium salts in the succinoxidase. J. Biol. Chem., 235, 2739. Nagoha, E. O., Akanji, M. A. and Madusolumo, M. A(1989) Studies on correlations between Chloroquine induced tissue damage and serum enzyme changes Ksheerasagar and Kaliwal 75 in the rat. Experentia, 45, 143-146. Nebbia, C. and Ferrero, E. (1991) Pathologic changes tissue distribution and extent of common to ETU after sub acute administrations of zinc ethylene bisdithiocarbamate to calves with immature lumen function. Am. J. Vet. Res., 52, 1717-1722. Pala, I., Vig., P. J. S., Desaiah, D. and Srinivasan, A(1991) In vitro effects of organophosphorus compounds on calmodulin activity. J. Appl. Toxicol., 11 (6), 391- 395. Plaa, G. L. (1986) Toxic response of the liver In: Klaassen C. D., Amdur M. O., Doull, J. (eds) Casarett and Doull’s toxicology, the basic science of poisons, 3rd edn. MacMillan Publishing Company, New York, pp. 310- 329. Rao, C. V. and Banerji, S. A. (1990) Effect of feeding polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1260) on hepatic enzymes in rats. Ind. J. Exptl. Biol., 28, 149-151. Renzi, B. E., Krieger, P. I. (1986) Sub- lethal acute toxicity of carbosulfan [2, 3- dihydro2, 2-dimethyl- 7 benzofuranyl (di-nbutylaminosulfenyl) methyl carbamate] in the rat after intravenous and oral exposure. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 6, 7-15. Richardson, R. J. (1981) Toxicology of the nervous system. In: Toxicology principles and practice, A. L. Reeves (Ed), Wiley Inter Science Publishers, Toronto. Schneider, W. C. (1957) Determination of nucleic acids in tissues by pentose analysis. In: Colowick, S .P., Kaplan , N. D. (eds) Methods in Enzymology, New York, Academic Press, pp. 680-684. Shakoori, A. R., Ali, S. S. and Saleem, M. A. (1988) Effects of six month feeding of cyper methrin on the blood and liver of albino rats. J. Biochem. Toxicol., 3, 59-11. Shivanandappa, T. and Krishnakumari, M. K. (1981) Histochemical and biochemical change sin rats fed dietary benzene hexachloride. Ind. J. Exptl. Biol., 19, 1163- 1168. Siddiqui, M. K. J., Anjum, F. and Qudri, S. S. H. (1987) Some metabolic changes induced by endosulfan in hepatic and extra hepatic tissues of rat. J. Environ. Sci., 22, 553-564. Siddiqui, M. K. J., Anjum, F., Mahboob, M., and Mustafa, M. (1991) Effects of dimethoate on hepatic cytochrome P-450 and glutathione S-transferase activity in pigeon and rat. Ind. J. Expt. Biol., 29, 1071- 1073. Snow, D. H. and Watson, A. D. (1973) The acute toxicity of dichlorvos in the dog. Aust. Vet. J., 49,113 119. Shrivastava, A. K., Raina, R., Choudhary, R.K. and Malik, T.K. (1989) The acute toxicity and Bioehcmial alterations in rats after single oral exposure to dichlorvos. Pesticides, 2, 35-40. Shrivastava, A. K., Gupta, B. N., Mathur, A. K., Mathur, N., Mahendra, P. N., Bharti, R. S. (1991)The clinical and biochemical study of pesticide sprayers. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 10, 279-283. Stott, Ian, Anupam, M., Alex, R., Norman, W. T. and Jeffrey, R. F. (1997)Low dose ithiocarbamate attenuates the hepatotoxicity of 1, 3- dichloro- 2- propanol and selectivity inhibits CYP2E1 activity in the rat. Human Expt. Toxicol., 16, 262-266. Swamy, K. V., Ravikumar, R. and Murali Mohan, P. (1992) Effect of chronic sub lethal daily dosing of monocrotophos on some aspects of protein metabolism in rat brain. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 49, 723-729. Topktas, M., Renci Zogullari, E., Ila, H. B. (1996) In vivo chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells of rats with marshal. Myt. Res., 371, 259-264. Walter, Z., czakowska, A. and Lipecka, K. (1980) Effect of malathion on the genetic material of human lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Human Genet., 53, 375-381. Worblewski, F. and La Due, J.S(1955) Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity as index of liver cell injury. A preliminary report. Ann. Inter. Medicine, 43, 345. Yatzidis, S. H. (1960) Measurement of transaminases in serum. Nature, 186 (4718), 79-80. Zarh, J. A., Bruschweiler, B. J. and Schlatler, J. R(2002) Azole fungicides affect mammalian steroidogenesis by inhibiting sterol 14αdemethylase and aromatase. Environ. Health. Perspect., 111, 255-261. Zelesco, P. A., Barbieri, I. and Graves, J. A. M(1990) Use of a cell hybrid test system to demonstrate that Benomyl induces aneuploidy and polyploidy. Mut. Res., 242, 329-335}, keywords = {Carbosulfan,Enzymes,Histology,Liver,Toxicity}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_965.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_965_3d17341e41716fb1d57e4eb530cfd209.pdf} } @article { author = {Sharifi, M.}, title = {The Pattern of Caspian Sea Water Penetration Into Anzali Wetland: Introduction of a Salt Wedge}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {77-81}, year = {2006}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Measuring salinity of water at different depths along six transacts at the mouth of the wetland and along five tributaries connecting the wetland to the sea the extent of Caspian Sea penetration into Anzali Wetland was determined. The results demonstrated a depth-dependent salinity gradient extending up to 10 kilometres into the wetland. A pattern of saltwater and freshwater interface is presented and the role of this interface in enhancing sedimentation is discussed.   REFERENCES Acha, E. M., Mianzan, H. W., Iribarne O, Gagliardini, D. A., Lasta, C. and Daleo, P. (2003) The role of the Rio de la Plata bottom salinity front in accumulating debris. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46, 197- 202.  Duck, R. W., and McManus, J. (2003) The effects of frontal systems on mixing in estuaries. ECSA 8 Mixing/Modelling. 6, 151- 155. Duck, R. W. and Wewetzer, S. F. K. (2001). Impact of frontal systems on estuarine sediment and pollutant dynamics. The Science of the Total Environment 266, 23- 31. Dumont. H. (1995) Ecocide in the Caspian Sea. Nature, 377, 176- 180. Dyer, K. R. (1994) Estuarine sediment transport and deposition. In K. Pye (Ed.) Sediment Transport and Depositional Processes, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 193- 218. Kosarev, A. N. and Yablonskaya, E. A. (1994) The Caspian Sea. SPB Academic, The Netherlands. pp. 37- 62. Mason, C. F. (1994) Biology of Freshwater Pollution. Longman Scientific & Technical. pp. 95- 123. Pritchard, D. W. ( 1967) Estuaries: Sediment transport and sedimentation in estuaries. In G.H. Lauff (Ed.) Estuaries, American Association for the Advancement of Science, pp. 158- 179. Reeves A. D. and Duck, R. W. (2001). Density fronts: Sieves in the estuarine sediment transfer system? Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 26, 89- 92. Shantia, H. (1989) Effects of Caspian sea level on Anzali wetland ecosystem (in Farsi).. Proc. Caspian Sea Level Expansion Seminar. Ramsar, July 1989. pp.141- 142. Sharifi, M. (1989) Summer Release of Phosphate in Anzali Wetland. In the proceedings of the sixth Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Rasht. pp. 43- 44. Sharifi, M. (1990) Assessment of Surface Water Quality by an Index System in Anzali Basin. In The Hydrological Basis for Water Resources Management. Ed Shamir, U., and Jiaqi, C. Institute of Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. IAHS Press. pp. 163- 171. Simpson, J. H. and Nunes, R. A., (1981) The tidal intrusion front: An estuarine convergence zone. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 13, 257- 266. Simpson, J. H., and Turrell, W. R. (1986). Convergent fronts in the circulation of tidal estuaries. In D. A. Wolfe (Ed.) Estuarine Variability, Academic Press, New York, pp. 139-132.}, keywords = {Anzali Wetland,Caspian Sea,Frontal Systems,Point Source Pollution,Salt Water Interface}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_966.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_966_ffad7ec7222ff94496c3fb45a35267c1.pdf} }