Encapsulation of aromatic coconut water with sodium alginate and calcium chloride

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology, Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand

10.22124/cjes.2024.7514

Abstract

The main goal of this study was to determine the best amount of sodium alginate needed to effectively encapsulate aromatic coconut water using sodium alginate and calcium chloride. Additionally, the study aimed to explore how physical and chemical factors influence the production of aromatic coconut encapsules. Finally, the research sought to evaluate consumer acceptance of encapsulated coconut aroma. The findings revealed that using 2 g sodium alginate per 200 g coconut water, 500 g clean water, and 3 g calcium chloride resulted in suitable viscosity of the encapsulated aromatic coconut. These encapsulations were able to dissolve into water when used in encapsulated or coated tablets. When incorporating varying amounts of sodium alginate (2, 2.5, and 3 g) into the aromatic coconut water, the colour and brightness value (L*) of the encapsulated product was found to be 45.18 ± 0.03, with a red value (a*) of -0.50 ± 0.01 and a yellow value (b*) of -3.12 ± 0.01. The pH value remained consistent at 5.20 ± 0.00, and the total dissolved solids (๐Brix) were 6.43 ± 0.00. No significant differences were observed in the sugar solid solution. Microbial analysis indicated that the quantity of microorganisms did not exceed the specified standard. In terms of consumer acceptance, 76% of the participants expressed satisfaction with the encapsulated coconut water.

Keywords


Norris. HA, Elewski, BE & Ghannoum. MA 1999, Optimal growth conditions for the determination of the antifungal susceptibility of three species of dermatophytes with the use of a microdilution method. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 40: S9-S13.                                                                        
Nussipov, Y, Markabayeva, A, Gianfaldoni, S, Tchernev, G, Wollina, U, Lotti, J & Lotti, T 2017, Clinical and                              Epidemiological Features of Dermatophyte Infections in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Open access, Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 5: 409. Allegra, A, Sortino, G, Inglese, P, Settanni, L, Todaro, A, Gallotta, A 2017, 'The effectiveness of Opuntia fícus-indica mucilage edible coating on post-harvest maintenance of ‘Dottato’ fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit', Food Packing and Shelf Life, vol. 12, pp. 135-141.
Antonio-Gómez, MV, Salinas-Moreno, Y, Hernández-Rosas, F, Herrera-Corredor, JA, Contreras-Oliva, A 2023, 'Color and Stability of Anthocyanins of Chagalapoli (Ardisia compressa K.) Fruit Added to an Isotonic Beverage as Microcapsules and as Free Extract', Foods, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 2009, DOI: 10.3390/foods12102009.
Beristain, CI, Castillo, MA, Silos, FL, Barrett, LJ 1996, 'Techniques Used to Encapsulate Flavoring Agents', vol. 218, no. 1, pp. 218-253.
Bourtoom, T 2008, 'Review article - edible films and coatings: characteristics and properties', International Food Research Journal, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 237-248.
Camargo Prado, F, De Dea Lindner, J, Inaba, J, ThomazSoccol, V, Kaur Brar, S, Soccol, CR 2015, 'Development and evaluation of a fermented coconut water beverage with potential health benefits', Journal of Functional Foods, vol. 12, pp. 489-497.
Chaovanalikit & Itthisoponkul 2011, Encapsulation technology. Vol. 12, Issue 2, May-August B.E. 2561.
DebMandal, M, & Mandal, Sh 2011, Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.: Arecaceae): in health promotion and disease prevention. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4: 241-247, DOI: 10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60078-3.
Chemical products for industry. PSU. Calcium chloride. [Online] Available from: http://www.chemall.com.
Dziezak, JD 1988, 'Encapsulation', in E.M. Mrak & G. Wyllie (eds.), Food Additives and Ingredients, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
English, M, Okagu, OD, Stephens, K, Goertzen, A, Udenigwe, CC 2023, 'Flavour encapsulation: A comparative analysis of relevant techniques, physiochemical characterisation, stability, and food applications', Frontiers in Nutrition, vol. 10, DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1019211.
Espitia, PJP, Batista, RA, Azeredo, HMC, Otoni, CG 2016, 'Probiotics and their potential applications in active edible films and coatings', Food Research International, vol. 90, pp. 42-52.
Giri, SS, Sukumaran, V, Sen, SS, Park, SC. 2018, 'Use of a potential probiotic, Lactobacillus casei L4, in the preparation of fermented coconut water beverage', Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 9, article ID 1976.
Goubet, I, Rega, B, Duchene, D, Puisieux, F 1998, 'Techniques for Encapsulating Flavoring Agents, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 243-289.
Jackson, LS, Lee, K 1991, 'Encapsulation and Controlled Release of Food Ingredients', ACS Symposium Series, American Chemical Society.
Kallapur, S, Hegde, M,  Sanil, AD, Pai, R & Sneha NS 2021, Identification of aromatic coconuts using image processing and machine learning techniques, Global Transitions Proceedings, 2: 441-447, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gltp.2021.08.037
Lee, PR, Boo, CX, Liu, SQ 2013, 'Fermentation of coconut water by probiotic strains Lactobacillus acidophilus L10 and Lactobacillus casei L26', Annals of Microbiology, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 1441-1450.
Michel, MR, Aguilar-Zárate, M, Rojas, R, Martínez-Ávila, GCG, Aguilar-Zárate, P 2023, 'The Insecticidal Activity of Azadirachta indica Leaf Extract: Optimization of the Microencapsulation Process by Complex Coacervation', Plants, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1318, DOI: 10.3390/plants12061318.
Molina, AK, Corrêa, RCG, Prieto, MA, Pereira, C, Barros, L 2023, 'Bioactive Natural Pigments’ Extraction, Isolation, and Stability in Food Applications', Molecules, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 1200, DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031200.
Multisona, RR, Shirodkar, S, Arnold, M, Gramza-Michalowska, A 2023, 'Clitoria ternatea Flower and Its Bioactive Compounds: Potential Use as Microencapsulated Ingredient for Functional Foods', Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 2134, DOI: 10.3390/app13042134.
Montoya Soto, JG, González Laredo, RF, Medina Torres, L, Rutiaga Quiñones, OM, Gallegos Infante, JA, Ochoa-Martínez, LA 2023, 'Recent developments on wall materials for the microencapsulation of probiotics: A review', TECNOCIENCIA Chihuahua, vol. 17, no. 1, e1140, DOI: 10.54167/tch.v17i1.1140.
Pipatkanaporn, K 2016, An overview of Thai aromatic coconut exporting industry, MSc. Dissertation, Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy, Thammasat University, Thailand, https://ethesisarchive.library.tu.ac.th/thesis/ 2016/TU_2016_5802040328_5995_4630.pdf
Pornla, 2019, 'Coconut scent.' [Online] Available from: https://missicecream.com/product/252/cy.
Rethinam, P & Krishnakumar, V 2022, Coconut Water, A promising natural health drink-distribution, processing and nutritional benefits. Springer International Publishing, 507 p., ISBN: 9783031107139, 3031107136
Shahidi, F, Han, XQ 1993, 'Encapsulation of Food Ingredients', Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 501-547. DOI: 10.1080/10408399309527638
Sirirachana, S 2020, Chemical properties of carbohydrates-hydrocolloids, and industrial applications. [Online] Accessible from: https://eu.lib.kmutt.ac.th/elearning/Courseware/BCT611.
Sirirachana, 2020, 'Chemical properties of carbohydrates-hydrocolloids and industrial applications.' [Online] Available from: https://eu.lib.kmutt.ac.th/elearning/Courseware/BCT611.
TAS, 2023, Good agricultural practices for aromatic coconut. Thai Agricultural Standard, ISBN: 978-974-403-548-6, 43 p.
TCS 2023, Smart. PSU. Sodium Alginate. [Online] Available from: https://www.tcs-mart.com/product/sodium-alginate/
Tanongkankit, Y, Eadmusik, S, Detchewa, P et al. 2023, Volatile aroma and physicochemical characteristics of freeze-dried coconut water using different encapsulating agents. Scientific Reports, 13: 20148. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-46610-1