University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
6
2
2008
04
01
Impact of Cypermethrin on enzyme activities in the freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)
91
95
EN
M.S.
Prashanth
Department of Biochemistry Jnana sahayadri Kuvempu university shankarghatta Shimoga -577 451, India.
neelgund@gmail.com
SE
Neelagund
Department of Biochemistry Jnana sahayadri Kuvempu university shankarghatta Shimoga -577 451, India.
Freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala were exposed to lethal concentration (5 mg/L) for 1,2,3,4 days and sublethal concentration (1 mg/L) for 1,7,14,21 days of cypermethrin to examine the enzymes activity, in functionally three different tissues namely, gill, liver and muscle. Activities of Aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), Alanine aminotransferase (AlAT) and Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) increased in all the tissues with increase in exposure time. But in sublethal concentration at 14 and 21 day, a decreasing trend was observed in all the tissues exposed to cypermethrin. At most instances, fish in lethal medium were affected more compared to sublethal concentration.
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Bhalchandra, Wayker, B., Lomte, V.S. (2001) Acute toxicity of pesticides carbaryl and endosulfan to freshwater Bivalves, Parreysia cyclindrica. Poll. Res., 20, 25-29.
Coats, J.R., Symonick, D.M., Bradubry, S.P., Dyer, S.D., Timson, L.K., Achison, G.J., (1989) Toxicity of synthetic in aquatic organisms on over view. Environ. Toxic. and Chem. 8, 671-679.
Chandravathy, M.V., Reddy, S.L.N. (1994) In vivo recovery of protein metabolism in gill and brain of a freshwater fish, Anabas scandens after exposure to lead nitrate. J. Environ. Biol. 15, 75-82.
David, M. (1995) Effect of fenvlaterate on behavioural, physiological and biochemical aspects of freshwater fish, Labeo rohita. PhD Dissertation, S. K. University, Anantapur India.
Deva. Prakash Raju. (2000) Fenvalerate induced changes in the protein metabolism of freshwater fish, Tilipa mossambica (Peters). Ph D Dissertation,, S. K. University, Anantapur India.
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Philip, H.G.P., Malla Reddy, Ramamurthi. (1988) Changes in the protein metabolism in liver and kidney of Mus booduga Gray after oral BHC Feeding. Bull. Envion. Contam. Toxicol. 41, 822-827.
Prashanth, M.S. (2003) Cypermethrin induced physiological and biochemical and histopathological changes in freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala. PhD Dissertation, Karnataka university, Dharwad.
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Shivaknmar, R. (2005) Endosufan induced metabolic alternation in freshwater fish, Catla cartla. PhD Dissertation, Karnataka University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
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Cypermethrin,Enzymes Activity,AAT,AlAT,GDH,Cirrhinus mrigala
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1007.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1007_6506e2a84720fd935059e78dcc931118.pdf
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
6
2
2008
04
01
Land use planning for land management using the geographic information system (GIS) in the Loumir watershed of Guilan province in northern Iran
141
149
EN
E.
Taghvaye Salimi
1- Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Mazandaran, Sari, Iran.
K.
Soleimani
Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmehsara, Iran.
edristaghvaei@yahoo.com
M.
Habibnejad Roshan
Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmehsara, Iran.
K
Sabetraftar
School of Resources, Environment & Society(SRES), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
Land use planning is a science that determines the type of land use through studying the ecological character of the land as well as its socio-economic structure. It is possible to plan for the appropriate use of the land and to enhance the present management of the land use by utilizing Geographical Information System (GIS). To this end, our investigators identified and took steps toward developing maps to determine the ecological and socio-economic resources of the Loumir watershed that encompasses an area of 20884.94 hectares. Digital maps were inputted along with explanatory data into an ArcGIS software application. In addition, all digital maps of layers including, elevation, slopes and aspects, soil texture, depth and structure, geology, iso-hyetal, iso-thermal, iso-evaporation, soil erosion, vegetation or canopy percentage, climate and water resources have been integrated- superimposed in the ArcGIS environment based on the Makhdoom analytical and systematic analysis model. Finally, land use planning maps of the Loumir Watershed were developed considering the ecological and socio-economic characteristics of the area. The results of the evaluation of the area indicated land use appropriateness and allocation as follows: 6.07 percent for level 1 of agriculture, 1.1 percent for level 2 of agriculture, 4.34 percent for level 1 of forestry, 53.31 percent for level 2 of forestry, 11.01 percent for level 3 of forestry, 0.42 percent for conservation, 0.13 percent for level 1 of range management, 6.16 percent for level 2 of range management, 14.71 percent for level 3 of range management, 0.34 percent for aquaculture and 2.41 percent for ecotourism.
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International Geosphere-Biosphere Program Committee on Global Change, 1988. Toward an Understanding of Global Change. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Makhdoom, M. (2001) Fundamental of Land Use Planning, Tehran University Press. pp. 289. Mather, A.S. (1999) Land use and cover change. Land Use Policy, 16, 143.
Taghvaye et al., 149 Messerli, B. (1997) Geography in a rapidly changingworld. IGU Bull., 47, 65–75.
Pierce, S.M., Cowling, R.M., Knight, A.T., Lombard, A.T., Rouget, M., Wolf, T. (2005) Systematic conservation planning products for land-use planning: Interpretation for implementation. Biological Conservation. 125, 441–458.
Prato, T. (2007) Evaluating land use plans under uncertainty. Land Use Policy. 24, 165- 174.
Ramankutty, N., Foley, J.A. (1999) Estimating historical changes in global land cover: croplands from 1700 to 1992. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 13, 997–1028.
Rossiter, D.G. (1990) ALES: A Framework for Land Evaluation Using a Microcomputer. Soil Use and Management. 6:1, 7-20
Saroinsong, F., Harashina, K., Arifin, H., Gandasasmita, K., Sakamoto K. (2006) Practical application of a land resources information system for agricultural landscape planning. Landscape and Urban Planning. pp. 15-30.
Solecki, W.D. (2001) The role of global-tolocal linkages in land use/land cover changes in South Florida. Ecological Economics. 37, 339–356.
Turner, B.L., Meyer, W.B., 1994. Global landuse and land-cover change: an overview. In: Meyer, W.B., Turner, B.L. (Eds.), Changes in Land Use and Land Cover: A Global Perspective. Cambridge University Press, England, pp. 3–10.
Ward, D., Ngairorue, B.T., Kathena, J., Samuels, R., Ofran, Y. (1998) Land degradation is not a necessary outcome of communal pastoralism in arid Namibia. Journal of Arid Environments. 40, 357–371.
Wu, Q., Li, H., Wang, R., Paulussen, J., 2006. Monitoring and predicting land use change in Beijing using remote sensing and GIS. Landscape and Urban Planning. 78, 322–333.
Land use planning,Geographic Information System,Loumir watershed
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1006.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1006_c8b92864c10b47f7d2f05cc51e5e12d6.pdf
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
6
2
2008
04
01
Seedling response of three Eucalyptus species to copper and zinc toxic concentrations
97
103
EN
M.H.
Assareh
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, P.O.Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran.
* Corresponding author's E-mail: shariat_ana@yahoo.com
shariat_ana@yahoo.com
A.
Shariat
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, P.O.Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran.
A.
Ghamari-Zare
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, P.O.Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran.
Human activities have continuously increased the level of heavy metal ions circulating in the environment. It is important to understand the tolerance of plant species to high concentrations of heavy metals. Very little is known on the response of Eucalyptus species to Zn and Cu toxic concentrations Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. microtheca, and E. occidentalis seeds were grown in silt and irrigated by nutrient solution. Forty two days old seedlings were exposed to ten Zn and Cu treatments for ten months. The tolerance order of the species to toxic concentrations of Cu was Eucalyptus camaldulensis> E. occidentalis> E. microtheca and the tolerance order of the species to toxic concentrations of Zn was E. occidentalis> E. microtheca> E. camaldulensis. Tissue concentration increased as Zn and Cu concentration increased for the species. Root tissue concentrations regards to Zn and Cu concentrations were higher than shoot tissue concentration at all solution. These results provided the first quantified metals in Eucalyptus species and the second explored relationships between concentrations of metals in nutrient solution and plant organs.
<strong>REFERENCES</strong>
Abo-Hassan, A., Kandeel, S.A. and Kherallah, I.E. (1988) New eucalyt species introduction in the Saudi Arabia central zone. In: Proceedings of the international forestry conference, Australian Bicentenary, vol.5. Australian Forest Development Institute. Alburry, Australia. pp. 1-16.
Aten, C.F. and Gupta, S.K. (1996) On heavy metals in soil: rationalization of extraction by dilute salt solutions, comparison of the extracted concentration with uptake by ryegrass and lettuce, and the possible influence of pyrophosphate on plant uptake. Sci. Total Environ. 178, 45-53.
Baker, A.J.M., Reeves, R.D. and Hajar, A.S.M. (1994) Heavy metal accumulation and tolerance in British populations of the metallophyte Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl (Brassicaceae). New Phytol. 127, 61–68.
Basta, N. and Gradwohl, R. (2000) Estimation of Cd, Pb and Zn bioavalibility in smelter contaminated soils by a sequential extraction procedure. J Soil Contam. 9, 149- 164.
Bettiol, W. and Camargo, O.A. (2000) Impacto ambiental do uso agricola do lodo de esgoto. Jagauriuna. EMBRAPA.
Carrillo-Gonzalez, R. and Gonzalez-Chavez, M.C.A. (2006) Metal accumulation in wild plants surrinding mining wastes, Environmental Pollution. 144, 84-92.
Djavanchir, K. and Mossadegh, A. (1973) Eucalyptus. Tehran University Press. 435 p.
Freitas, H.M., Prasad, M.N.V. and Pratas, J. (2004) Plant community tolerance to trace elements growing on the degraded soil of Sao Domingos mine in the south east of Portugal: environmental implications. Environ. Int. 30, 65-72.
Gichner, T., Patkova, Z., Szakova, J. and Demnerova, K. (2006) Toxicity and DNA damage in tobacco and potato plants growing on soil polluted with heavy metals. Ecotoxicology and Environmental safety. 65, 420-426.
Golovatyi, S.Y. (2002). Heavy metals in agroecosystems. Minsk, Russia. pp. 92-119.
Grytsyuk, N., Arapis, G., Perepelyatnikova, L, Ivanova, T. and Vynogradska, V. (2006) Heavy metals effects on forage crops yields and estimation of elements accumulation in plants as affected by soil. Science of the Total Environment. 354, 224-231.
Heidari Sharif Abad, H. (1994) Variation in the sensivity of nodulation and nitrogen fixation to nitrate in annual Medicago species. A thesis for the degree of doctor of philosophy. Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia.
Keller, A., Abbaspour, K.C. and Schulin, R. (2002) Assessment of uncertainty and risk in modeling regional heavy-metal accumulation in agricultural soils. Enviro Qual. 31, 175-187.
Lukin, S.V. Soldat, I.Y. and Pendjurin, Y.V. (2001) Regulatities of zinc accumulation in agricultural crops. Agrochimija. 4, 46-49.
Lukin, S.V., Javtushenko, V.Y. and Soldat, I.Y. (2000) Cadmium accumulation in agricultural crops in dependence on the level of soil contamination. Agrochimija. 2, 73-77.
Pulford, I.D. and Watson, C. (2003) Phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated land by trees- a review. Environ. Int. 29, 529-540.
Riddle-Black, D. (1994) Heavy metal uptake by fast growing willow species. In: Aronsson, P., Perttu, K. (Eds.). Willow vegetation filters for municipal wastewaters and sediments: A biological purifycation system. Proceeding of a study tour, Conference and workshop in Sweden. Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Section of short rotation Forestry, Rapport 50, June 5-10, pp.133-144.
Sereno, M.L. (2004) Avaliacao da tolerancia Assareh et al., 103 de Cana-de-acucar (Saccharum spp.) a metais. Expressao dos genes de metalotioneina. Teses. Universidade de Sao PauloEscola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz". 94 p.
Shallari, S., Schwartz, C., Hasko, A. and Morel, J.L. (1998) Heavy metals in soils and plants of serpentine and industrial sites of Albania. Sci. Total Environ. 209, 133-142.
Shen, Z.G. and Liu, Y.L. (1998) progress in the study on the plants that hyperaccumulate heavy metal. Plant Physiol Commun. 34, 133-139.
Westerma, R.E.L. (1990) Soil testing and plant analysis., SSSA. Madison wisconsin, USA.
WHO (World Health Organization), (2001) Copper. Environmental health criteiavol. 200. Geneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety.
Yanqun, Z., Yuan, L., Schvartz, C., Langlade, L.and Fan, L. (2004) Accumulation of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in plants and hyperaccumulator choice in lanping lead-zinc mine area. china, Environment International. 30, 567-576.
Heavy metals,Eucalyptus camaldulensis,E. microtheca,E. occidentalis,Toxic concentration
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1008.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1008_f8053f998c581c63f4e8f1671cda6966.pdf
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
6
2
2008
04
01
Optimum road spacing of ground based skidding operations in Nowshahr, Iran
105
112
EN
M.R.
Ghaffarian
Institute of Forest Engineering, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
H.
Sobhani
Dep. of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tehran University, Karaj, Iran, P.O.Box: 31585-4314.
ghafari901@yahoo.com
The optimum road spacing has been studied by many researches. It is an important step of forest road network planning. The goals of this study are determining the optimum road spacing in Kheiroudkenar forest of Nowshahr in Northern Iran and study of effect of kind of skidder on skidding cost and road spacing. Continues time study method was used to determine the production rate of TAF and Timberjack 450 C skidders in two districts of Kheiroudkenar forest. The production models were developed using stepwise regression method with 46 working cycles for TAF and 44 for Timberjack. The total road construction and skidding cost were calculated for different road spacing for both skidders in one-way and two-way skidding. Based on minimizing the sum of the road and skidding costs, the optimum road spacing was estimated as 1714 m and road density of 5.8 m/ha for two-way skidding by Timberjack and estimated optimum road spacing of TAF was 1600 m and road density of 6.25 m/ha. For one-way skidding, the optimum road spacing of Timberjack was 1143 m and road density of 8.8 m/ha, for skidding by TAF, the optimum spacing was estimated as 1114 m and road density of 8.97 m/ha. The existing road density of Timberjack and TAF skidding sites was 28.16 and 17.11 m/ha respectively which are higher than optimum density. The study of variants method is applied to find the optimal network for existing network in Namkhaneh district.
<strong>REFERENCES</strong>
Abeli, W.S. and Magomu, G.M. (1993) Optimal road spacing for manual skidding sulkies, Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 6, 8-15.
Akay, A. and Sessions, J. (2001) Minimizing road construction plus forwarding costs under a maximum soil disturbance constraint. The International Mountain Logging and 11<sup>th</sup> Pacific Northwest Skyline Symposium December 10-12, Seattle, Washington, USA: pp. 268-279.
Bryer, J.B. (1983) The effects of a Geometric Redefinition of the Classical Road and Landing Spacing Model Through Shifting, Journal of Forest Science, 29, 670-674.
Eghtesadi, A. (2000) Study of transportation network and machinery in Vaz Forest Area, PhD Dissertation, Azad University.
FAO, (1974) Logging and log transport in tropical high forest. Rome. pp. 50-52.
Ghaffarian, M.R. (2003) Study of productioncost and damages to residual stands (seedling &soil) in Mule Logging. MSc. Dissretation, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran.
Ghaffarian, M.R., Stampfer, K. and Sessions, J. (2007) Optimum road spacing of forwarding operations: a case study in Southern Austria. 40<sup>th</sup> International Symposium on Forestry Mechanization. October 7-11. Vienna, Austria.
Heinimann, H.R. (1997) A computer model to differentiate skidder and cable-yarder based road network concepts on steep slopes, Journal of Forest Research (Japan). 3, 1-9.
Howard, A.F. and Tanz, J.S. (1990) Optimal spacing for multistage cable yarding operation, Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 20, 669-673.
Huggard, E.R. (1978) Optimum road spacing, Quarterly journal of forestry. 72(4), 207-210.
Jour Gholami, M. (2005) Study of efficiency, production and cost of large and small skidders (Case study of TAF and 112 Optimum road spacing of ground based skidding operations Timberjack 450 C). MSc. Dissretation, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tehran University
Liu, S., and Corcoran, T.J. (1993) Road and landing spacing under the consideration of surface dimension of road and landings, Journal of Forest Engineering. 5, 49-53.
Lotfalian, M. (2001) Study of factors influencing optimum road density in SangdehMazandaran, PhD Thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tehran University.
Matthews, D .M. (1942) Cost control in the logging industry. McGraw-Hill, New York, 374 p.
Mostafanejad, A. (1995) Study of cost production of Timberjack 450 C and optimal length of skid trails, MSc. Dissretation, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tehran University.
Naghdi, R. (2004) Study of optimum road density in tree length and cut to length systems, PhD Dissretation, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tarbiat Modarres, 177 p.
Pentek, T., Picman, D., Potocnik, I., Dvorscak, P. and Nevecerel, H. (2005) Analysis of an existing forest road network. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering, 26, 39-50.
Peters, P.A. (1978) Spacing of roads and landings to minimize timber harvest cost, Journal of Forest Science, 24, 209-217.
Peters, P.A. (1981) Road and landing spacing model. Forest operations analysis, IUFRO World Congress, Kyoto, Japan, September 6-12, 1981, pp. 51-68.
Picman, D. and Pentek, T. (1998) The influence of forest roads building and maintenance costs on their optimum density in low lying forests of Croatia. Proceedings of the Seminar on Environmentally Sound Forest Roads and Wood Transport in Sinaia, Romania, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. pp. 87-102.
Segebaden, G.V. (1964) Studies of crosscountry transportation distances and road net extension, Studia Forestalia Suecica, Nr.18. Sessions, J. (1986) Can income tax rules affect management strategies for forest roads, Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 1, 26- 28.
Sessions, J. and Guangda, L. (1987) Deriving optimal road and landing spacing with microcomputer programs, Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 2, 22-26.
Sessions, J. and Boston, K. (2006) Optimization of road spacing for log length shovel logging on gentle terrain, Journal of Forest Engineering. 17, 67-75.
Shishiuchi, M. (1993) Optimal Skid Trail Spacing for Small Vehicles in Thinning, Journal of Forest Engineering, 5, 29-32.
Spinelli, R., Owende. P., Ward, S. and Torneo, M. (2003) Comparison of shortwood forwarding systems used in Iberia. Silvia Fennica, 38, 85-94.
Thompson, M.A. (1988) Optimizing spur road spacing on the basis of profit potential. Forest Product Journal. 38(5), 53- 57. Thompson, M.A. (1992) Considering overhead costs in road and landing spacing models, Journal of Forest Engineering, 3, 13-19.
Wenger, K. (1984) Cost control formulas for logging operations. p. 560-563 in Forestry Handbook, 2<sup>nd</sup> Edition. Society of American Foresters. John Wiley and Sons. New York, 1335 p.
Yeap, Y.H. and Sessions, J. (1988) Optimizing spacing and standards of logging roads on uniform terrain, Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 1, 215-228.
skidder,Production,Cost,road density,road spacing
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1009.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1009_df0f386e137bc3e0f548a33b2f482099.pdf
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
6
2
2008
04
01
Role of nitrogen content of pea (Pisum sativum L.) on pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) establishment
113
131
EN
Gh.H.
Moravvej
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashad, P.O.Box 1163, Mashhad, Iran
moravej@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir
S.
Hatefi
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashad, P.O.Box 1163, Mashhad,
Iran
The leaf nitrogen content is generally accepted as an indicator of food quality and as a factor affecting host selection by phytophagous insects. The alate pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, Aphididae) were given a choice among non-nodulated pea plants (Pisum sativum L.) supplied with one of four nitrate-N levels (0, 3, 15 and 30 mM). When whole plants were exposed to aphids for 7 days, the results indicated that the settling response of alatae, and subsequently the reproduction of alighted aphids, increased as the level of N supply or the concentration of total soluble nitrogen of the leaves increased, with the exception of the highest N supply (30 mM N). However, the density of settled alatae (in terms of number per unit leaf area) increased as the level of N supply decreased, being greatest on N-deficient plants (0 mM N treatment) and lowest density on N-sufficient (15 mM N) and N-excess (30 mM N) plants. In a free-choice experiment, equal-sized leaf discs taken from the different N treatments were exposed to alate adults for 24 h.The settling response of aphids was positively affected by leaf colour (yellowing), with the greatest number settled on yellow leaf discs (N-deficient plants) and fewest settled on green or dark-green discs (N-sufficient and N-excess plants). Relationships between level of N supply, total soluble nitrogen concentration, total chlorophyll concentration, plant growth parameters and aphid abundance (number of alatae per plant) or density (number of alatae per unit leaf area, or per leaf disc) were established. The implications of results for integrated aphid management were discussed.
<strong>REFERENCES</strong>
Allen, S.E. (1989) Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 368 p.
Auclair, J.L., Maltais, J.B. and Cartier, J.J. (1957) Factors in resistance to the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.) (Homoptera: Aphididae). II. Amino acids. Can. Entomol. 89, 457-464.
Belanger, G., Gastal, F. and Lemaire, G. (1992) Growth analysis of a tall fescue sward fertilized with different rates of nitrogen. Crop Sci. 32, 1371-1376.
Bernays, E.A. (1992) Insect - Plant Interactions. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 226 p.
Biddle, A.J., Knott, C.M. and Gent, G.P. (1988) Pea Growing Handbook. Processors & Growers Research Organisation, Peterborough, 264 p.
Brouquisse, R., Masclaux, C. and Feller, U. (2001) Protein hydrolysis and nitrogen remobilisation in plant life and senescence. Plant Nitrogen. (ed. Lea, P.J. and MorotGaudry, J.F.), pp. 275-293. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Cartier, J.J. (1963) Varietal resistance of peas to pea aphid biotypes under field and greenhouse conditions. J. Econ. Entomol. 56, 205-213.
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Aphididae,Chlorophyll,host selection,pea aphid,soluble nitrogen
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1010.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1010_d71cef74c078afc1770904c192c6dc15.pdf
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
6
2
2008
04
01
Land use effects on heavy metal pollution of river sediments in Guilan, southwest of the Caspian Sea
133
140
EN
A. H.
Charkhabi
1- Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, University of Tehran, Iran
* Corresponding author's E-mail: charkhabi@scwmri.ac.ir
charkhabi@scwmri.ac.ir
M.
Sakizadeh
1- Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, University of Tehran, Iran
* Corresponding author's E-mail: charkhabi@scwmri.ac.ir
charkhabi@scwmri.ac
Studies have showed the River Siahroud is the main contributor to the present pollution of Anzali Wetland in Guilan. Therefore, this study was initiated to evaluate the spatial distribution of metals pollution on the River Siahroud sediments in Guilan.Surfacial river sediment samples along this river were taken during five consecutive seasons at eight sampling stations and analyzed for availability of Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd metals. Canonical correlation demonstrated that the total organic carbon (TOC) was of great importance in co-precipitation of Zn while Cu and Pb were mainly related to hydrous iron oxides. Also, in the interest of pollutant finger printing, factor analysis showed that extractable Zn, Cu, Fe, Cd and Mn were attributed to the present agricultural fields while industrial site of Rasht City was the major contributing factor for the extended levels of Cr in the study area. Moreover, Pb level was mainly relevant to urban landuse in Rasht. Cluster analysis demonstrated that there was a rising metal pollution level in the River Siahroud from upstream to downstream suggesting that Anzali Wetland pollution could be highly related to loading of heavy metals by the River Siahroud sediment.<br /> <br /> <strong>REFERENCES</strong><br /> Bai, R. and Kumar, P. S. (1997) Lead in the coastal environment of Madras, Ind. J. Environ. Protect. 3, 177-180.<br /> Basilevsky, A. (1994) Statistical Factor Analysis and Related Methods: Theory and Applications. New York: Wiley-Interscience.<br /> Bormann, F.H. and Likens, G.E. (1979). Pattern and Proccesses in a Forested Ecosystem. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 253.<br /> Das, J. (2003) Geochemistry of trace elements in the ground water of Cuttack city in India. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 147, 129- 140.<br /> Das, J. and Acharya, B.C. (2003) Hydrology and asssessment of lotic water quality in Cuttack city. Water, Air and Soil Pollut. 150, 163-175.<br /> Forstner, U. (2002) Environmental monitorring handbook, McGraw-Hill Companies, pp. 116-118.<br /> Forstner, U., and Patchineelam, S.R. (1980) Chemical associations of heavy metals in polluted sediments from the Lower Rhine river in Kavanaugh, M. C., and Leckie, J. O. (Eds), Particulates in Water; Characterisation, fate, effects and Removal. Adv. Chem. Ser., 189, American Chemical Society, Washington. pp. 177-193.<br /> Foster. I.D.L., Charlesworth, S.M. and Proffitt, S.B. (1994) Sediment associated heavy metal distribution in urban fluvial and limnic systems; a case study of the River Sowe, UK, in Int. symp. Particulate matter in Rivers and Estuaries (preprints) (Reinbek near Hamburg, 21-25 March, 1994). University of Hamburg. pp. 91-100.<br /> Kerner, M. and Wallmann, K. (1992) Remobilization events involving Cd and Zn from intertidal flat sediments in the Elbe estuary during the tidal cycle. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 35, 371-393.<br /> Kinniburgh, D.G., and Jackson, M.L. (1982) Concentration and pH dependence of Calcium and Zinc absorption by iron hydrous oxide gel, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46, 56-61.<br /> Loux, N.T., Brown, D.S., Chafin, C.R., Allison, J.D., and Hassan, S.M. (1989) Chemical speciation and competitive cationic partitioning on a sandy aquifer material. J. Chem. Speciation and Bioavailability. 1, 11-25.<br /> Mansouri, J. (2000) An extensive plan for conservation and management of wetlandds in Iran. University of Tehran.<br /> Meiggs, T.O. (1980) The use of sediment analysis in forensic investigations and procedural requirements for such studies. In R. A. Baker (ed.), Contaminations and sediments, pp. 297-308. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI.<br /> Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (1982) Methods of soils analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Madison, Wisconsin. USA. Keeney and Nelson. pp. 643-693.<br /> Peters, N., Bricker, O., Kennedy M. (1997) Water quality trends and geochemical mass balance, John Willy & Sons, New york. pp. 103-170.<br /> Rahnamai, M.T. (1995) Examination of pollution and pollution sourcing in Guilan province water resources, Environmental organization of Guilan province. Sharma, S. (1996) Applied multivariate techniques. John Wiley & Sons, New York. pp. 144-181.
Canonical correlation,Cluster analysis,heavy metal pollution,Siahroud River,River pollution
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1011.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1011_7624c18dde02eacc505b9670ba9f4e16.pdf
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
6
2
2008
04
01
Starch and sugar conversion in Dioscorea esculenta tubers and Curcuma longa rhizomes during storage
151
160
EN
R.
Panneerselvam
Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
* Corresponding author's E-mail: rpselvam9@hotmail.com
rpselvam9@hotmail.com
C.
Abdul Jaleel
Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
An investigation was carried out to reveal the changes in the concentration of soluble carbohydrates under tuber dormancy in food yam (Dioscorea esculenta) tubers and in an economically important spice cum medicinal plant turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizomes under storage. Harvested, fully matured tubers of yam and rhizomes of turmeric were stored in wooden boxes under the conditions of 28 ? 2?C temperature and 65 to 75% relative humidity in dark. The moisture content, dry weight, starch, sugars, organic acids and respiration were studied in the tubers during 1 to 7 weeks after storage individually. This investigation revealed that the moisture content, dry weight and starch levels decreased gradually with a concomitant increase in sugar content under different stages of dormancy.
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Panneerselvam. R., Jaleel, C.A., Somasundaram, R., Sridharan, R., Gomathinayagam, M. (2007) Carbohydrate metabolism in Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burk. tubers and Curcuma longa L. rhizomes during two phases of dormancy. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces. 59, 59–66.
Stahl, E. (1969) Thin Layer Chromatography – A laboratory hand book, 2nd Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelburg, New York, pp. 856-887.
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Whistler, R.L., Bemiller, J.N. (1999) Carbohydrate Chemistry for Food Scientists, St. Paul, M.N: American Association of Cereal Chemists, pp. 241.
Carbohydrate. Dormancy. Storage tubers rhizomes starch
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1012.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1012_b571f7bd5c3397a9c04b2702c8f759b7.pdf
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
6
2
2008
04
01
Susceptibility of three Eco-races of tropical Tasar silkworm to Antheraea mylitta cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (AmCPV)
161
165
EN
S.B.
Zeya
Silkworm Pathology Laboratory, Central Tasar Research and Training Institute, Ranchi - 835 303, India
* Corresponding author's E-mail: gpscsbranchi@rediffmail.com
gpscsbranchi@rediffmail.com
A.K.
Srivastava
Silkworm Breeding and Genetics Laboratory, Central Tasar Research and Training Institute, Ranchi - 835 303, India
B.
Prakash
Silkworm Breeding and Genetics Laboratory, Central Tasar Research and Training Institute, Ranchi - 835 303, India
N.G.
Ojha
Silkworm Pathology Laboratory, Central Tasar Research and Training Institute, Ranchi - 835 303, India
N.
Suryanarayana
Central Tasar Research and Training Institute, Ranchi - 835 303, India
Pathogenic infection in tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury. is common and there is a breed specific response regarding tolerance. Observations reveal the possibility of differential response by haemocytes to microbial infection in different breeds. Hence, the susceptibility of three eco-races of tasar silkworm viz. Daba, Sarihan and Raily to Antheraea mylitta Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Virus (AmCPV) infection and difference in total haemocyte counts were tested. The survival of Daba, Sarihan and Raily eco-races was significantly different (p < 0.05) when challenged with the same concentration (1 x 105 polyhedra/ml) of AmCPV. Daba eco-race was more tolerant to the AmCPV infection having higher survival (66.7%) and LC50 values (1000893.1796 polyhedra/ml) of AmCPV followed by Sarihan eco-race (50.7% survival and LC50 value of AmCPV 187203.6168 polyhedra/ml.) and Raily eco-race (25.3% survival and LC50 value of AmCPV 5176.37 polyhedra/ml.). Difference in total haemocyte count i.e. higher in tolerant (Daba) and lower in susceptible (Raily) eco-race may be in response to difference to their susceptibility to AmCPV infection.
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Aizawa, K. (1971) Structure of polyhedra and virus particles of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis, In the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis of the silkworm (Eds: Aruga, H. and Tanada, Y.) Univ. Tokyo press, Tokyo, pp. 23-36.
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Antheraea mylitta,Am CPV,Haemocytes,Tolerance
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1013.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1013_cecaa66f8ad32d9dbbbe0eb0127c2a88.pdf
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
6
2
2008
04
01
Processes of forest products and production costs in Guilan forests, Iran
167
173
EN
R.
Naghdi
Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmehsara, P.O. Box: 1144 ,Iran.
rnaghdi@yahoo.com
AE
Bonyad
Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmehsara, Iran
bonyadd@yahoo.com
H
Maskani
Environmental Research Institute of Jahad Daneshgahi, Rasht, Iran.
This research was conducted in the west forest of Guilan, northern Iran. Data from various harvesting methods for 20 years were collected. Results showed that, productivity rate of round wood, pulp wood and fuel wood has had an upward trend, while rate of traditional products (lumber, sawn wood, charcoal, etc.) has had a downward trend. Production cost has been investigated in this research. The results showed that, the main cost is the opportunity cost. Due to the disability of competition between the domestic wood price with the imported wood price, domestic wood industries will face serious investment difficulty in the future.
<strong>REFERENCES </strong>
Andersson, G. and Eliasson, L. (2003) Effects on three harvesting methods on harwarder productivity in final felling. Proceedings 2<sup>nd</sup> forest engineering conference, Vaxgo, Sweden, 5 p.
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Naghdi R., (2004) Comparative study of tree length and cut to length logging methods for determining suitable forest road network in Neka-Zalemroud region. PhD Dissertation, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, 230 p.
forest products,productivity rate,traditional products,industrial products,Guilan Province,Iran
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1014.html
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1014_55f0f42020b866a1a5ffd51b50c2e528.pdf