eng
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
2013-04-01
11
2
205
215
1126
A Comparative Study on Body Shape of the Genus Alburnus (Rafinesque, 1820) in Iran, Using Geometric Morphometric Analysis
Geometric morphometric method was used to examine body shape variations among all the seven valid species of the genus Alburnus in Iran. In total 409 specimens of A. chalcoides, A. filippii, A. atropatenae, A. caeruleus, A. mossulensis, A. hohenackeri and A. zagrosensis were collected from Babolrud, Baleqlu-Chai, Miriseh, Sarabeleh, Gamasiyab, Mahabad-Chai Rivers and the Gandoman lagoon, respectively. Shape data was extracted by recording 15 landmark points on 2-D pictures of specimens. The PCA, DFA and CVA/MANOVA analysis were used to examine shape differences among the seven species. Significant differences were found among the species in term of body shape. The PCA and CVA/MANOVA showed separation of A. hohenackeri and A. caeruleus from the others. Results revealed that the studied species are divided into two categories; a group with great body depth and short caudal peduncle and the other one with shallow body depth and longer caudal peduncle. The obtained body shape properties can provide a shape-based identification key for the genus Alburnus in Iran, useful for fisheries and stock management or conservation programs.
REFERENCES
Adams, D.C., Rohlf, F.J. and Slice, D.E. (2004) Geometric morphometrics: ten years of progress following the “revolution.” Italian Journal of Zoology, 71, 5–16.
AnvariFar, H. Khyabani, A.R., Farahmand, H., Vatandoust, S., AnvariFar, H. and Jahageerdar, S.H. (2011) Detection of morphometric differentiation between isolated up- and downstream populations of SiahMahi (Capoeta capoeta gracilis) (Pisces: Cyprinidae) in the Tajan River (Iran). Hydrobiologia, 673, 41–52.
Balon, E.K. (1993) Dynamics of biodiversity and mechanisms of change: a plea for balanced attention to form creation and extinction. Biological Conservation, 66, 5-16.
Bogutskaya, N.G., Kucuk, F. and Unlu, E. (2000) Alburnus baliki, a new species of cyprinid fish from the Manavgat River system, Turkey. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 11, 55-64.
Bookstein, F.L. (1991) Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology, Cambridge University Press, New York, (p. 435). New York: Cambridge University Press. Xvii.
Bookstein, F.L. (1996) Biometrics, biomathematics and the morphometric synthesis. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 58(2), 313–365.
Cadrin, S.X. and Friedland, K.D. (1999) The utility of image processing techniques for morphometric analysis and stock identification. Fisheries Research, 43, 129–139.
Cadrin, S.X. and Silva, V.M. (2005) Morphometric variation of yellowtail flounder. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62, 683–694.
Coad, B.W. (2009) Alburnus zagrosensis n. sp., a new species of fish from the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Zoology in the Middle East, 48, 63–70.
Coad, B.W. (2013) Freshwater fishes of Iran. Available at http://www.briancoad.com (accessed on 23 May 2013).
Conover, D.O., Arnott, S.A., Walsh, M.R. and Munch, S.B. (2005) Darwinian fishery science: lessons from the Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 62, 740–737.
Costa, C. and Cataudella, S. (2007) Relationship between shape and trophic ecology of selected species of Sparids of the Caprolace coastal lagoon (central Tyrrhenian Sea). Environmental Biology of Fishes, 78, 115–123.
Dryden, I.L. and Mardia, K.V. (1998) Statistical Shape Analysis. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Freyhof, J. and Kottelat, M. (2007) Alburnus vistonicus, a new species of shemaya from eastern Greece, with remarks on Chalcalburnus chalcoides macedonicus from Lake Volvi (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 18, 205–212.
Gatz, A.J., Jr. (1979) Community organization in fishes as indicated by morphological features. Ecology, 711- 718.
Guill, J.M., Hood, C.S. and Heins, D.C. (2003) Body shape variation within and among three species of darters (Perciformes: Percidae). Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 12, 134–140.
Harris, R.J. (1975) A primer of multivariate statistics. Academic Press, New York.
Heidari, A., Mousavi-Sabet, H., Khoshkholgh, M., Esmaeili, H.R., Eagderi, S. (2013) The impact of Manjil and Tarik dams (Sefidroud River, southern Caspian Sea basin) on morphological traits of SiahMahi Capoeta gracilis (Pisces: Cyprinidae). International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 1(4), 195-201.
Khataminejad, S., Mousavi-Sabet, H., Sattari, M. and Vatandoust, S. (2013) First record of Alburnus atropatenae (Berg, 1925) (Cyprinidae) in Namak basin, central Iran. Croation Journal of fisheries, 71(2), 37-41.
Klingenberg, C.P. (1998) Heterochrony and allometry: the analysis of evolutionary change in ontogeny. Biological Reviews, 73, 79-123.
Kocovsky, P.M., Adams, J.V. and Bronte, C.R. (2009) The effect of sample size on the stability of principal component analysis of truss-based fish morphometrics. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 138, 487–496.
Langerhans, B.R., Laydon, C.A., Langerhans, A.K. and Dewitt, T.J. (2003) Habitat-associated morphological divergence in two Neotropical fish species. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 80, 689–698.
Love, J.W. (2002) Sexual dimorphism in spotted gar Lepisosteus oculatus from southeastern Louisiana. American Midland Naturalist, 147, 393–399.
Magurran, A.E. (1998) Population differentiation without speciation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 353, 275-286.
Matthews, W.J. (1998) Patterns in Freshwater Fish Ecology. New York, Chapman and Hall: 757p.
McGarigal, K., Cushman, S. and Stafford, S. (2000) Multivariate Statistics for Wildlife and Ecology Research. Springer Verlag, New York.
Mousavi-Sabet, H. and AnvariFar, H. (2013) Landmark-based morphometric variation between Cobitis keyvani and Cobitis faridpaki (Pisces: Cobitidae), with new habitat for C. faridpaki in the southern Caspian Sea basin. Folia Zoologica, 62(3), 167–175.
Mousavi-Sabet, H., Vasil'eva, E.D., Vatandoust, S., Vasil'ev, V.P. (2011) Cobitis faridpaki sp. Nova- a New Spined Loach Species (Cobitidae) from the Southern Caspian Sea Basin (Iran). Journal of Ichthyology, 51(10), 925–931.
Mousavi-Sabet, H., Yerli, S.V., Vatandoust, S., Ozeren, S.C., Moradkhani, Z. (2012) Cobitis keyvani sp. nova—a New Species of Spined-loach from South of the Caspian Sea Basin (Teleostei: Cobitidae). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 12, 7-13.
Page, L.M. and Swofford, D.L. (1984) Morphological correlates of ecological specialization in darters. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 11, 139–159.
Richtsmeier, J.T., Deleon, V.B. and Lele, S.R. (2002) The promise of geometric morphometrics. The Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 45, 63–91.
Rohlf, F.J. (2004) TpsDig–Thin Plate Spline Digitize, Version 1.4 [Computer software]. Stony Brook: Dept. of Ecology and Evolution, State Univ. of New York.
Rohlf, F.J. and Marcus, L.F. (1993) “A revolution in morphometrics,”Trends in Ecology and Evolution, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 129–132.
Sage, R.D. and Selander, R.K. (1975) Trophic radiation through polymorphism in cichlid fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 72, 4669– 4673.
Sansom, R.S. (2009) Phylogeny, classification, and character polarity of the Osteostraci (Vertebrata). Journal of Systematic Paleontology, 7, 95-115.
Schluter, D. and McPhail, J.D. (1992) Ecological character displacement and speciation in sticklebacks. American Naturalist, 140, 85–108.
Slice, D.E. (2007) Geometric Morphometrics. Annual Review of Anthropology, 36, 261–281. Small, C. (1996) The statistical theory of shape (p. 227). New York: Springer.
Thompson, D.A.W. (1917) On Growth and Form, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Tzeng, T.D. (2004) Morphological variation between populations of spotted Mackerel Scomberaus tralasicus of Taiwan. Fisheries Research, 68, 45–55.
Winemiller, K.O. (1991) Ecomorphological diversification in lowland freshwater fish as [32] F. L. assemblages from five biotic regions. Ecological Monographs, 1991, 343-365.
Wood, B.M. and Bain, M.B. (1995) Morphology and microhabitat use in stream fish. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 52, 1487–1498.
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1126_79a50f728326853b9c5b6e452c0e6870.pdf
Geometric morphometrics
Alburnus
Cyprinidae
Landmark
Iran
eng
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
2013-04-01
11
2
241
245
1116
A New Record of Paracobitis rhadinaea (Regan, 1906)
al. et
1
A. Rahdari
2
O. Rafieyan*1, A. A. Darvishsefat2, S. Babaii1, A. Mataji1
1*, A. Gharaei1
After around a hundred years of being without any record of occurrence of Paracobitis rhadinaea, a species of Nemacheiline loach, in Sistan basin, southeast of Iran, the year 2012 was the turning point of wild life in this area. Twenty-five specimens were caught from Chahnimeh Reservoir, a water body adjacent to the Hamoun Wetland in Sistan basin. Morphometric and meristic characteristics were measured.
REFERENCES Annandale, N. and Hora, S. L (1920) The fish of Sistan. Records of the Indian Museum, 18:151-203, pls. XV-XVII (includes: - Appendix. Note on the fisheries of the delta of the Helmand and on the use of shaped rafts of bulrushes in India and Seistan, by N. Annandale). Bănărescu, P. M. and Nalbant, T. T (1995) A generical classification of Nemacheilinae with description of two new genera (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cobitidae). Travaux du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle Grigore Antipa, Bucurešti, 35:429-496. Banarescu, P., Nalbant T.T. and Chelmu, S (1972) Revision and geographical variation of Sabanejewia aurata in Romania and the origin of S. bulgarica and S. romanica (Pisces, Cobitidae). Annotationes Zoologicae et Botanicae Bratislava, 75: 49. Boudaghpour, S (2011) Arid Season Affecting Hamun Lake in South East Iran Water, Fishing and Agriculture Crisis. International Conference on Food Engineering and Biotechnology. IACSIT Press, Singapoore. Coad B.W (1980) Environmental change and its impact on the freshwater fishes of Iran. Biological Conservation, 19 (1): 51– 80. Coad, B.W (1981) Fishes of Afghanistan, an annotated check-list. Publication Zoology Natural Museum Canadian. 14:23p. Coad, B. W (2012) Freshwater Fishes of Iran. http://www.briancoad.com. Chaudhuri, B. L (1909) Descriptions of new species of Botia and Nemachilus. Records of the Indian Museum, 3:339-342. Erk'akan, F., S.C. Ozeren and Nalbant, T.T (2008) Cobitis evreni sp. Nova-A New Spined loach Species (Cobitidae) from the Southern Turkey. Journal of Fisheries International, 3(4): 112-114. Eschmeyer, W.N (2004) Catalog of fishes. Updated database version of January 2004. Catalog databases as made available to FishBase in January 2004. Fowler, H. W. and Steinitz, H(1956) Fishes from Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel and Oman. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel, 5B:260-292. Kottelat, M. and Freyhof, J (2007) Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes. Kottelat, Cornol, Switzerland and Freyhof, Berlin, Germany, 646 p. Mansoori, J (1994) The Hamoun Wildlife Refuge. Heidelberg: Max Kasparek Verlag: 1-57. Mousavi-Sabet, H., Gharaei, A. and Ghaffari, M (2013) Threatened fishes of the world: Paracobitis rhadinaeus (Regan, 1906) (Nemacheilidae). Croatian Journal of Fisheries, 71: 87-89. Nalbant, T.T. and Bianco, P.G (1998) The loaches of Iran and adjacent regions with description of six new species (Cobitoidea). Italian Journal of Zoology, 65:109-125. Nelson, J.S (2006) Fishes of the world. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 141:622 p. Nikol'skii, G. V (1947) Gol'tsy besstochnykh vodoemov Turkmenii [The loaches of the inland waters of Turkmenia]. Byulleten' Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdel Biologii, 52:29-34. Whitney, J.W (2006) Geology, water, and wind in the lower Helmand Basin, southern Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006–5182, 40 p.
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1116_5f8edc391fcaccaf44be9e74c248bff5.pdf
Paracobitis rhadinaea
Nemacheilidae
Morphometric
Meristic
Sistan basin
Iran
eng
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
2013-04-01
11
2
217
231
1127
The Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Astaxanthin and
al. et
1
B. Tizkar
2
O. Rafieyan*1, A. A. Darvishsefat2, S. Babaii1, A. Mataji1
*, M. Soudagar1, M. Bahmani2, S.A. Hosseini1, M. Chamani3
The present research was aimed to study the effects of different sources of carotenoids and their varying concentrations on the reproductive functions of goldfish. The study was carried out in seven treatments with three replicates at the Bony Fish Hatchery Complex (Rasht, Iran) from December 2011 to May 2012. Experimental diets containing 50, 100, and 150 mg kg-1 astaxanthin and 50, 100, and 150 mg kg-1 ?-caroten along with a carotenoid free basic carp feed as control were utilized. The goldfish broodstock were fed with the formulated diets for a period of four months. In May, eggs obtained from the female goldfish were fertilized with the semen of identical male goldfish fed with control diet and the absolute, working and relative fecundities and egg fertilization along with egg survival rate were estimated for different treatments during incubation period. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the fecundity rates among different diet treatments. Nevertheless, the diameter and the number of egg per gram of the fertilized eggs in fish in the A150 (astaxanthin 150 mg kg-1) treatment were greater than those in the other treatments (P ? 0.05) and this treatment showed higher egg survival rates in the incubation period (P ? 0.05). Correlation of egg astaxanthin with fertilization rate and survival rate was significant. Moreover, there was significant correlation between ?-caroten and survival rate (P ? 0.05).
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1127_7fe7c12157f4a0b44d83d6a1000774b5.pdf
Astaxanthin
?
caroten
Carotenoid
Fertilization Rate
Goldfish
eng
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
2013-04-01
11
2
233
240
1117
In Vitro Inhibition of Growth in Saprolegnia sp. Isolated
al. et
1
A. Aghaei Moghaddam
2
O. Rafieyan*1, A. A. Darvishsefat2, S. Babaii1, A. Mataji1
A. Aghaei Moghaddam*1
Saprolegnia is one of? the? ?most important agents decreasing the eggs survival rate in sturgeon hatcheries. There are some chemical substances for controlling the fungal infection of eggs. In this study, an attempt was made to introduce a ?germ negative bacterium, Pseudomonas aeroginosa (PTCC1430)(Persian Type Culture Collection) as a biocontrol??ling agent of? ?water mold. Saprolegnia was isolated from the eggs of some infected Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus? in a sturgeon hatchery and then ?was purified. P. aeroginosa was cultured in Potato dextrose Agar (PDB) media and then was prepared in 5 concentrations (103,104,105,106and107cfu.ml-1) while challenging with fungi in petri dishes under laboratory conditions. The results showed that by increasing the concentration of the bacteria in plates, ???hyphal growth of the fungi was reduced. The ?highest concentration of P. aeroginosa concentration (107) roughly stopped the ?fungi growth and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was 104cfu.m-l. Results? in this study implied the potential?? of? P. aeroginosa (PTCC1430) as a biological agent in controlling saprolegniosis.
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1117_8f513202fdc17883d07f9a8db9d90c2a.pdf
Biocontrol
Persian sturgeon eggs
Pseudomonas aeroginosa
Saprolegniasis
eng
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
2013-04-01
11
2
247
253
1118
Comparison of Copper Concentrations in Liver and Muscle of Squalius cephalus and Capoeta capoeta gracilis
al. et
1
Gh. R. Banagar
2
O. Rafieyan*1, A. A. Darvishsefat2, S. Babaii1, A. Mataji1
Gh. R. Banagar1,
The aim of this study was to determine and compare the concentration of copper (Cu) in liver and muscle of two fish species Squalius cephalus and Capoeta capoeta gracilis. The fish were caught in four sampling sites along Tajan River, Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. The concentration of Cu was determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between the sampling sites with regard to Cu concentration in both muscle and liver of fish species. Significant differences were also found (P<0.05) between S. cephalus and C. c. gracilis regarding Cu content in liver and muscle tissues. The content of Cu in the liver was greater (P<0.05) than that in the muscle in both species. Also, Cu content of liver in both species was higher than the standard limits declared by WHO. This study reports high loads of Cu in Tajan River and a high content of Cu in the muscle and liver of S. cephalus and C. c. gracilis.
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1118_1a8b3eef1bd9bc82c8a6dcaf9d14b7eb.pdf
Heavy metal
Liver
Muscle
Capoeta capoeta gracilis
Squalius cephalus
eng
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
2013-04-01
11
2
131
140
1119
Transport of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Calcareous Wetland Soil
M. Soleimani
soleimani57@yahoo.com
1
1- Dept. of Soil Science, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84155-83111, Iran.
2- Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Tehran, 13445-1136, Iran
soleimani57@yahoo.com
Knowledge of transport and degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is important in assessing PAH contamination of soils and water resources. The transport of naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene and phenanthrene was determined in a contaminated calcareous soil obtained from the Shadegan wetland (Khozestan, Iran) considering a column study in laboratory conditions. The PAHs were added to the top 5 cm of soils at 75 and 150 mg kg-1 and leachates were collected for 10 pore volumes. PAH concentrations in the leachate fractions and soils (0-5, 5-10, 10-15 and 15-20 cm depths) were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography. Results showed that naphthalene had the most mobility among the PAHs, and differences among the mobility of selected PAHs were related to their water solubility and structure. Mass balance demonstrated that among the selected PAHs, anthracene and naphthalene were the most and the least recalcitrant compounds, respectively. Hence, naphthalene could have the greatest potential to contaminate surface and ground waters which should be considered apparently.
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1119_733b97b84454e7ca3c8b21d8037fb511.pdf
Break Through Curve (BTC)
Oil pollution
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Water solubility
eng
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
2013-04-01
11
2
141
150
1120
Lead and Cadmium Concentrations in Throughfall of Pinus eldarica
al. et
1
E. Khosropour
2
O. Rafieyan*1, A. A. Darvishsefat2, S. Babaii1, A. Mataji1
, , A. Shirvany1, M. Matinizadeh2, O. Fathizadeh3
This research was carried out in order to quantify throughfall (TF) and interception loss (I) and to compare the chemical composition of TF, i.e. lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) as well as electrical conductivity (EC) and pH beneath Pinus eldarica and Cupressus arizonica plantations and the open field rainfall. The research was accomplished in the Chitgar Forest Park, a semi-arid polluted urban area, around Tehran, Iran. Gross rainfall (GR) was measured using ten collectors located in an open field. TF was quantified by randomly manual TF collectors placed beneath each plantation. Measurements were recorded on an event basis from 15 April 2010 to 15 February 2011. During the measurement, eighteen rainfall events with cumulative GR value of 114.8 mm were recorded. Interception loss was 35.3 mm by P. eldarica plantation and 30.4 mm by C. arizonica. There were strong correlations between I:GR and GR ((r2 Pinus = 0.686, r2 Cupressus = 0.766, p value ? 0.01). Pb and Cd concentrations as well as EC of TF were significantly different among P. eldarica and C. arizonica and the open field. The results demonstrated that interception represents a considerable portion of GR in P.eldarica and C. arizonica plantations and, therefore, it should be considered while choosing trees for plantations in semiarid climate zones of Iran. Our results showed that P.eldarica and C. arizonica plantations have good potentials for filtering the polluted air with Pb and Cd.
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1120_33808ac9a74292579e762f090fe201fe.pdf
Throughfall
Cupressus arizonica
Pinus eldarica
lead
cadmium
eng
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
2013-04-01
11
2
151
160
1121
Evaluation of Factors Affecting Water Erosion along Skid Trails
I. Bagheri
1
R. Naghdi*
2
A. Moradmand Jalali
3
and R. Naghdi2
00
I. Bagheri1 and R. Naghdi2*,
Water erosion causes severe soil damage in northern forests of Iran which is associated with different rut depths in skid trails. The aim of this study was to assess rutting and soil displacement on skid trails to mitigate water erosion. Therefore the research was carried out in eight parcels of district No 3 of Shafarood Forest in the North of Iran. In order to evaluate the amount of erosion in skid trails, 30 lateral profiles in three slope classes (0-15, 15-25 and >25%) were randomly chosen from 10 skid trails. The amount of soil displaced and ruts were measured using lateral profile of skid trail. Then the effective factors on soil disturbances such as longitudinal slope, soil texture, crown canopy and forest floor cover were separately measured in the studied plots. The results of regression analysis showed that there were significant differences between amount of soil erosion and longitudinal slope, soil texture, crown canopy and forest floor cover. The results from Pearson test showed that there was significant correlation between amount of soil erosion and longitudinal slope of skid trails, soil texture and forest floor cover (?= 0.01 and ?= 0.05), but there was no significant correlation between amount of soil erosion and crown canopy. The results of this research showed that by increasing longitudinal slope of skid trail, displaced soil volume and rutting depth increased. The sample plots in longitudinal slope class of >25% and average displaced soil volume of 5.3 m3 had maximum disturbance. Mean comparison test also showed that there were no significant differences in the displaced soil volume in the two longitudinal slope classes (0-15 and 15-25%), but with an increase in longitudinal slope (more than 25%), the average displaced soil volume increased.
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1121_3290005b33ef6c0f5f43313eff66ec1f.pdf
Water erosion
Soil Displacement
Rutting
Skid trail
Iran
eng
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
2013-04-01
11
2
161
176
1122
Impacts of Forest-Based Activities on Woodland Characteristics
A. Salehi
asalehi@guilan.ac.ir
1
al. et
2
Department of Forestry, Natural Resources Faculty, University of Guilan, P.O. Box 1144, Somesara,
O. Rafieyan*1, A. A. Darvishsefat2, S. Babaii1, A. Mataji1
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of forest-based activities on the conditions of the Ganaveh woodland in the southern Zagros, Iran, and to suggest strategies for improving the implementation of forest resource management plans. Woodland inventory data was gathered in 2003, accompanied with data from interviews in 2008, were used in this study. The results show that there is forest degradation in terms of a lack of forest regeneration and a relatively high incidence of bad quality trees. These defects in the woodland attributes reflect the effects of the traditional management on vegetation cover, and are the causes of concern regarding the sustainability and conservation of the woodland. Overgrazing, seed gathering, and drought in some years are probably the main reasons for the poor natural regeneration in the area. Forest activities over the last decades could be the main causes of the relatively high rate of bad quality oak trees and the high rate of oaks in coppice form. Some efforts to gain acceptance from the woodland users for protecting the preserved areas from animal grazing and seed gathering for a period could be a better alternative for woodland rehabilitation than seeding.
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1122_b76bcb8e5e7b725b1116b38c6c91eac6.pdf
Oak forest
overgrazing
seed gathering
Participation
Zagros
Iran
eng
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
2013-04-01
11
2
177
184
1123
Survey of Directional Felling and Analysis of Effective Factors on Felling Error (Case Study; Iranian Caspian forests)
R. Naghdi
rnaghdi@yahoo.com
1
M. Nikooy
nikooy@guilan.ac.ir
2
M. Ershadifar
3
Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmehsara, P.O. Box: 1144 ,Iran.
M. Nikooy1*, R. Rashidi2, G. Kocheki2
1-Dept. of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, P.O.Box 1114, Someh Sara, Iran
2- Dept. of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Lahijan Azad university, P.O.Box166, Iran
*Corresponding Author's E-mail: Nikooy@guilan.ac.ir
M. Nikooy*, R. Naghdi,
Economic and environmental logging is important for sustainable wood production in the Caspian forests, north of Iran. Predetermination of the skid trail network and directional felling is a usual recommended method to reduce logging impact. The aim of this study was evaluation of directional felling and finding factors effective on felling error. Totally 135 trees were selected randomly for directional felling in mountainous forest in Nav watershed in the Caspian forest. Felling error was calculated for each observation in relation to lay deviation of ground slope, tree length, tree lean, the extent of rot on stump, and tree volume using multiple regression models. Tree volume, interaction of tree volume and terrain slope, and extent of rot in the stump were the most influencing factors on felling error. Results suggest that felling workers should be enough trained for proper use of tools and equipments. The most common tools and devices for manual felling are wedge and hydraulic jack which should be provided in advance.
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1123_5e5a730eb61e9154d1abc2d2a17d4ddd.pdf
Directional felling
Felling error
Caspian forests
eng
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
2013-04-01
11
2
185
194
1124
Assessment of Crawler Tractor Effects on Soil Surface Properties
A. Najafi
a.najafi@modares.ac.ir
1
H. Sam Daliri
2
A. Najafi*1, A. Solgi1 and S.H. Sadeghi2
1- Dept. of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources. Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
2- Dept. of Watershed ManagementEengineering, Tarbiat Modares Universiy Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
* Corresponding author?s E-mail: a.najafi@modares.ac.ir
A. Solgi1*, A. Najafi2,
Skidding operations can cause considerable and wide spread soil disturbance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ground skidding operations on soil compaction, moisture content, and total porosity at different levels of slope and traffic frequency. Four levels of traffic intensity (3, 8, 13, and >13 passes of a Crawler Tractor Onezhets ? 110) and three levels of slope (<10%, 10%-20% and > 20%) were applied to assess soil disturbance. The soil samples from the depth interval 0-10 cm were collected with a soil hammer and rings. Results showed that dry bulk density, moisture content and total porosity were affected considerably by slope and traffic frequency of skid trails. Bulk density was drawing near to the critical value after 8 passes in the trail with the slope >20%; when the number of machine passes increased from 8 to 13 passes, the additional bulk density increment was negligible. Irrespective of traffic frequency, dry bulk density increased significantly in the slope >10% compared to the slope <10%; however there was no significant difference between slopes 10-20% and >20% . Minimum moisture content was measured as 27% on the skid trail versus 47% in the undisturbed area. A negative correlation was found between moisture content and dry bulk density. Total porosity was measured as a maximum 58% to a minimum 44% on the skid trail treatments, and 65% in the undisturbed area. Soil disturbance was extended dramatically on the treatments with slopes >20%, so dry bulk density on the treatments with 8 passes and slopes >20% (1.38 g cm-3) was significantly higher than on the treatment with 13 passes and slopes <10% (1.32 gcm-3). Results showed that slope >10% increased soil disturbance quite dramatically.
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1124_7a98b485ee54fd5dbc7156245b2b73ae.pdf
bulk density
Moisture content
Skidding
Soil disturbance
Skid trail slope
Total porosity
eng
University of Guilan
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
1735-3033
1735-3866
2013-04-01
11
2
195
203
1125
Relationship between Biological Egg Characteristics and Female Brood Fish in Stellate Sturgeon, Acipenser stellatus Pallas, 1771 (Pisces: Acipenseridae) in the Southeast Caspian Sea, Iran
al. et
1
S. Yulghi
2
O. Rafieyan*1, A. A. Darvishsefat2, S. Babaii1, A. Mataji1
?1, Z. Mazaheri Kohanestani2, R. Ghorbani2, H.A. Khoshbavar Rostami1
Fecundity is one of the important indicators of reproduction biology in fishes especially in rearing and restocking management of endangered species such as sturgeon. The fecundity of stellate Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus Pallas, 1771) was studied in 50 specimens captured by gill net (mesh size= 100 mm) and seine net in different fishing areas along the southeastern part of the Caspian Sea from October 2004 through June 2005.Some biological characteristics of eggs (including diameter, surface-to-volume ratio of egg) and of fish (including age, fork length, weight, fecundity and gonadosomatic indices) were determined, and the relationship between them was defined. The results obtained showed that eggs were in stage F5 of development, and mean fork length, weight, age, fecundity and gonadosomatic indices were 125.26?8.01 (cm), 10.3?1.97 (kg), 12?1.34 (years), 170730?43211.11 and 20.88?3.19 (%), respectively. Also, the average egg diameter and surface-to-volume ratio were 2.92?1.44 (mm) and 2.06?0.12 (mm-1), respectively. Positive correlation was detected between egg diameter and surface, and volume, while negative correlation was found between egg diameter and surface-to-volume ratio. Weight, length and age have linear relationships with absolute fecundity and age was the best predicator of fecundity (r2= 0.848, F=27.962 and P value=0.003).
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1125_e1903b2b7a04d2a631a8bec9ac11d7fc.pdf
Acipenser stellatus
Biological characters
Caspian Sea
egg
Fecundity