@article { author = {Ershad Langroudi, H. and Kamali, M. and Falahatkar, B.}, title = {The independent effects of ferrous and phosphorus on growth and development of Tetraselmis suecica; an in vitro study}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {109-114}, year = {2010}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Five treatments including Conway medium, media containing 0.1, 0.17, 0.3 and 0.5 mg l-1 ferrous (Fe; in the first experiment), media with 1, 1.26, 1.59, 2 mg l-1 concentrations of phosphorous (P; in the second experiment) and a pure sample of Tetraselmis suecica were cultured under laboratory conditions. Growth rate of the algae was determined using the optical density method at 750 nm and number of algal cells were counted with a hemocytometer. The results of the first experiment showed that the amount of Fe for maximum growth of this species was 0.3 mg l-1, while Fe concentration in Conway medium was 0.27 mg l-1 (P>0.05). The results of second experiment showed that 1.59 mg l-1 P caused the maximum growth of algae which was not significantly different from that of the control medium (with 1.6 mg l-1; Conway; P>0.05). These results showed that due to the lack of significant differences in maximum growth of this alga recorded in 0.3 mg l-1 Fe and that recorded in 1.59 mg l-1 P in Conway medium, increase or decrease of these doses will have a significant negative effect on algal growth.   REFERENCES AQUACOP. (1984) Aquaculture en milieu tropical. IFREMER Service documentation Publication. B. P. 337- 29273 Brest, Cedex, 469 p. Brown, M.R. (2002) Nutritional value of microalgae for aquaculture. Advances en nutrition acuicola VI. Memorias del VI. (eds. Cruz-Suares, L. E., D. RicqueMarie, M. Tapia-Salazar, M.G. Gaxiolacortes, and N. Simoes). Simposium internacional de nutrition acuicola. 3-6 Septiemper del 2002. Cancun, Quintanaroo, Mexico. Borowitzka, M.A. (1999) Commercial production of microalgae: ponds, tanks, tubes and fermenters. J Biotechnol 70, 313-321. Burlew, J.S. (1953) Algae culture. from laboratory to pilot plant. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC. Fulks, W. and Main, K.L. (1991) The design and operation of commercial-scale live feeds production systems. In: Fulks, W., Main, K.L. (Eds.), Rotifer and Microalgae Culture Systems. The Oceanic Institute, Honolulu, HI, pp. 3-52. Halama, D. (1990) Single cell protein. Non conventional feed stuffs in the nutrition of farm animals. (ed. Kolma, B). pp. 34-49. Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc. New York. Hansen, P.J. (2000) Use of a hemocytometer. Department of animal science, University of Florida. Pp. 10-15. Jeffery, S.W., LeRoi, J.M. and Brown, M.R. (1992) Characteristics microalgal species for Australian mariculture. (Eds. Allen, G.L and Dall, W). Proceeding of the National Aquaculture Workshops, April 1991, pp 164-173. Kawamura, T., Roberts, R.D. and Nicholson, C.M. (1988) Factors affecting the food value of diatom strains for post-larval abalone, Haliotis iris. Aquaculture 160, 81- 88. Laing, I. and Verdugo, C.G. (1991) Nutritional value of spraydried Tetraselmis suecica for juvenile bivalves. Aquaculture 92, 207-218. Lavens, P. and Sorgeloos, P. (1996) Manual on the production and use of live food for aquaculture. FAO Technical Paper Publishers, 7-28. Phany, S.M. (1992) Role of algae in live stock fish integrated farming system. (Eds. Mukherjee, T.K., Moi, P.S., Pandam and Yang, Y.S). Proceeding of the FAO/IPT workshop on integrated live stock fish production system, 16-20 December 1991. University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp 49-56. Piri, Z.M. and Ordog, V. (1997) Effect of some herbicides commonly used in Iranian agriculture on aquatic food chain. PhD thesis to Hungarian Academy of Science, pp. 19-30. Raymont, J.E.C. (1980) Plankton and productivity in the oceans. Vol 1, phytoplankton. Robert, W.H. and James, R. (1979) Methods for microscopic algae. (Ed Stein, R.J). Handbook of phycological methods, culture methods and growth measurements. Cambridge University Press, 447 p. Soeder, C.J. (1981) Productivity of microalgal systems. U.O.F.S. Publ., Series C 3, 9-15. Stanley, B. (1987) Toxicology of metals. John Wiley and Sons, pp 90-95. Stryer, L. (1988) Photosynthesis. (Ed. Freeman, W.H.). Biochemistry. New York, pp. 285-302. Sym, S.D. and Pienaar, R.N. (1993) The class prasinophyceae. (Eds. Rund, F.E. and Chapman, D). Progress in phycological research. Biopress Ltd., Bristol, pp. 281-376.}, keywords = {Ferrous,Phosphorus,Tetraselmis suecica,Conway medium,Growth}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1047.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1047_87b3c654c9effa013826278dcc0a5bb5.pdf} } @article { author = {S., Arekhi and Heydari, M. and Pourbabei, H.}, title = {Vegetation-Environmental Relationships and Ecological Species Groups of the Ilam Oak Forest Landscape, Iran}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {115-125}, year = {2010}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {The study was carried out in the Ilam Oak forest that is located in the west part of Iran. The objective of this research was to determine the plant ecological groups and site classification in this region. Data were collected from 117 sample plots using the systematic-random sampling method. The size of sampling plots was 20 m?20 m for the tree and shrub species and 1.5 m ?1.5 m for herbaceous species. Whittaker?s nested plot method was used in order to record the herbaceous species. Soil samples were collected and analyzed to study soil properties. Multivariate analysis methods were used to classify and determine the relationship between species composition and environmental factors and to recognize ecological species groups. PC-ORD and SPSS software were used for data analyzing. Five ecological groups were specified in the study area. Cerasus microcarpa was the indicator species in the first group, which showed high correlation with carbon and nitrogen. Quercus brantii showed the strongest correlation with CaCO3. The third group was Acer monspessulanum. Elevation and clay were the most important factors that separated this group. Amygdalus orientalis showed high correlation with elevation. These two above mentioned groups were located in higher altitude. Astragalus liyciodes was the indicator species in another distinct group in the study region with high level of stoniness percentage. Astragalus group was observed where soil stoniness was high. Results also showed that groups at higher elevation showed lower richness.   REFERENCES Barnes, B.V., Zak, D.R., Denton, S.R. and Spurr, S.H. (1998) For. ecol. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 774 p. Basiri, P., Karami, R., Akbarinia, M. and Hosseini, S.M. (2004) Determination ecological species groups by using of Anglo-American method (Case study: Ghamishleh Marivan region). J. Environ. 34, 89-98 (In Persian). Bergeron, S. and Bouchard, A. (1984) Use of ecological species groups in analysis and classification of plant communities in a section of western Quebec. Vegetatio. 56, 45–63. Black, C.A. (1979) Methods of soil analysis. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 2, 771-1572. Bredenkamp, G.J. (1986) Ecological profiles of potential bush encroacher species in the Manyeleti Game Reserve. South African J. Bot. 52, 53-59. Brown, L.R., Bredenkamp, G.J. and Van Rooyen, L.N. (1996) The phytosociology of the northern section of the Borakalalo Nature Reserve. Koedoe. 39, 9-24. Fisher, R.F. and Binkly, D. (2000) Ecology and management of forest soils.3rd Edn., John Wiley and Sons, INC, NY, 489 p.  Fuls, E.R., Bredenkamp, G.J., Van Rooyen, L.N. and Theron, G.K. (1993) The physical environment and major plant communities of the Heilborn-LindleyEarden-Villiers area, northern Orange Free State, South Africa J. Bot. 59, 345-359. Godart, M. (1989) Ecological species groups in forest communities in South Belgium. Vegetatio. 81, 127– 135. Goebel, P.C., Palik, B.J., Kirkman, L.K., Drew, M.B., West, L. and Pederson, D.C. (2001) Forest ecosystems of a Lower Gulf Coastal Plain landscape: multifactor classification and analysis. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 128, 47-75. Hassanzad, N.I., Namiranian, M. and Zahedi, G.A. (2004) An evaluation of relationship between quantitative and qualitative characteristics and site factors in the natural beech (Fagus orientalis) stands in Asalem. Iranian J. Nat. Res., 57, 235-248 (In Persian).  Hix, D.M. and Pearcy, J.N. (1997) Forest ecosystems of the Marietta Unit, Wayne National Forest, southeastern Ohio: multifactor classification and analysis. Can. J. For. Res. 27, 1117-1131. Host, G.E. and Pregitzer, K.S. (1991) Ecological species groups for upland forest ecosystems of northwestern Lower Michigan. For. Ecol. Manage. 43, 87-102. Host, G.E. and Pregitzer, K.S. (1992) Geomorphic influences on ground–flora and overstory composition in upland forests of northwestern Lower Michigan. Can. J. For. Res. 22, 1547–55. Jafari, M., Zare, C.M.A., Tavili, A., Azarnivand, H. and Zahedi, A.G. (2004) Effective environmental factors in the distribution of vegetation types in Poshtkouh rangelands of Yazd Province (Iran). J. Arid Environ. 56, 627–641. Jalilvand, H., Kooch, Y., Bahamnyar, M.A. and Pormajidian, M.R. (2007) Ecological Species groups of Hornbeam forest ecosystems in southern caspian (North of Iran). J. Bio. Sci. 7, 1504-1510. Kashian, D.M., Barnes, B.V. and Walker, W.S. (2003) Landscape ecosystems of northern Lower Michigan and the occurrence and management of the Kirtland’s warbler. For. Sci. 49, 140-159. Konollova, I. and Chytry, M. (2004) Oakhornbeam forests of the Czech Republic: Geographical and ecological approach to vegetation classification. Preslia, Praha. 76, 291-311. Kooij, M.S., Bredenkamp, G.J. and Theron, G.K. (1990) Classification of the vegetation of the Bland type in the North- Western Orange Free State. South Africa J. Bot. 56, 306-318. Mahmoodi, J., Zahedi Amiri, G.H., Adeli, E. and Rahmani, R. (2005) An Acquaintance with the relationship between plant ecological groups and the soil characteristics in a Kelarabad Plain forests (In North of Iran). Iranian J. Nat. Res., 58, 351-362. McCune, B. and Mefford, M. (1999) Multivariate analysis of Ecological data version 4.17.M.J.M software. Glenden Beach, Oregon, USA, 233 p. Moustafa, A.A. and Zaghloul, M.S. (1996) Environment and vegetation in the montane Saint Catherine area, South Sinai, Egypt, J. Environ. 34, 331-349. Müller-Dombois, D. and Ellenberg, H. (1974) Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Wiley and Sons. New York, NY, 547 p. Munhoz, C.B.R., Felfili, J.M. and Rodrigues, C. (2008) Species-environment relationship in the herb-subshrub layer of a moist savanna site, Federal District, Brazil. Braz. J. Bio., 68, 25-35. Pabst, R. J. and Spics, T. A. (1998) Distribution of herbs and shrubs in relation to landform and canopy cover in riparian forests of coastal Oregon. Can. J. Bot. 76, 298-315. Regato-Pajares, P. and Elenna-Rosselo, R. (1995) Natural Black Pine (Pinus nigra Subsp Salzmanii) Forest of Iberian Eastern Mountains: Development of the Phytoecological Basis for their Site Evaluation, Ann. Sci. For. 52, 589-606. Rowe, J. S. (1956) Uses of undergrowth plant species in forestry. Ecology. 37, 461–473. Salehi, A., Zarikafsh, M., Zahedi Amiri, G.H. and Marvi Mohajer, M. (2005) A study of soil physical and chemical properties in relation with ecological groups in Namkhaneh district of Kheirod-kenar forest. Iranian J. Nat. Res., 58, 567- 577 (In Persian). Schoenholtz, S.H., VanMiegroet, H. and Burger, J.A. (2000) A review of chemical and physical properties as indicators of forest soil quality: Challenges and properties. For. Ecol. Manage. 138, 335-356. Scott, R. A and Covington, W. W. (2006) Vegetation–environment relationships and ecological species groups of an Arizona Pinus ponderosa landscape, USA. Plant Ecol. 185, 255-268. Simpson, T. B., Stuart, P. E. and Barnes, B. V. (1990) Landscape ecosystems and cover types of the reserve area and adjacent lands of the Huron Mountain Club. Occasional Papers of the Huron Mountain Wildlife Foundation. No. 4., 128 p. Spies, T.A. and Barnes, B.V. (1985) A multifactor ecological classification of the northern hardwood and conifer ecosystems of Sylvania Recreation Area, Upper Peninsula, Michigan. Can. J. For. Res. 15, 949-960. Van-der-Marrel, E. (1979) Transformation of cover-abundance values in phytosociology, its effects on community similarity. Vegtatio. 39, 97-114. Vandvik, V. and Ohn, H. (2002). Partitioning floristic variance in Norwegi and upland grasslands into within-site and betweensite components: Is the pattern determined by environment or by landuse. Plant Ecol. 162, 233-245. Whittaker, R. H. (1956) Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecol. Monog. 26, 1-80. Zahedi Amiri, Gh. (1998) Relation between ground vegetation and soil characteristics in a mixed hardwood stand. PhD Dissertation, University of Ghent, Begum Academic Press, 319 p. Zahedi, A.G.H. and Limaei, S.M. (2002) Relationship between plant ecological in herbal layer and forest stand factors (case study: Neka forest, Iran) . Iranian. J. Nat. Resour. (In Persian). 55, 341-353. Zarinkafsh, M. and Rezaee Kalantari, A. (2006) A study on soil characteristics of Hyrcanian Forest associsted with plants communities. Iran. J. Nat. Resour. 1, 15-28. Zogg, G. P. and Barnes, B. V. (1995) Ecological classification and analysis of wetland ecosystems, northern lower Michigan, U.S.A. Can. J. For. Res. 25, 1865–1875.}, keywords = {Ecological species groups,Environmental factors,Ilam Province,Multivariate analysis,PC,ORD,Site classification}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1045.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1045_642331e04f2b3d85e6128351d404a823.pdf} } @article { author = {Malekzadeh Viayeh, R.}, title = {An overview of the rotifers of the family Notommatidae (Rotifera: Monogononta: Ploima) from Iran}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {127-139}, year = {2010}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {The diversity and distribution of the rotifers family Notommatidae was studied in the northwest, the south and the southwest of Iran. In total, 29 species were identified, of which, 25 are new records for the country. New records include the following species: Cephalodella forficata, C. cf. mus, C. vittata, C. ventripes, C. lepida, C. inquilina, C. gibboides, C. tincaformis , C. obvia, C. sterea, C. physalis, C. gracilis, Eosphora najas, E. Ehrenberg, E. therina, E. anthadis, Eothina elongate, Monommata actices, Notommata pygma, N. glyphura, N. diasema, N. brachyota, Resticula nyssa, R. melandocusa and Pleurotrocha atlantica. Spatial and temporal patterns of the species diversity were evaluated. Descriptions are provided for all the identified species in detail. Biogeography and environmental conditions favorable for identified species were referred. A great richness of rotifers in aquatic environments is generally found in regions where vegetation predominates, either in aquatic or in the ecotone zone between aquatic and terrestrial environments.   REFERENCES Berzins, B. and Pejler, B. (1987) Rotifer occurrence in relation to pH. Hydrobiologia, 147, 107-116. Bł¸edzki, L. A. and Ellison, A.M. (2003) Diversity of rotifers from northeastern U.S.A. bogs with new species records for North America and New England. Hydrobiologia, 497, 53–62. Bonecker, C. C., Lansac-Toha, F. A. and Bini, L. M. (1998) Composition of zooplankton in different environments of the Mato Grosso Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil. In: Seminário Regional de São Carlos. PPGERN-UFSCar, pp. 1123-1135. De Smet, W. H. (1998a) Cephalodella segersi n.sp. (Notommatidae, Monogononta), a new rotifer from Belgium, with notes on C. catellina (O.F. Muller, 1786), C. fluviatilis (Zavadovsky, 1926) and C. maior Zavadovsky, 1926 stat. nov Hydrobiologia, 367, 1–13. De Smet, W.H. (1998b) Preparation of rotifer trophy for light and scanning microscopy. Hydrobiologia, 387/388, 117-121. De Smet, W.H. (2001) Some Rotifera from He Amsterdam (Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises), with description of Brachionus amsterdamensis sp. nov. (Monogononta: Brachionidae). Ann. Limnol, 37 (1), 9-20. De Smet, W.H. (2006) Some marine rotifer from Reunion island, whit a description of a new species of Lindia Harring and Myers, 1924 and one of Synchaeta Ehrenberg, 1832. Zoological Studies, 45, 81-92. De Smet, W.H. and Chernyshev, A.V. (2006) Two new species of Dicranophoridae (Rotifera: Monogononta) from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 86, 657-663. Dhanapathi, M.V.S.S.S. (1975) Rotifers from Andhra Pradesh, India. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 57, 85-94. Garci-Roger, E.M., Carmona, M.J. and Serra, M. (2006) Hatching and viability of rotifer diapausing eggs collected from pond sediments. Freshwater Biology, 51, 1351-1358. Ejsmont-Karabin, J. and Kuczy N Skakippen, N. (2001) Urban rotifers: structure and densities of rotifer communities in water bodies of the Poznan agglomeration area (western Poland). Hydrobiologia, 446-447, 165-171. Hakimzadeh, M. (2007) Rotifer fauna of Tehran province. MSc thesis. Faculty of Sciences. Tehran University, 99 p. (In Persian). Jordi De Manuel, B. (2000) The rotifers of Spanish reservoirs: ecological, systematical and zoogeographical remarks. Limntica, 19, 91-167. Kaya, M. and Altindg, A. (2009) New Record Rotifer Species for the Turkish Fauna. Turk. J. Zoo. 33, 7-12. Koste, W. (1978) Rotatoria. Die radertiere mitteleuropas. Borntraeger, Berlin, 2 Vols. 673 p. (In German). Koste, W. and Hollowday, E.D. (1993) A short history of western European rotifer research. Hydrobiologia, 255-256, 557-572. Löffler, H. (1961) Beitrag zur kenntnis der Iranisehen binnegewasser, Zoologisches instotut der universitat Wein. Int. Revueges. Hydrobiol. 46, 309- 406. (In German). Martinez, J.C., Canesin, A. and Bonecker, C. C. (2000) Species composition of rotifers in different habitats of an artificial lake, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Acta Scientiarium, 22, 343-346. Morales, A.E.G. and Gutierrez, M.E. (2004) Rotifera from southeastern Mexico, new records and comments on zoogeography. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Seria Zoologia. 75, 99- 120. Nogardy, T. (1993) Rotifera: biology, ecology and systematics. The Hauge: SPB Academic Publishing. 1, 142 p. Nogardy, T., Pourriot, R. and Segers, H. (1995) Rotifera. Volume 3: The Notommatidae and the Scaridiidae. In: Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental waters of the World. Part 8. H. J. F. Dumont [ed.]. Backhuys Publishers, Netherlands, 248 p. Pociecha, A. and Wilk-Wozniak, E. (2007). Effect of environmental conditions on rotifer and selected phytoplankton species in three submountane dam reservoirs (southern Poland, Central Europe). Ekológia (Bratislava) 26, 132–142. Sarma, S.S.S. and Manuel, E.G. (1998) Rotifer diversity in a central Mexican pond. Hydrobiologia, 387-388, 47–54. Sarma, S.S.S. (1996) Rotifer from high altitude crater-lakes at Nevado de Toluca volcano, Mexico. Hydrobiologia, 6, 33-38. Segers, H. (1997) Some Rotifera from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, including new species and new records. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia of Philadelphia. 148, 147-156. Segers, H. (2002) The nomenclature of the rotifer: annotated checklist of valid family and genus group names. Journal of Natural History, 36, 631 - 640. Segers, H. (2007) Annotated checklist of the rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy and distribution. Zootaxa, 1564, 1–104. Segers, H. and Shiel, R. J. (2003) Microfaunal diversity in a biodiversity Hotspot: new rotifers from Southwestern Australia. Zoological Studies, 42, 516 – 521. Sharma, B.K. and Sharma, S. (2005) Biodiversity of freshwater rotifer (Rotifera: Eurotatoria) from North-Eastern India. Zoosystematics and Evolution, 81, 81-88. Wallace, R.L., Snell, T.W., Ricci, C. and Nogardy, T. (2006) Rotifera. Volume 1 Biology, Ecology and Systematic (2nd ed.), Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World, Vol. 23, (eds. Segers H. and Dumont H.J.). Kenobi Productions, Ghent, and Backhuys Publishers, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 299 p.   Yilldiz, Ş., Altindaú, A. and Ergnl, M. B. (2007) Seasonal fluctuations in the zooplankton composition of a eutrophic lake: Lake Marmara (Manisa, Turkey). Turk. J. Zoo. 31, 121-126.}, keywords = {Rotifer,Notommatidae,Environmental factors}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1046.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1046_bb868a92d10f99ecb539c80fd6d525ec.pdf} } @article { author = {Jafarian Jeloudar, Z. and Jafari, M. and Arzani, H. and Kavian, A. and Zahedi, Gh. and Azarivand, H.}, title = {Vegetation community in relation to the soil characteristics of Rineh rangeland, Iran}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {141-150}, year = {2010}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between soil properties and plant species to determine the most effective factors separating vegetation communities in Rineh rangeland. Three stratifying variables were selected including slop, aspect and elevation. The study area was partitioned by combining these classes to generate homogenous units. 1m2 quadrates were located at sampling sites in each homogenous unit randomly. Vegetation cover data were recorded using ordinal scale of Daubenmire cover-abundance scores in each quadrate. Soil samples were collected based on area from 0-15, 15-30 cm depths in each sampling site. Total nitrogen, organic matter, pH, total phosphorus, water retention capacity, permanent wilting point, available water capacity, potassium, water holding capacity, CaCO3, saturation moisture, bulk density, real unit weight and percentage of fine earth fragments (sand, silt and clay) were measured. Both classification and ordination techniques were employed including TWINSPAN classification, DCA and CCA. The TWINSPAN classification of the sample sites have resulted in ten groups. According to the results of DCA, length of gradient represented by axis 1 was >5 SD, indicating that CCA was the appropriate ordination method. CCA axis 1 was correlated to phosphorus (-0.460) in the first layer and phosphorus (-0.493), sand (0.533) in the second layer while the CCA axis 2 was correlated to phosphorus (0.394), sand (0.533) in the second layer. The species-environment correlations are higher for the first three canonical axes, explaining 18% of the cumulative variances.   REFERENCES Ali, S.M., Malik, N.R. (2010) vegetation communities of urban open species: Green belt and parks in Islamabad city. Pak. J. Bot, 42, 1031-1039. Bouyoucos, G.J. (1962) Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Argon. J. 54, 464-465. El Bana, M.I., A.S. Al-Mathnani., (2009) Vegetation-soil relationships in the Wadi Al-Hayat Area of the Libyan Sahara, Aust. J. Basic & Appl. Sci. 3, 740-747. El Bana, M.I., A.A. Khedr, P. Van Hecke, and J. Bogaert, (2002) Vegetation composition of a threatened hypersaline, Ecol.163, 63-75. El Ghani, M.M. (1998) Environmental correlates of species distribution in arid desert ecosystems of eastern Egypt. J. Arid Environ. 38, 297-313. He, M.Z., Zheng, J.G., Li, X.R., Qian, Y.L. (2007) Environmental factors affecting vegetation composition in the Alxa Plateau, China. J. Arid Environ. 69, 473-489. Hirzel, A., and Guisan, A. (2002). Which is optimal sampling strategy for habitat suitability modeling? Ecol. Model. 157, 331-341. Jafari, M., Zare Chahouki, M.A., Tavili, A., Azarnivand, H., Zahedi Amiri, Gh. (2004). Effective environmental factors in the distribution of vegetation types in Poshtkouh rangelands of Yazd Province (Iran). J. Arid Environ. 56, 627-641. Jafarian Z., H. Arzani, M. Jafari, Gh. Zahedi, H. Azarnivand. (2008) Analyzing the relationship between distribution or plant communities and climatic and physiographic factors using Classification and Ordination methods in Rineh Rangelands. Range. J. 2, 125-140. Kabir, M., Zafariqbal, M., Farooqi, Z.R., Shafiq, M. (2010) vegetation pattern and soil characteristics of the polluted industrial area of Karachi. Pak. J. Bot. 42, 661-678. Kumar, S. (1996). Trends in structural compositional attributes of duneinterdune vegetation and their edaphic relations in the Indian desert. Vegetatio, 124, 73-93. Li, X.R., Liu, X.M., Yang, Z.Y. (1998). A study on the relation of shrub community and environment in decertified steppe and steppefied desert of Ordos plateau. Chinese J. of Arid Res., 18, 123-130. Lu, T., Ma, K.M., Zhang, W.H., Fu, B.J. (2006). Differential responses of shrubs and herbs present at the Upper Minjiang River basin (Tibetan Plateau) to several soil variables. J. Arid Environ. 67, 373-390. Lundholm, J.T., Larson, D.W. (2003) Relationships between spatial environmental heterogeneity and plant species diversity on a limestone pavement. Ecography. 26, 715-722. McCune, B., Mefford, M.J. (1999). PC-ORD 4: Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data. Version 4.10. MjM Software, Gleneden Beach, OR, USA. McDonald, D.J., Cowling, R.M., Boucher, C. (1996). Vegetation-environment relationships on a species-rich coastal mountain range in the fynbos biom (South Africa). Vegetatio. 123, 165-182. McGill, W.B., Figueiredo, C.T. (1993) Total nitrogen. In Carter, M.R. Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, FL, pp. 201-211. Monier, M., El-Ghani Abd., Amwe, W.A. (2003) Soil-vegetation relationships in a costal desert plain of southern Sinai, Egypt. J. Arid Environ. 55, 607-628. Nelson, D.W., Summers, L.E., et al., Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Page, A.L. (Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis. (1982) Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, second ed. Agronomy Monographs, Madison, 9, 539- 579. Oksanen, J., Minchin, P.R. (1997) Instability of ordination results under changes in input data order: explanations and remedies. J. Veg. Sci. 8, 447-454. Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (1982) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, second ed. Agronomy Monographs, ASA-SSA, Madison, WI. Palmer, M.W. (1993) Putting thing in an even better order; the advantages of canonical correspondence analysis, Ecology, 74, 2215-2230. Shaukat, S.S., Khan, D., Qadir, S.A. (1981) on the vegetation dynamics of calcareous hillsaround Karachi. Pak. J. Bot. 13, 17-37. Simard, R.R. (1993) Ammonium acetateextractable elements. In: Carter, M.R. (Ed.), Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. Lewis Publishers, Boca Rton, FL, pp.39-42. Sperry, J.S., Hacke, U.G. (2002) Desert shrub water relations with respect to soil characteristics and plant functional type. Funct. Ecol. 16, 367-378. Yair, A., Danin, A. (1980) Spatial variation as related to the soil moisture regime over an arid limestone hillside, northern Negev, Israel. Oncology. 47, 83-88. Zhang, K., Dang, H., Tan, Sh., Wang Zh., Zhang, Q. (2010) Vegetation community and soil characteristics of abandoned agricultural land and pine plantation in the Qinling Mountains, China. Forest Ecol. and Manag. 259, 2036-2047.}, keywords = {Multivariate analysis,Rineh rangelands,Soil characteristics,Vegetation cover,Iran}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1048.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1048_339f7eb82d806a34fc6aa816f04517df.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohammadi Samani, K. and Hosseini, S.A. and Lotfian, M. and Najafi, A.}, title = {Planning road network in mountain forests using GIS and Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP)}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {151-162}, year = {2010}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Forest road construction is the most costly operation in forestry. Road designing and construction in unsuitable areas may increase construction and maintenance costs and also cause many environmental impacts. Therefore, it is required to pay more attention to forest road design. In this research, we tried to introduce an appropriate method for locating forest roads using GIS and AHP simultaneously. The most important layers in locating forest road include slope, soils type, geology, hydrographic networks, aspects, trees volume m3 per hectare ,tree type and elevation maps which were determined and then by using expert thought and AHP method the study area was classified in five classes including very good, good, medium, bad and worse for forest road construction. Then two new variants were designed on the prepared AHP map: the first variant was designated using traditional method and Pegger extension was applied to design the second. Pegger Planning variant (PP_variant) had the highest efficiency in path from good and bad points of view based on AHP map. The results of this study illustrated that using AHP and GIS simultaneously can introduce an appropriate and suitable method in the forest road network planning.   REFERENCES Akay, A (2003) Minimizing total cost of construction, maintenance, and transportation costs with computer-aided forest road design. Thesis doctor of philosophy, University of Oregon.  264 p. Akay, A., Karas, E.I.R., Sessions J., Yuksel, A., Bozali, N and Gundogan R (2004) Using high-resolution digital elevation model for computer-aided forest road design. Istanbul, Turkey, The international society for photogrammetry and remote sensing. 6p. [online]. Available at http://www.ismailkaras.com/files/ISPR S_Akay_Karas_vd.pdf. Anderson, A. E and Nelson, J (2004) Projecting vector base road network with a shortest path algorithm. Can. J. For. Res., 34, 1444-1457. Aruga, K (2005) Tabu search optimization of horizontal and vertical alignments of forest roads. J. For. Res. 10, 275-284. DOI 10.1007/s10310-004-0136-5. Backmond, F (1968) Indices for the degree of accessibility of forest districts via roads, Schweizerishe, SZF. 119 (11), 445-452. Dutton, A.L., Loague, k and Wemple, B.C (2005) Road sediment production and delivery: Processes and management. Earth surf. Process. Land form. 30, 325-338. Available at www.bof.fire.ca.gov/regulations/propos ed./macdonald_coe_wlf.pdf Ezatti, S. Najafi, Akbar and Mohammadi samani, K (2009) Using Shortest Path Algorithm and AHP in Site Selection of Forest’s Log-Landing in ArcGIS Software (In Persian). Tehran. Iran. GIS Conference,  7 p. Ezzati, S and Najafi, A (2009) Compilation of GIS and environmental techniques in primary forest road locating (In Persian). Tehran. Iran. GIS Conference, p. 10. Forestry planning cahier of District 1 NavAsalem zone (2009) Natural resources office centre in Guilan Province. Forests and pastures and watersheds management organization. Shafarood Forest Corporate, 270 p. Gerasimove, Y., Sokolove, A and Karjalainen, T (2008) GIS-base decisionsupport program for planning and analysis short-wood transport in Russia. Croatian J. of Forest Eng. 28, 163-175. Ghodsipour, S.H (2002) Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), University of Amirkabir press [In Farsi], Tehran, Iran, 221 p. Gumus, S., Acar, H.H and Toksoy, D (2007) Functional forest road network planning by consideration of environmental impact assessment for wood harvesting. Environ Monit Assess.  P. 8, DOI 10.1007/s10661-007-9912-y Heinrich, R (2001) Recent Developments on Environmentally Friendly Forest Road Construction and Wood Transport in Mountainous Forests, FAO. Forestry department, Rome, Italy. Hosseini, S.A (2003) Planning of forest roads network using GIS, Khiroudkenar forest. Ph.D. thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, pp. 145. Keshtiarast, A., Alesheikh, A. A and Kheirabadi, A (2006) Best route finding based on cost in multimodal network with care of networks constraints. Map Asia Conference. Bangkok, Thailand. Kunwoo, C (1990) Studies on forest road construction in mountain forest. Kangwoon national university. Research bulletin of the experimental forest. 16, 109- 131. Lugo, A.E (2000) Function, effects and management of forest roads. Forest ecology and management, 132, 249-262. Majnounian, B., Abdi, E and Darvishsefat, A.A. (2007) Planning and technical evaluating of forest road networks from accessibility point of view using GIS (Case study: Namkhane district, Kheyroud forest). Iranian J. of Nat. Res., 60, 907-919 (In Persian). Malczewski, J (1999) GIS and Multicriteria decision analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, pp. 392. Mahdavi, M (2000) Applied Hydrology. Publication of the University of Tehran, 400 p. Naghdi, R., Bagheri, I., Ghajar, E., Taheri, K and Hasanzad, I. (2008) Planning the Most Appropriate Forest Road Network Considering Soil Drainage and Stability Using GIS in Shafaroud WatershedGuilan. Proceeding of 7th Annual Asian Conference and Exhibition on Geospatial Information, Technology and Applications, p. 9. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Naghdi, R and Babapour, R (2009) Planning and evaluating of forest roads network with respect to environmental aspects via GIS application (Case study: Shafaroud forest, northern Iran). Proceeding of Second International Conference on Environmental and Computer Science, Dubai, UAE, pp. 424-427. Pentek, T., Picman, D., Potocnik, I., Dvorscak, P and Nevecerel, H (2005) Analysis of an existing forest road network. Croat. J. for eng. 26, 39-50. Raafatnia, N., Abdi, O and shataee, S. (2006) Determining proper method of preliminary forecasting of mountain and forest roads using GIS [In Farsi]. Iranian Journal of Fore. and Popl. Res. 14, 244- 257. Mohammadi Samani et al., 161 Rogers, W. L (2005) Automating Contour Based Route Projection for Preliminary Forestry Road Design Using GIS. MSc. Dissertation, Washington State University, Collage of Forest Resources, 87 p. available at: http://www.ruraltech.org/pubs/theses /lwrogers/index.asp Saaty, T. L (1980) The Analytical Hierarchy Process. McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 269 p. Saaty, T. L (1996) Decision Making for Leaders. 3th edition. RWS Publications, 315 p. Tan, J (1992) Planning a forest road network by spatial data handling-network routing system, Acta Fore. Fen. 227, 85-90. Tiryana, T (2005) Assessment of sustainable forest management using fuzzy rulebased model. PhD Dissertation, University of Natural Resource and Management, ITC. Netherlands, 119 p. Zebardast, E (2002) Application of hierarchical analysis process in urban planning. Journal of Beu. Arts, pp. 13-21 (In Persian).  }, keywords = {Forest road network,road designing,GIS,AHP,road variant,Pegger software}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1049.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1049_3a105b3b8aa0dbd40d2e51f2ffef11c5.pdf} } @article { author = {Akhavan, R. and Kia-Daliri, H.}, title = {Spatial variability and estimation of tree attributes in a plantation forest in the Caspian region of Iran using geostatistical analysis}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {163-172}, year = {2010}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {This research was conducted to investigate spatial variability and estimate tree attributes in a plantation forest in the Caspian region of Iran using geostatistical analysis. Sampling was performed based on a 50m?125m systematic grid in a maple stand (Acer velutinum Boiss) 18 years of age using circular samples of 200m2 area. Totally, 96 sample plots were measured in 63 hectares and 14.25 hectare was inventoried as full census area. Experimental variograms for forest stem basal area, stem density and tree height attributes were calculated and plotted using the geo-referenced inventory plots. The calculated variograms of basal area and height showed a high spatial auto-correlation, which is fitted by spherical model. However, stem density showed a large nugget effect. Estimations for basal area and height interpolated by ordinary block kriging and cross validation results showed that all the estimations were accurate. Furthermore, the estimated kriged mean of basal area showed no significant difference to the real mean in the full census area. Therefore, geostatistical analysis is able to capture and explain the spatial variability as well as estimate tree attributes (not stem density) in this kind of plantation forest, accurately.   REFERENCES Akhavan, R., Zahedi Amiri, Gh. and Zobeiri, M. (2010) Spatial variability of forest growing stock using geostatistics in the Caspian region of Iran. Caspian J. Env. Sci, 8 (1), In Press. Bellehumeur, C. and Legendre, P. (1998) Multiscale sources of variation in ecological variables: modeling spatial dispersion, elaborating sampling designs. Landsc. Ecol., 13, 15-25. Biondi, F., Myers D.E. and Avery, C.C. (1994) Geostatistically modeling stem size and increment in an old-growth forest. Can. J. For. Res., 24, 1354-1368. Cressie, N.A.C. (1993) Statistics for spatial data. John Willy and Sons Inc., New York. pp. 900. Dale, M.R.T. (2000) Spatial pattern analysis in plant ecology. Cambridge University press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 326 p. Freeman, E.A. and Moisen, G.G. (2007) Evaluating kriging as a tool to improve moderate resolution maps of forest biomass. Environ. Monit. Assess. 128, 395- 410. Goovaerts, P. (1997) Geostatistics for natural resources evaluation. Oxford University Press, New York,  483 p. Gunnarsson, F., Holm, S. Holmgren, P. and Thuresson, T. (1998) On the potential of kriging for forest management planning. Scan. J. For. Res., 13, 237- 245. Hernández, J. and Emery, X. (2009) A geostatistical approach to optimize sampling designs for local forest inventories. Can. J. For. Res., 39, 1465-1474. Husch, B., Miller C.I. and Beers, T.W. (1982) Forest mensuration. 3rd ed. John Wiley and Sons, inc., New York. pp. 443. Isaaks, E.H. and Srivastava, R.M. (1989) An introduction to applied geostatistics. Oxford University Press, New York, 561 p. Jeffers, J.N.R. (1982) Modeling. Chapman and Hall, London, 80 p. Kint, V., Meirvenne, M.V. Nachtergale, L. Geudens G. and Lust, N. (2003) Spatial methods for quantifying forest stand structure development: a comparison between nearest neighbor indices and variogram analysis. Forest science, 49, 36-49. Mandallaz, D. (1991) A unified approach to sampling theory for forest inventory based on infinite population model. PhD. Dissertation, Academic Press, ETH Zürich, Switzerland, Chair of Forest Inventory and Planning. http://www. e-collection.ethb.ethz.ch/. Mandallaz, D. (1993) Geostatistical methods for double sampling schemes: application to combined forest inventory. Technical report, ETH Zürich, Chair of Forest Inventory and Planning, 133 p. Montes, F., Hernandez M.J. and Canellas, I. (2005) A geostatistical approach to cork production sampling in Quercus suber forests. Can. J. For. Res., 35, 2787-2796. Pierce Jr., K.B., J.L. Ohmann, M.C. Wimberly, M.J. Gregory and J.S. Fried, (2009) Mapping wildland fuels and forest structure for land management: a comparison of nearest neighbor imputation and other methods. Can. J. For. Res., 39, 1901-1916. Samra, J.S., Gill H.S. and Bhatia, V.K. (1989) Spatial stochastic modeling of growth and forest resource evaluation. Forest Science, 35, 663-676. Tuominen, S. Fish S. and Poso, S. (2003) Combining remote sensing, data from earlier inventories, and geostatistical interpolation in multi-source forest inventory. Can. J. For. Res., 33, 624- 634. Webster, R. and Oliver, M.A. (2000) Geostatistics for environmental scientists, Wiley Press, 271 p.  }, keywords = {Geostatistics,Spatial variability,Plantation forest,Tree attribute,Caspian region}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1040.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1040_e7c1e99ed74dd71dee52c4a277875528.pdf} } @article { author = {Nikooy, M. and Rashidi, R. and Kocheki, G.}, title = {Residual trees injury assessment after selective cutting in broadleaf forest in Shafaroud}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {173-179}, year = {2010}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {In the Shafaroud forest, logging operation is generally performed by using selective cutting methods. Chainsaw and cable skidder are two main forest machines for harvesting of this forest. However, forest harvesting operations result in serious residual stand damage during felling, winching and skidding operations in this forest. Residual stand damage resulting from selective cutting was assessed on Avardim district in the Shafaroud forest in the north of Iran. Logging operation was performed by chainsaw and cable skidder. To gain benefit of directional felling, Landing and skid trail was planned prior to felling. Study area was cruised using 14 random sampling plots centered on transect lines uniformly distributed throughout the harvested area. Study results indicate majority of the injuries that occurred belong to the skidding and winching stage and the bole portion of tree (> 1m). Beech trees were injured more than trees of other species, and the mean area of injury was 290.3 cm2. Investigation on felling error showed that 40% of felled trees were at an angle of about 45-70 degrees with skidding direction, therefore felling crew could not lead the felled trees toward the skid trails. Increase felling error made the remaining trees more susceptible to injuries. This research indicated that preliminary planning of skid trail prior to felling is not a sufficient measure to minimize residual stand damage but proper training of crew is essential to insure a good performance of the operation. Felling crew should be not only trained and experienced workers but also aware of the value of residual crop trees, and the importance of minimizing stand damage if uneven-aged stand management practices are to be successful.   REFERENCES Alahie, H. (1997) The study of skidding in the Hyrcanian Forest of Iran. Tehran University, Iran. FRWO. (2006) Instructions for planning of landing and skid trail. Forest Harvesting Office, 35 p. Hosseini, M. (1995). Harvesting operations in the northern forest of Iran. Forest and Range Mag., 25, 28-32. Hosseini, S.M., Majnonian, B., Nieuwenhuis, M. (2000) Damage to natural regeneration in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran, a comparison of two typical timber extraction operations. J. For. Eng. 11, 63-72. Mirarab, J. (2007) Study the transect sampling method in estimating the standing trees damages caused by skidders. (Case study: Kheyroud Forest). MSc. Dissertation, Tehran University, Tehran, 92 p. (In Persian).  Naghdi, R. 2006. Investigation and comparison of two harvesting systems: tree length and cut-to-length method in order to optimize road network planning in Neka, Iran. PhD Dissertation, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 177 p. (In Persian). Naghdi, R. Bagheri, I. Taheri, K. Akef, M. (2009) Residual stand damage during cut to length harvesting method in Shafaroud forest of Guilan province. Iranian J of Env Sci., 60, 931-947. Nikooy, M. (2007). Production optimization and reduction impact on forest by preparing harvest planning in Nav, Iran. PhD Dissertation, Tehran University, 165 p. Shigo, A.L. (1984) How to assess the defect status of a stand. Northern. J. Appl. For. 10, 41-49. Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Sajedi, T. and Yazdian, F. (2003) Forests of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangeland. Technical Publication No. 339, 28 p. Solgi, A. Najafi, A. (2007) Investigating of residual tree damage during ground-based skidding. Pakistan. J. Biol. Sci., 10, 1755-1758. Vasiliauskas, R. (2001) Damage to trees due to forestry operations and its pathological significance in temperate forest: a literature review. Forestry, 74, 319–336. Wästerlund, I. (1992) Extent and causes of site damage to forestry traffic. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 7, 135-142. Yilmaz, M., Akay A. (2008) Stand damage of a selection cutting system in an uneven aged mixed forest of Cimendagi Kahramanmaras, Turk. Int. J. of Natur. and Eng. Sci., 2, 77- 82.}, keywords = {Residual trees,Injury,Felling,Skidding,Winching}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1041.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1041_779c96492c9112fa3a67d54660959bb3.pdf} } @article { author = {Salehi, A. and Karltun, L.Ch. and Soderberg, U. and Erikson, L.O.}, title = {Livelihood dependency on woodland resources in southern Zagros, Iran}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {181-194}, year = {2010}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {This study aims to investigate the relationships between people?s livelihoods and the woodland resources of the Ganaveh watershed in southern Zagros, Iran, as a basis for suggestions of strategies for sustainable management of the woodland resources and improvement of the livelihoods of people in the community. Household data were collected through interviews with heads of households and members of the village council with a focus on uses of the woodland products. Canonical correlation analysis and pairwise correlation analysis were used to detect significant relationships between the socioeconomic variables of the households and the variables of the collected or used woodland products by the households. Results show that animal husbandry is the most important activity for providing villagers? income. Fuel wood, seeds and ground fodder are collected woodland products in the area. Among the key socioeconomic characteristics of the households, increased educational status and cash incomes from sources other than the woodland are associated with less dependency on the woodland resources, and consumption of energy has a positive correlation with the collection of fuel wood.   REFERENCES Abdallah, J.M. and Monela, G.G. (2007) Overview of Miombo woodlands in Tanzania. 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(2008) Land cover changes in a forested watershed, southern Zagros, Iran. Land Degradation & Development. 19, 542-553. Shackleton, S.E., Shackleton, C.M., Netshiluvhi, T.R., Geach, B.S., Ballance, A., Fairbanks, D.H.K. (2002) Use patterns and value of savanna resources in three rural villages in South Africa. Econ. Bot. 56, 130–146. Shandra, J.M., Shandra, C.L.and London, B. (2008) Women, Non-Governmental Organizations, and Deforestation: A CrossNational Study. Population and Environment. 30, 48-72.  Sjaastad, E., Angelsen, A., Vedeld, P.and Bojo, J. (2005) What is environmental income? Ecol. Econ. 55, 37-46. Sunderlin, W.D. Angelsen, A. Belcher, B. Burgers, P. Nasi, R. Santoso, L. and Wunder, S. (2005) Livelihoods, forests, and conservation in developing countries: An overview. World Development. 33,1383-1402. Tempelman, M.D. (2000) Socio-Economic and Gender Analysis (Seaga) Training Tools in Support of Household Resources Management Sustainable development Department (SD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Available in: http://www.fao.org/sd/wpdirect/wpre013 3c.htm.  Valdivia, C. and Gilles, J (2001) Gender and resource management: Households and groups, strategies and transitions. Agriculture and Human Values. 18, 5-9. Vedeld, P., Angelsen, A., Sjaastad, E.and Berg, G.K. (2004) Counting on the environment: Forest incomes and the rural poor. World Bank, Washington. Washington DC, Environment Department Working Paper No. 98.  114 p. Wilde, V.L., Mattila, A.V. (1999) Gender Analysis and Forestry. In: Brindley, B. Case Studies. Food and Agriculture Organization; Forests, Trees and People Programme, 258 p.}, keywords = {Animal grazing: Fuel wood: Oak forests: Socioeconomic}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1042.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1042_536a5f604043e4b1a5ab0e83b4cc41ce.pdf} } @article { author = {Abdoli, M.A. and Tavakoli, B. and Menhaj, M.H.}, title = {A theoretical framework for determining environmental costs, benefits, and the net welfare effects associated with hazardous waste management}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {195-202}, year = {2010}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {This paper reviews and presents a theoretical model to determine the costs, benefits, and welfare effects of hazardous wastes management. According to the Iranian law, environmental costs are assigned to waste producing firms. However, in practice, due to weak enforcement programs, firms do not pay any environmental costs. Using the basic principles and logic of welfare economics, we present a micro-level model for analyzing an industry that generates waste as a by-product of its production process. Firms in the industry choose the least cost method of disposal (either legal or illegal disposal). By utilizing various figures of presented models in partial equilibrium structure we found R'1, R'2 and 3 R′ which are the net welfare effect of producing firms, the net welfare effect to firms supplying legal waste disposal services and the net welfare effect of the environmental damage, respectively. By analyzing the presented figures we concluded that government regulatory policy may ideally lower environmental costs via a subsidy program.   REFERENCES Dewees, D. (1998) Instrument Choice in Environmental Policy. Econ. Inquiry. 21, 53- 71. Environmental Protection Agency. (1998) Safer Disposal for Solid Waste: The Federal Regulation for Landfills, 37p. Environmental Protection Agency. (2008) Experiences of Hazardous waste generators with EPA’s phase I RCRA program, Washington DC, 118 p. Kiel, K. and Zabel, J. (2001) Estimating the Economic Benefits of cleaning up superfund sites: The Case of Woburn, Massachusetts. J. Real Estate Finance Econ. 22, 163-184. Layard P.R.G. and Walters A.A. (2007) Micro– Economic Theory. Mc Graw Hill Book Company, New York. pp. 102-258. Magorian, C. and Morell, D. (1999) Sitting Hazardous Waste Facilities, Ballinger, Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. 87-198. Menhaj, M.H. (1994) Liability Rules for Solid Waste Management: Efficiency and Equity Effects. PhD thesis, Oklahoma State University, 153 p. Morris, JR., Phillips PS, Read AD. (1998) The UK Land Tax: an analysis of its contribution to sustainable waste management. Resour. Conserv. Recy. 20, 259-270. Office of Technology Assessment (O.T.A), U.S. Congress. (2007) Superfund Strategy Summary, Washington DC, 58 p. Ronald, F. and Hengartner, N. (2001) Environmental Equity and the Distribution of Toxic Release Inventory and other Environmentally Undesirable Sites in Metropolitan New York City. Environ. Ecol. Stat. 8, 32-52. Saed, N. and Tila, P. (2009) A survey of Iranian environmental law and Regulation. Khorsandi cultural-publication Center, Tehran, Iran, 464 p. Steven, T. and William, L. (1993) Microeconomics. 2nd Edition. Wads Warth Publishing INC, USA, 499 p. Smith, M.A., Lynn, F.M. and Andrews. R.N.L. (1986) Economic Impacts of Hazardous Waste Facilities. Hazard Waste Hazard, 3, 195-204 Sullivan, A M. (1986) Liability Rules for Toxics Clean - Up. J. Urban Econ. 20, 191-204. Sullivan, A M. (1997) Policy option for Toxics Disposal: Laissez- Faire, Subsidization, Enforcement. J. Environ. Econ. Manage. 14, 58-71. Tietenberg, T. (1999) Environmental and Natural Resource Economics 3rd Edition. Scotte, Foresman and company, Gleview, Illinois, USA, 559 p.}, keywords = {Hazardous waste,Legal and illegal disposal,Environmental cost and benefits,Subsidy program}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1044.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1044_439fa3848f94c2ac26dac30fe33332a5.pdf} } @article { author = {Sadremomtaz, A. and Vahabi Moghaddam, M. and Khoshbinfar, S and Moghaddsi, A.}, title = {A Comparative Study of Field Gamma-ray Spectrometry by NaI(Tl) and HPGe Detectors in the South Caspian Region}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {203-210}, year = {2010}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Natural radionuclides present in soil as well as certain anthropogenic radionuclides released to the environment are the major contributors to terrestrial outdoor exposures. In the assessment of human exposures from environmental radioactivity, besides the conventional method of soil and vegetation sampling combined with laboratory based analyses of environmental media, the other choice would be field spectrometry which is a rapid, efficient and economical means of identification of radionuclides in the environment. Newly developed high resolution solid state gamma-ray detectors provide a state of art means for such a purpose. However, they are relatively expensive, may not provide the highest intrinsic efficiency possible and their use is complicated by the need for cryogenic cooling of the detector. Scintillation detector spectrometry systems are considered to be capable of yielding satisfactory results particularly for natural background measurements at a fraction of cost. This paper describes a comparative study on application of NaI(Tl) scintillation and HPGe solid state systems for in-situ measurements of 40K, 226Ra, 232Th and 137Cs soil inventories at selected regions on the south coast of Caspian Sea, along with the results from laboratory analyses of collected soil samples in the area. Based on in-situ measurement results and field experience, it is concluded that NaI(Tl) spectrometry system provide satisfactory results which might be even improved by incorporating special spectrum analysis techniques, is relatively less expensive and is operationally easier to carry out than either HPGe system or direct laboratory based analyses of soil samples.   REFERENCES Abdi, M.R. Hassanzadeh, S. Kamali M.and Raji, H.R. (2009) 238U, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs activity concentrations along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, Iran. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58, 658-662. Ateba, J.F.B. Ateba, P. O. Ben-Bolie, G. H. Abiama, P. E. Abega, C. R. and Mvondo, S. (2010) Natural Background Dose Measurements in South Cameroon. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 140, 81-88. Beck, H. L. (1980) Exposure Rate Conversion Factors for Radionuclides Deposited on the Ground. USDOE Report EML-378, Washington DC. Beck, H.L. (1978) The physical properties of environmental properties of environmental radiation fields and their utility for interpretation aerial measurements. In: Areal Techniques for Environmental Monitoring, Topical Symp. Proc., Am. Nuc. Soc., Nevada. Beck, H.L. and Planque, G. (1968) The radiation field in air due to distributed gamma-ray sources in the ground. HASL1g5 Report, US Atomic Energy Commission, New York. Beck, H.L. DeCampo, J. and Gogolak, C. (1972) In-situ Ge(Li) and NaI(Tl) Gammaray Spectrometry. HASL-258, Health and Safety Laboratory, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, New York. Cooper, J.R., Randle, K.and Sokhi, R.S. (2003) Radioactive Releases in the Environment: Impact and Assessment. John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex. East, L.V. Phillips, R.L. Strong, A.R. (1982) A Fresh Approach to NaI Scintillation Detector Spectrum Analysis. Nucl. Inst. Methods, 193, 147-155. EPA (2006) Approved Methods for Radionuclides. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Fattahi, E. (2005) Calibration of in-situ gamma spectrometry systems. MSc. Dissertation, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, 68 p. Faw, R.E. and Shultis, J.K. (1993) Radiological Assessment: Sources and Exposures. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. Garcia, M. and Madurga, G. (1990) LowLevel Measurements of Radionuclides in the Environment. World Scientific, Singapore. Gilmore, G.R. (2008) Practical Gamma-ray Spectrometry - 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex. Hakimian, M. (1977). American journal of Soil Society, 41, 1155−1161. Helfer, I.K. and Miller I.K. (1988) Calibration factor for field spectrometry. Health Phys. 55, 15-29. IAEA (1989) Construction and Use of Calibration Facilities for Radiometric Field Equipment. International Atomic Energy Agency, Technical Report Series No. 309, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. ICRU (1994) Gamma-Ray Spectrometry in the Environment. ICRU Report 53, International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, MD. Isinkaye, M.O. and Shitta, M.B.O. (2010) Natural radionuclide content and radiological assessment of clay soils collected from different sites in Ekiti State, Southwestern Nigeria. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 139, 590-596. Klement, A.W. (1982) CRC Handbook of environmental radiation. CRC Press, Florida. MARLAP (2004) Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory Analytical Protocols Manual. NUREG-1576, Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Washington DC. McLaughlin, J.P. Simopoulos, E.S. Steinhäusler, F. (2005) The Natural Radiation Environment VII. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Miller K.M. (1997) Field gamma-ray spectrometry. In: USDOE-report HASL300, United State Department of Energy, Washington DC. Miller K.M. and Shebell P. (1993) In-situ gamma-ray spectrometry: A tutorial for environmental radiation scientists. United State Department of Energy, USDOE-report, EML-557. NCRP (1987) Exposure of the Population in the United States and Canada from Natural Background Radiation, Report 94, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington DC. NCRP (2006) Cesium-137 in the Environment: Radioecology and Approaches to Assessment and Management. Report 154, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD. Petrinec, B. Franić, Z. Leder, N. Tsabaris, C. Bituh, T. Marović, G. (2010) Gamma Radiation and Dose Rate Investigations on the Adriatic Islands of Magmatic Origin. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 139, 551-559. Saito, K. and Jacob, P. (1995) Gamma ray fields in the air due to sources in the ground. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 58, 29–45. Tyler, A.N. (2008) In situ and airborne gamma-ray spectrometry. In: Analysis of Environmental Radionuclides, edited by P.P. Povinec. Elsevier, Amsterdam. UNSCEAR (2000) Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Report to the General Assembly, United Nations, New York. Zombori, P. (1995) A new method for the determination of radionuclide distribution in the soil by in-situ gamma-ray spectrometry. In: Rapid Instrumental and Separation Methods for Monitoring Radionuclides in Food and Environmental Samples. International Atomic Energy Agency Report, IAEA/AL/088, Vienna.}, keywords = {Field gamma,ray spectrometry,Gamma in,situ measurements,HPGe detector,NaI(Tl) detector,Natural radionuclides,137Cs}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1043.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1043_cecd95b16c9f188d7b00273c0cd65195.pdf} }