@article { author = {Nedelea, A. and Comanescu, L. and Ielenicz, L.}, title = {Some Considerations on Climatic Geomorphology of the Romanian Territory}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {99-106}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {The main issues about relation between climate and relief in the Romanian geomorphological literature follow three directions of research: the description of Pleistocene glacial and Pleistocene-Holocene periglacial landforms in the Carpathians; the direct analysis of climate?s role in landform development; the integration of separate works and findings in a synthetic morphodynamic system applicable to all of the country? territory. The analysis of the present-day geomorphic landscape reveals two important generations of morphoclimatic landforms (old climatic landforms and the recent climatic relief-forms). In Romania we can identify three distinct morphoclimatic regions: the central-western region, the eastern and south-eastern region and the south-western region.   REFERENCES Băcăintan, N. (1999) Munţii Baraolt: Studiu geomorfologic. Edit. Academiei, Bucureşti. 160 p. Băcăuanu, V. (1980) Podişul Moldovei, natură, om, economie. Edit. Ştiintifica şi Enciclopedică, Bucureşti. 347 p.  Bălteanu, D. (1983) Experimentul de teren în geomorfologie. Edit. Academiei, Bucureşti. 159 p. Brătescu, C. (1928) Pământul Dobrogei. Dobrogea. I: 1-30. Coteţ, P. (1957) Câmpia Olteniei. Edit. Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti, 272 p. Ielenicz, M. (1984) Munţii Ciucaş-Buzău - studiu geomorfologic. Edit. Academiei, Bucureşti. 138 p. Ielenicz, M. (2004) Geomorfologie. Edit. Universitară, Bucureşti. 344 p. Martonne, Emm. (1907) Recherches sur l`évolution morphologique des Alpes de Transylvanie, Paris. 279 p. Niculescu, Gh. (1965) Munţii Godeanu. Studiu geomorfologic. Edit Academiei, Bucureşti. 340 p. Pop, Gh. (1963) The importance of the genesis of some levelled surfaces in the Apuseni Mountanies. Rev. Roum. de G.L.C. 8: 3-9. Popovici, I et al. (1984) Podişul Dobrogei şi Delta Dunării: natură, om, economie. Edit. Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, Bucureşti. 301p. Posea, Gr. (1962) Ţara Lăpuşului. Studiu geomorfologic. Edit. Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti. 238p. Posea, Gr. Popescu, N. and Ielenicz, M. (1974) Relieful României. Edit. Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti. 484 p. Rădoane, N. (2002) Geomorfologia bazinelor hidrografice mici. Edit. Universitară, Suceava. 255 p. Rusu, C. (2002) Munţii Rarău. Studiu de geografie fizică. Edit. Academiei, Bucureşti. 420 p. Urdea, P. (2000) Munţii Retezat. Studiu geomorfologic. Edit. Academiei, Bucureşti. 272 p. Ujvari, I. (1972) Geografia apelor României. Edit. Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti. 592 p. Vâlsan, G. (1915) Câmpia Română. BSRG. 36: 3-105. Vâlsan, G. (1917) Influenţe climatice în morfologia Câmpiei Române. Institutul Geologic. VII: 419-432.}, keywords = {Glacial,Glacis,Pediment,Pediplain,Peneplaned surfaces,Romania}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1022.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1022_f95ae050158a28638bc4b4ab7657be14.pdf} } @article { author = {Zeinolabedin, Y. and Yahyapour, M.S. and Shirzad, Z.}, title = {Geopolitics and Environmental Issues in the Caspian Sea}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {113-121}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Nowadays, a noticeable part of the relations among the states turn around the environment protection. Therefore, the right for ever-creasing use of the existing resources of this inland sea cannot be exclusive to any Caspian State and the aftermath involves all countries of this basin. In this respect, agreement on political border and boundaries with the Caspian Sea?s ecosystem is a difficult issue. The unstable resources of fish reserves, underground oil pools, migratory animals and instability of resources that so often seem to be harmful, particularly for their potential power of passing through borders, are the subject of geopolitical disputes among the states of this basin. According to the above-mentioned points, the basic question in the present article is: ?What is the role of the environmental issues in geopolitical relations of the Caspian States?? Therefore, it is supposed that a consideration of environmental issues in exploiting different resources of the Caspian Sea can set up peace among the Caspian countries.   REFRENCES Afshar, S.I. (2001) Mazandaran Sea. Office of Political and International Studies. 89-145. Agnew, J. (2002) Making Political Geography. Arnold Publisher. New York. 157- 163. Ahmadi, L.B. (2004) A Guide to the Khazar Region, Central Asian Countries and the South Caucasus. Abrar Moaser. 13-14. Braden, K. & Shelley, F. (2004) Epidemic Geopolitics. Translated by Farshchi, A. & Rahnama, H. Dore Âli Jang. 234. Buzan, B. and others (2007) Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Translated by Tayyeb, A. R. Pajhuheshkade Motale'ate Rahbordi Tehran, Iran. CEP, (2005) Caspian Environment Program. UN. 5. CEP, (2007) Matched Small Grants and Micro Environmental Grants of the Caspian Environment Program. UN. 10. Cox, K., R. Low, M. & Robinson, J. (2008) The SAGE Handbook of Political Geography. SAGE Publication. 205- 230. Darabadi, Q.P, (2003) The History of Khazar Region Geography, Geopolitics and Contemporary Era. Central Asia and Caucasus Studies. 275. Dehqan, F. (2003) A Survey on Oil and Gas of the Khazar Sea and its Effect on Security of the Country and Islamic Republic. Hameh Press. 275. Zeinolabedin et al., 121 Dehqan, F. (2005) Khazar Sea and National Security. Bashir Elm& Adab Press. 131. Johnston R. J., Taylor P.J. & Watts M. (2004) Geographies of Global change Translated by Noorian N. Dore Âli Jang. 449- 569. Dodds K. (2000) Geopolitics in the changing world. Translated by Ahmadi poor Z. Balagh Danesh Publication. 61- 97. Glassner, M. & Fahrer, C. (2004), Political Geography, John Wiley Publication, 554-562. Hafeznia, M. R. (2005), Principles and Concepts of Geopolitics, Papeli Publication. 70-73. Molayi, A.R. (2005), A Survey on Geopolitics Reader, Daneshkade Emam Bagher. 256- 274. Molaie, Y. (2005) Sovereignty and International Law. Elm Press. 343- 353. Mostaqimi, B., (2005) Protection of Khazar Sea Environment. Foreign Ministry Press, 57- 65. Muir, R. (1997) Political Geography: A New Introduction. Translated by Mir Heydar D. Armed Forces Geography Org. 425- 477. Nadsa, (2003) Khazar and Interests of Islamic Republic of Iran. Sayeh Roshan Press. 13. O'Tuathail G., Dalby S. & Routhledge P. (2000) The Geopolitics Thoughts in Twentieth Century. Translated by Hafeznia M. R. & Nasiri H., Office of Political and International Studies. 405- 555. Safari, M. (2005) Structure and Political Changes in Russian Federation and Relations with Islamic Republic of Iran. Foreign Ministry Press. 127-129. Safavi, S.Y. (2000) An Introduction to Iran’s Military Geography. 2nd Vol. Armed Forces Geography Org. pp. 45-46. Sand, Ph. (1994) Principles of International Law, Framework, Standards and Implementation. Manchester University Press. 189 p. United Nations (2007) Basic Charts of Khazar, Caviar and other Challenges. UN. 53. Vaezi, M. (2007) Geopolitics of Crisis in Central Asia & Caucasus. Foreign Ministry Press. 279 p. Yahyapoor, M. S. (2008) The Function of Guilan in the Geopolinomie of the Caspian Region. Islamic Azad University (Rasht Branch). Zeinolabedin, Y. (2004) Political Geography and Management of Seas (with an Emphasis on Sea Borders of Iran. Islamic Azad University (Science & Research Branch). 238. Zeinolabedin, Y. (2007) An Overview on Advanced Political Geography, Guil Press.154 -161. Zeinolabedin, Y. & Paknejad, H. R. (2007) An Introduction to Environmental Geopolitics. Islamic Azad University (Science & Research Branch). 105. Zeinolabedin, Y. (2008) Geopolitical Understand of Environmental Issues as a New Phenomenon (Case Study: Caspian Sea) Islamic Azad University (Rasht Branch).}, keywords = {Geopolitics,Caspian Sea,Environment,Ecology,Pollution}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1023.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1023_879934ad2b7d59b384233a544f512c72.pdf} } @article { author = {Soleimani, M. and Hajabbasi, M.A. and Charkhabi, A.H. and Shariatmadari, H.}, title = {Bioaccumulation of Nickel and Lead by Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon) and Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) from Two Contaminated Soils}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {59-70}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Soil and sediments of the estuaries and wetlands in Northwest of Persian Gulf are recently polluted with different heavy metals because of municipal and industrial wastewaters. Therefore an urgent soil cleaning up and remediation program is vital in this region. Consequently, this study was initiated to screen two plant species (Festuca arundinacea and Cynodon dactylon) for hyperaccumulation of nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) as one of the candidate methods for cleaning-up soil and sediments of Shadegan wetland. Soil samples (0-30 cm) were collected from two sites in the wetland. The soil samples were treated with solutions of Ni and Pb separately which resulted into content of 50 and 100 mg kg-1 of metals in each soil. Thereafter, the plants were sown in the soils under greenhouse conditions and harvested after 10 weeks. Ni and Pb contents were measured in root and shoot of plants. Results showed that accumulation of Ni and Pb in tall fescue roots were significantly (P<0.05) greater than that in Bermuda grass. The amounts of Pb in root and shoot of plants were increased when soil Pb contents were increased from 50 to 100 mg kg-1 while Ni contents were only increased in the roots in response to increase in soil Ni content. The comparing of the shoot-root ratio showed that Pb accumulation in the roots of both plants was higher than that in the shoots, while for Ni was reverse. Due to difference in backgrounds of soil metal contents and soil characteristics, accumulation of Ni and Pb by plants were different in two soils.   REFERENCES Abedi-Koupai, J. (2003) Potential Uses of Phytoremediation Technology for NickelPolluted Soils. 6th International Conference on Civil Engineering (ICCE), Isfahan University of Technology, Iran. Alloway, B.J. and Jackson, A.P. (1991) The Behaviour of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge-Amended Soils. Sci. Total Environ. 100: 151-176. Beeby, A. (1985) The Role of Helix aspersa as a Major Herbivore in the Transfer of Lead Through a Polluted Ecosystem. J. Appl. Ecol. 22: 267-275. Begonia, M.F.T., Begonia G.B., Ighoavodha, M., Okuyiga-Ezem, O. and Crudup, B. (2001) Chelate-induced Phytoextraction of Lead from Contaminated Soils using Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea). J. Mississipi Acad. Sci. 46: 15. Begonia, M.T., Begonia, G.B., Ighoavodha, M. and Gilliard, D. (2005) Lead Accumulation by Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Grown on a Lead-Contaminated Soil. Inter. J. Environ. Res. Pub. Health 2:  228-233. Bell R.M. and Failey R.A. (1991). Plant Uptake of Organic Pollutants. In: K.C. Jones (Ed.), Organic Contaminants in the Environment. Elsevier Science, NewYork, 189-206. Brooks R.R. (1977) Copper and Cobalt Uptake by Haumaniastrum Species. Plant Soil 48: 541-544. Carter M.R. (1993) Soil Sampling and Method of Analysis. Canadian Society of Soil Science, Lewis Publishers. Chaney, R.L., Malik, M., Li, Y.M., Brown, S.L., Brewer, E.P., Angle, J.S. and Baker, A.J.M. (1997) Phytoremediation of Soil Metals. Curr. Op. Biotechnol. 8: 279-284. Cunningham S.C., Berti R.W. and Huang J.W. (1995) Bioremediation of Inorganics. In: R.E. Hinchee, J.L. Means and D.R. Burris (Eds.), Battelle Press, Columbus, OH, 33-54. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (1992) Selection of Control Technologies for Remediation of Lead Battery Recycling Sites. Report No. EPA/540/S-92/011, Office of Emergency and Remedial Respose, Washington, DC. Everhart, J.L., MnNear Jr. D., Peltier, E., Vander-Lelie, D., Chaney, R.L. and Sparks, D.L. (2006) Assessing Nickel Bioavailability in Smelter-Contaminated Soils. Sci. Total Environ. 367: 732-744. Gawronski S.W., Kutrys S. and Trampczynka, A. (2002) Searching for Wild and Crop Plant Species Useful for Phytoremediation. Warsaw Agricultural University, U.L. Warsaw, Poland. Glass, D.J. (2000) Economical Potential of Phytoremediation. In: I. Raskin, B.D. Ensley, (Eds.), Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to Clean up the Environment. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 15-31. Haq, A.H., Bates, T.E. and Soon, Y.K. (1980) Comparision of Extractants for Plant Available Zinc, Cadmium, Nickel and Copper in Contaminated Soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44: 772-777. Hartman W.J. (1975) An Evaluation of Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewater and Physical Siting of Facility Installations. Washington DC, US Department of Army. ISRIC (International Soil Reference and Information Center) (1986) Procedure for soil analysis, Wageningen Agriculture University. Jesper, L.B. and Jensen, J. (1998) Critical Loads for Lead, Cadmium and Mercury in Denmark. A First Attempt for Soils Based on Preliminary Guidelines. Department of Terrestrial Ecology. Arbejdsrappot fra DMU nr.96. Kim, I.S., Kang, K.H., J. Green, P. and Lee, E.J. (2003) Investigation of Heavy Metal 70 Bioaccumulation of nickel and lead in soils Accumulation in Polygonum thunbergii for Phytoextraction. Environ. Pollut. 126: 235-243. Lindsay, W.L., and Norwell, A. (1978) Development of a DTPA Soil Test for Zinc, Iron, Manganese and Copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42: 421-428. Maclaughlin, M.J., Hamon, R.E., McLaren, R.G., Speir, T.W. and Rogers, S.L. (2000) A Bioavailability-based Rationale for Controlling Metal and Metalloid Contamination of Agricultural Land in Australia and New Zealand: a review. Aus. J. Soil Res. 38: 1037-1086. Madejon, P., Murillo, J.M., Maranon, T., Cabera, F. and Lopez, R. (2002) Bioaccumulation of As, Cd, Cu, Fe and Pb in Wild Grasses Affected by Aznalcollar Mine Spill (SW Spain). Sci. Total. Environ. 290: 105-120. Madyiwa, S., Chimbari, M., Nayamangara, J. and Bangira, C. (2002) Phyto-Extraction Capacity of Cynodon nlemfuensis (Star Grass) at Artificially Elevated Concentration of Pb and Cd in Sandy Soils under Greenhouse Conditions. 3th WaterNet/Warfsa Symposium ‘Water Damand Management for Sustainable Development, Dar es Salaam. Mulligan, C.N., Yong, R.N. and Gibbs, B.F. (2001) Remediation Technologies for Metal Contaminated Soils and Groundwater: An Evaluation. Eng. Geol. 60: 193-207. Nachtegaal, M. and Sparks, D.L. (2003) Nickel Sequestration in a Kaolinite-Humic Acid Complex. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37: 529-534. Nouri, J., Mirbagheri, S.A., Farrokhian, F., Jaafarzadeh, N., and Alesheikh, A.A. (2009). Water Quality Variability and Eutrophic State in Wet and Dry Years in Wetlands of the Semiarid and Arid Regions. Environ, Earth Sci. DOI 10.1007/ s12665-009-0126-1. Ortiz, O. and Alcaniz, J.M. (2006) Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Dactylis glomerata L. Growing in a Calcareous Soil Amended with Sewage Sludge. Bioresour. Technol. 97: 545-552. Page A.L. (1982) Method of Soil Analysis Partt 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison WI, 218-228. Raskin I., Smith R.D. and Salt, D.E. (1997) Phytoremediation of Metals: Using Plants to Remove Pollutants From the Environment. Curr. Opinion Biotechnol., 8: 221-226. Reeves, R.D., Baker, A.J.M. and Brooks, R.R. (1995) Abnormal Accumulation of Trace Metals by Plants. Mining Environ. Manage. pp. 4-8. Rizzi, L., Petruzzelli, G., Poggio, G. and Vigna Guidi, G. (2004) Soil Physical Changes and Plant Availability of Zn and Pb in a Treatability Test of Phytostabilization. Chemosphere 57: 1039-1046. Salt D.E. and Blaylock, M. (1995) Phytoremediation: A Novel Strategy for the Removal of Toxic Metals from the Environment using Plants. Biotechnol. 13: 468-474. Si, J.T., Tian, B.G., Wang, H.T., Basta, N., Schroder, J. and Casillas, M. (2006) Assessing Availability, Phytotoxicity and Bioaccumulation of Lead to Ryegrass and Millet based on 0.1 mol/l Ca(NO3)2 Extraction. J. Environ. Sci. 18: 958-963. Smith, E., Naidu, R. and Alston, A.M. (1998) Arsenic in the Soil Environment: a review. Adv. Agron. 64: 149-195. Zheljazkov, V.D. and Erickson, N.E. (1996) Studies on the Effects of Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Fe) upon the Growth, Productivity and Quality of Lavender Production. J. Essential. Oil Res. 8: 259-274.}, keywords = {DTPA,extraction,Heavy metals,Hyperaccumulator,Phytoavailability,Phytoremediation,Pollution}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1024.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1024_c594919b32eaca2f6efdcf40134c67da.pdf} } @article { author = {Gupta, B. and Mehta, R. and Mishra, V.K.}, title = {Fire Ecology of Ground Vegetation in Pinus roxburghii Sargent Plantations in North-West Himalaya - Floristic Composition and Species Diversity}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {71-78}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Effect of fire on phyto-sociology of understorey vegetation in chir pine forests of three different silvological characteristics was compared with pure grassland. 15 grasses, 1 sedge, 5 legumes and 21 non-legumes were recorded in the four study sites. Floristic composition gradually increased from June to August and then declined slowly by October in all the plots. Maximum number of species was in twice-burnt plots followed by once burnt and unburnt plots. Least similarity index was recorded for twice burnt plots and unburnt plots. Density of vegetation increased from June to mid-rainy season and thereafter decreased till October. Density of vegetation in four sites decreased in order: open grassland > sapling chir pine stand > pole stage chir pine stand > mature trees chir pine stand. Density of vegetation increased when fire was imposed in plots. It decreased in the order: twice burnt plots > once burnt plots > unburnt plots. It was recorded that fire in chir pine forests are good for herbage growth and development.   REFERENCES Anderson, R. C., Loucks, O.L. and Swain, A.M. (1969) Herbaceous response to canopy cover, light intensity and throughfall precipitation in coniferous forests. Ecology 50: 255-263. Anita (2001) Effect of forest fire on species diversity of chirpine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) forests in mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh. MSc. Dissertation, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.), India. Anonymous.2004. Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun. Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii). Dehradun, Forest Research Institute. 21 p. National Forest Library and Information Centre, FRI Dehradun, India. Bawa, R. (1986) Structural and functional studies of three semi-arid grassland communities near Shimla. Ph.D. Thesis, H. P. University Shimla, India: 404 p. Brockway, D. G. and Lewis, C.E. (1997) Long-term effects of dormant season, prescribed fire on plant community diversity, structure and productivity in a long leaf pine wire grass ecosystem. Forest Ecology and Management, 96: 167-183. Dalai, D. (1996) Productivity of grasses in relation to site quality in Pinus roxburghii Sargent plantations. M.Sc Thesis. Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.), India. 74 p. Dix, R. L. (1960) The effects of burning on the mulch structure and species composition of grasslands in northwest of Dakota. Ecology 41: 49-56. Dutt, V. and B. Gupta. 2005. Interaction between trees and ground flora in different aged chirpine stands of subtropical region in India–I: Density of herbage and LAI. Indian J. of Forestry,  28: 28-36. Ghildiyal S K, Sharma C M and Gairola S. (2009) Environmental variation in seed and seedling characteristics of Pinus roxburghii Sarg. from Uttarakhand, India. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 7: 121-129. Guleria, V., Nayital, R.K. and Gupta, B. (1999) Phytosociological studies under chir pine stands in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh. Range Mgmt. & Agroforestry 20: 47- 54. Gupta, B., Chauhan, P.S. and Dass, B. (2000) Composition of herbage in Pinus roxburghii Sargent stands: species diversity and density. J. Tropical Forest Science 12: 444 - 449. Hawke, M. F. (1991) Pasture production and animal performance under pine agroforestry in New Zealand. Forest Ecology and Management 45: 109 -118. Kapoor, K. S. (1987) Species composition, plant biomass and primary production in certain grassland ecosystems of Shimla hills. Ph.D. Dissertation, H. P. University Shimla (H.P.), India. Misra, R. (1969) Ecological Workbook. Oxford I. B. H. Publishing Co. Calcutta, India. Phillips, E. A. (1959) Methods of Vegetation Study. A Holtdryden book. Henry Holt & Co. Inc. Rao, G. R. (1998) Studies on dynamics of herbage layer in pine and khair based natural silvipastoral system in north-west Himalaya. Ph.D. Thesis, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University and Forestry, Solan (H.P.), India. Rao, R. R. and Kharkanger, P. (1978) Floristic composition and seasonal pattern of vegetation in pine forests of Shillong and Meghalaya. J. Bombay Natural History Society 75: 173-285. Rikhari, H. C. and Palni, L.M. (1999) Fire effects ground flora dynamics of forest ecosystem: A case study from central Himalaya. Tropical Ecology 40: 145-151. Sawarker, V. B., Rodzes, W. A. and Buerd, S.F.R.B. (1986) Fire and vegetation structure in sal forests, Dehra Dun. India. Tropical Ecology 27: 49-61. Shannon, C. E. and Weaver, W. (1949) The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.USA, 117 p. Singh, R. P., Gupta, M. K. and Mathur, H. N. (1985) Effect of Pinus roxburghii plantations on the yield and composition of grasses in temperate region. Indian Forester 111: 787-793. Singh, J. S. and Yadava, P.S. (1974) Seasonal variation in composition, plant biomass and net primary productivity of a tropical grassland. Ecological Monograph 44: 360- 375. Sorenson, T. (1949) A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species content. Kgl. Danske Videnskab Seleskab Biol. Skrifter. 4: 1-34. Sundriyal, R. C., Chauhan, B. B., Kandwal, S. K. and Joshi, A. P. (1987) Vegetation composition of certain grasslands of Garhwal Himalayas determined by soil profile and seasonal variation. Indian J. Ecology 14: 37-46. Trabaud, L. (1980) Impact biologique et ecalogique des feuxde vegetation surl organisation, la structure et l'evolution de la vegetation des zones desgarrigues du as-laguedac. Doct. Etat. Univ. Sci. Tech. Laguedac. Montpellier, 288 p. Trivedi, B. K. (1994) Seasonal changes in composition of grassland communities in district of Jhansi. Range Mgmt. & Agroforestry 15: 123-129. Wright, H. E. and Hinselman (1973) Fire as a tool to manage Tobosa grasslands. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. Proc. 89: 18-38.}, keywords = {Fire ecology,Phyto,sociology,Pinus roxburghii,North,West Himalaya}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1025.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1025_99a4d9947fb494cd4738493417496919.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohammadi Limaei, S. and Naghdi, R.}, title = {Optimal Forest Road Density Based on Skidding and Road Construction Costs in Iranian Caspian Forests}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {79-86}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Information on the productivity, costs and applications of the logging system is a key component in the evaluation of management plans for the rehabilitation and utilization of Caspian forests. Skidding and road construction costs are expensive forest operations. Determining the optimum forest road network density is one of the most important factors in sustainable forest management. Logging method is an important factor to determine the optimum road network density. In this research, in order to determine the optimum road network density, skidding cost and road construction cost were calculated. Linear programming model was used in order to reduce the skidding costs and to determine the optimal forest road network density. Our aim was to determine the minimum skidding cost for Timber Jack and Clark skidders for different average skidding distance. The results showed that it is less costly if Clark skidder is used for skidding. Then the optimal road network density at this manner was 8 m/ha.   REFERENCES Akay, A. (2006) Minimizing total costs of forest roads with computer-aided design model. Academy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences. 31: 621–633. Anderson, A.E and Nelson, J. 2004. Projecting Vector_based Road Networks with shortest Path Algorithm. Canadian J. For. Res., 34: 1444-1457. Aruga, K. 2005. Tabu search optimization of horizontal and vertical alignments of forest roads. J. For. Res., 10: 275–284. Bryer, J. B. 1983. The effects of a geometric redefinition of the classical road and landing spasing model through shifting. J. For. Sci., 29: 670-674. Chung, W and Sessions. j. 2001. NETWORK 2001 – Transportation Planning Under Multiple Objectives. The International Mountain Logging and 11th Pacific Northwest Skyline Symposium, pp: 194-200.  Coulter, E.D., sessions, J and Michaeal, G.W. 2006. Scheduling forest road maintenance using the analytic hierarchy process and heuristics. The Finnish Society of Forest Science. Silva Fennica 40(1). Demir, M and Tolga O. 2004. A research on forest road planning and projecting by inroads software in Bolu region of Turkey. American J. Appl. Sci. 1: 295-301. Eghtesadi, A. 1991. Study method of wood extraction from forest to factory yard in Nekah Forest. M.Sc thesis, College of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran, 144 p. Eghtesadi, A. 2008. Evaluation of wood productivity rate in primary and secondary transportation in Nekachub region. Iranian J. For. Poplar Res. 16: 274-291. Eghtesadi, A. Sobhani, H. Rafatnia, N. (2002) Study of timber transportation in the Vaz research forest. Iranian J. Res. Const., 12. 23- 34. FAO (1980) Planning forest roads and harvesting systems, FAO Forestry Paper, 148 p. Favreau, J. and Gingras, F. (1998) An Analysis of Harvesting Costs in Eastern Canada. Special report, No. SR-129, 10 p. Ghaffarian, M.R. (2003) Examination of amount of damages to regeneration and soil due to transporting wood with traditional Method. M.Sc thesis, College of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran, 109 p. Ghaffarian M.R. and Sobhani, H. (2008) Optimum road spacing of ground based skidding operations in Nowshahr, Iran, Caspian J. Env. Sci., 6: 105-112. Ghaffarian, M.R and Sobhani. H. (2007) Optimization of an existing forest road network using Network 2000. Croatian J. For. Eng., 28: 2. Goulet, V. L. Sirois and Iff, H. (1979) A survey Optimal forest road density 86 of timber harvesting simulation models for use in the South.USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report, SO-25. Heinimann, H. R. (1997) A computer model to differentiate skider and cable-yarder based road network concepts on steep slopes. J. For. Res., 3: 1-9. Heralt L. (2002) Using the ROADENG system to design an optimum forest road variant aimed at the minimization of negative impacts on the natural environment. J. For. Sci., 48: 361-365. Ledoux, B. and Huyler, K. (2001) Cost comparisons for three hrvesting systems operating in Northern hardwood stands. USDA, Forest Service. Research paper NE-715. Liu, S., Corcoran, T. J. (1993) Road and landing spacing under the consideration of surface dimension of road and landings. J. For. Eng., 5: 49-53. Mostafanehad, A. (1995) Study of cost production of skidder Timberjack 450C and optimal length of skid trails. Master Thesis., Tehran University, Faculty of Natural resources. Naghdi, R. (2004) Study of optimum road density in tree length and cut to length systems, PhD Dissertation, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tarbiat Modarres, Tehran, Iran, 177 p.}, keywords = {Forest road network,Optimization modeling,Linear programming,Caspian forests}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1026.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1026_d56f0dcdd6e31ba670569a8b1a6c07c7.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohammadnezhad Kiasari, Sh. and Sagheb-Talebi, Kh. and Rahmani, R. and Ghasemi Chabi, O.}, title = {Seasonal Variation of Earthworm Abundances and Biomass in Natural Forests and Plantations (North of Iran)}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {87-98}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Soil productivity and plant growth are usually affected by biological activities of earthworms. The objective of this study was a comparative evaluation of earthworm abundances in 20-year-old plantations of Alder, Oak, Maple and Cypress with the adjacent natural mixed broad-leaved deciduous forest in the Caspian region of Iran. In this research one sample plot, each 1 ha; was selected in every plantation as well as in the natural stand, more over, in each plot, 10 microsample plots 10?10m were selected random systematically. To determine the seasonal variation of density and biomass with two methods, twenty samples were taken from each microsample plot. In the first method, 10 assigned soil pits of 100?100 cm and 30 cm depth were located among each treatment and adult earthworms were collected by hand counting. In the second method, 10 circular soil samples of 81cm2 to depth of 30 cm were taken in each treatment. The larves of earthworm extracted by using Berlese funnel and were counted by binocular. Finally in four seasons a total of 400 specimens were taken from 50 microsamples in different treatments. Moreover, some site and treatment parameters were measured in each plot. The abundance and biomass of earthworms in the Cypress plantation with 148.4 (n/m2) and 4.74 (g/m2) was significantly lower than other treatments, while the differences between other treatments were not statistically significant. The two important factors were extracted from eight variables in Factore analysis. The analysis of FA showed that some treatment parameters and nutritional values of litter take an important role in seasonal variation of earthworm abundance at all the treatments.   REFERENCES  Ammer, S., Weber, K., Abs, C., Ammer, C. and Prietzel, J. (2006) Factors influencing the distribution and abundance of earthworm communities in pure and converted Scote pine treatments. Appl. Soil Ecol., 33: 10-21. Anonymous. (1999) SPSS 6.0 for windows (Vol. 2). Hami cultural-publication Center, Tehran, Iran. pp. 419-445. Anonymous. (1996) Manual of Darabkola forest management plan. Forests and Mohammadnezhad Kiasari et al., 97 Rangelands Organization of Iran, Forestry section, Natural Resources General office of Sari, Mazandaran, Iran. pp. 37-40. Asad-o-lahi, F. (2001) Study of plantation change in Iran. Jangal va Marta J. 53: 13-19. Bernard, J.M., Coplin, L.A., Neatrour, A.M. and Mccay, S.T. (2007) Responses of earthworm abundance, diversity, survival and growth to soil pH and calcium availability. In: ESA/SER Metting, PS 53- Soil ecology, Available Via Dialog. http://eco.confex.com/eco/2007/techpro gram/S2209. 8 August 2007. Burtelow, E.A., Bohlem, J.P. and Groffman, M.P. (1998) Influence of exotic earthworm invasion on soil organic matter, microbial biomass and denitrification potential in forest soils of the Northeastern United States. Appl. Soil Ecol. 9: 197-202. Cotton, D. and Curry, J. (1982) Earthworm distribution and abundance along a mineral peat soil transect. Soil Biol. Biochem. 14: 211-214. Daniel, O. and Anderson, J. (1992) Microbial biomass and activity in contrasting soil materials after passage through the gut of the earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus). Soil Biol. Biochem. 24: 465-470. Fragoso, C., Brown, G. and Patron, J.C. (1997) Agriculture intensification, soil biodiversity and agro ecosystem function in the tropics: the role of earthworms. Appl. Soil Ecol. 6: 17-35. Gonzalez, G. and Zou, X. (1999) Plant and litter influences on earthworm abundance and community structure in a tropical wet forest. Biotropica, 31: 486-493. Groffman, M.P., Bohlen, J.P., Fisk, C.M. and Fahey, J.T. (2004) Exotic earthworm invasion and microbial biomass in temperate forest soils. Ecosystems, 7: 45-54. Haghighi, M.J. (2003) Methods of soil Analysis, sampling and important physical and chemical analysis. Zoha publication, Tehran, Iran. pp. 131-180. Hale, C.M., Frelich, L.E., Reich, P.B. and Pastor, J. (2007) Exotic earthworm effects on hardwood forest floor, nutrient availability and native plants: a mesocosm study. Oecologia, 155: 509-518. Johnston, M., Balster, N. and Hager, R. (2007) Earthworm abundances in prairie gardens and lawns in Madison, Wisconsin. In: ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Meetings, So3 Soil Biology & Biochemistry, Soil Biology & Biochemistry Student Poster Competition, Available Via Dialog. http://a-c- s.confex.com /crops/2007 am /techprogram /S3480. 5 November 2007. Jordan, D., Li, F. and Ponder, F. (1999) The effects of forest practices on earthworm abundances and soil biomass in a hardwood forest in Missouri. Appl. Soil Ecol. 13: 31-38. Jordan, D., Miles, R.J., Hubbard, V.C. and Lorenz, T. (2004) Effect of management practices and cropping systems on earthworm abundance and microbial activity in Sanborn Field: a 115-year-old agricultural field. Pedobiologia, 48: 99-110. Jyrki, P. and Visa, N. (1997) Distribution and abundance of burrows formed by Lumbricus terrestris L. and Aporrectodea calginosa Sav. in the soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29: 463-467. Kaneda, S., Nakajima, M., Murakami, T. and Urashima, Y. (2008) Impacts of earthworm, Pheretima (Amynthas) cornosa on nutrient loss from soil in microcosm experiment. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 10, Sref-ID: 1607-7962/gra/ EGU2008–A- 05069. Lavelle, P. (1983) The soil fauna of tropical savannas. In: Bourliere, F. (ed.) The earthworms, Tropical Savannas, Amsterdam, Elsevier. pp. 485-504. Madge, D.S. (1969) Field and laboratory studies on the activities of two species of tropical earthworms. Pedobiologia, 9: 188- 214. Mele, P.M. and Carter, M.R. (1999) Impact of crop management factors in conservation tillage farming on earthworm density, age structure and species abundance in southeastern Australia. Soil Tillage Res., 15: 1-10. Mohammadnezhad Kiasari, S., SaghebTalebi, K., Rahmani, R., Adeli, E., Jafari, B and Jafarzadeh, H. (2009a) Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Natural and Planted Forests at Darabkola Area in East of Mazandaran. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 18: 23-32. Mohammadnezhad Kiasari, S., SaghebTalebi, K., Rahmani, R., Adeli, E. and Najafi, F. (2009b) Seasonal Variation of Relative Light Intensity at Natural and Planted Forests (Case study: Darabkola, Mazandaran, Iran). Iranian J. Natural Res. 62: 17-26. Nagumanova, N.G. (2007) Spatial differentiation Earthworm Variation in Forests 98 of invertebrates in soils of the transural steppe region. Entomol. Rev. 87: 692-700. Doi: 10.1134/s0013873807060073. Nasiry, R. (2006) SPSS 13. Nashrgostar cultural-publication Center, Tehran, Iran, pp. 67-75. Neirynck, J., Mirtcheva, S., Sioen, G. and Lust, N. (2000) Impact of tilia platyphyllos Scop., Fraxinus excelsior L., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Fagus sylvatica L. on earthworm biomass and physico-chemical properties of a loamy topsoil. Forest Ecol. Manag., 15: 275-286. Neher, D.A. (1999) Soil community composition and ecosystem prosses: Comparing agricultureal ecosystems with natural ecosystems. Agroforest. Syst. 45: 159-185. Qiwei, L. and Thomson, A. (1994) Habitat abundance relationships of the earthworm Eisenia rosea (Lumbricidae), using principal component regression analysis. Can. J. Zool., 72: 1-7. Rahmani, R. (2000) Study of earth invertebrate abundance and their relation with major forest types in Neka. Ph.D. thesis of forest sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Mazandaran, Iran. pp. 23-45. Rahmani, R. and Saleh-Rastin, N. (2000) Abundance, vertical distribution and seasonal changes in earthworm abundance of Oak-Hornbeam, Hornbeam and Beech forests in Neka, Caspian forests, Iran. Iranian J. Natural Res. 53: 37-52. Reddy, M.V., Reddy, R. and Balashouri, P. (1997) Responses of earthworm abundance and production of surface casts and their physico-chemical properties to soil management in relation to those of an undisturbed area on a semi-arid tropical Alfisol. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29: 617-620. Sagheb-Talebi, K. (1995) Study of some characteristics of young beeches in the regeneration gaps of irregular shelter wood (Femelschlag). In: Madsen SF (ed) Genetics and silviculture of beech, Forskingsserien, Denmark. 11: 105-116. Saetre, P. (1998) Decomposition, microbial community structure and earthworm effects along a birch-spruce soil gradient. Ecology, 79: 834-846. Sarlo, M. (2006) Individual tree species effect on earthworm biomass in a tropical plantation panama. Caribb. J. Sci. 43: 419- 427. Scheu, S. (2003) Effects of earthworms on plant growth: patterns and perspectives. Pedobiologia, 47: 846-856. Timmerman, A., Bos, D., Ouwehand, J. and Goede, R.G. (2006) Long-term effects of fertilization regime on earthworm abundance in a semi-natural grassland area. Pedobiologia, 50: 427-432. Tiwari, S.C. and Mishra, R. (1993) Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 16: 131-134. Tomati, U., Grappelli, A. and Galli, E. (1988) The hormone-like effect of earthworm casts on plant growth. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 5: 288-294. Valckx, J., Hermy, M. and Muys, B. (2006) Indirect gradient analysis at different spatial scales of prorated and nonprorated earthworm abundance and biomass data in temperate agroecosystems. European J. Soil Biol. 42: 341-347. Zou, X. (1993) Species effect on earthworm density in tropical tree plantations in Hawaii. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 15: 35-38. Zou, X. and Gonzalez, G. (2002) Earthworms in tropical tree plantation: effects of management and relations with soil carbon and nutrient use efficiency. In: Reddy MV (ed.) Management of Tropical Plantation-Forests and their Soil Litter System, Chapter Science Publishers Inc, Enfield(NH), USA, pp. 289-301.}, keywords = {Biomass,Earthworm,Natural forest,Abundance,plantation}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1027.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1027_b4b8d1c66bf3137382b3d8231f77cf78.pdf} } @article { author = {Ebrahimi, A. and Madjdzadeh, S.M. and Mohammadian, H.}, title = {Dragonflies (Odonata) from South-Eastern Iran}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {107-112}, year = {2009}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Twenty-seven species of Odonata were collected in the present survey in the freshwaters of South-Eastern Iran, Kerman province, in contrast to 11 species that were recorded previously from this region. In this study, 528 specimens were collected from more than 30 sites in Kerman province during 2006-2008. It seems that in this region due to its special biogeographic conditions, species diversity of this insect group is relatively high. In this research we collected African-Eurosiberian species, Anax imperator, in Kerman province which is the first record for central plateau of Iran. This species had been recorded only from northern part of Iran (Caspian Sea fringe).   REFERENCES Blom, W. L. (1982) List of Odonata collected during various Lepidopterological trips in Iran. Notul. Odonatologica. 1: 150-151. Dijkstra, K-D. B. and Lewington, R. (2006) Field Guide to the Dragonflies of Britain and Europe. British Wildlife Publishing, UK, 320 p. Dumont, H.J. (1991) Fauna Palaestina-Insecta V. Odonata of The Levant, Israel Academy of sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, 297 p. Geographic studies of Kerman Province (2007) Kerman Management and Planning Organization, Kerman, Iran, 211 p. Ghahari, H., Tabari, M., Sakenin, M., Ostovan, H., Imani, S. (2009) Odonata (Insecta) from northern Iran, with comments on their presence in rice fields. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 4: 148-154. Heidari, H. and Dumont, H. J. (2002) An annotated check-list of the Odonata of Iran. Zoology in the Middle East. 26: 151-156. Kalkman, V. J. (2006) Key to the dragonflies of Turkey including species known from Greece, Bulgaria, Lebanon, Syria, The Trans-Caucasus and Iran, Brachytron. 10: 3-82. Kalkman, V. J., Clausnitzer, V., Dijkstra, K-D. B., Orr, A. G., Paulson, D. R., van Tol, J. (2008) Global diversity of dragonflies (Odonata) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia. 595: 351-363. Lohmann, H. (1990) Anax immaculifrons Rambur, 1842 in Iran (Odonata: Aeschnidae). O-pusc. Zool. Fluminensia, 54: 9-10. Lohmann, H. (1992) Gomphus kinzelbachi Schneider in Iran. Notul. Odonatol. 3: 169. Majidi-Shilasar, F., Kharazi-Pakdel, A., Azmayesh Fard, P., Pazuki, A., Heidari, H. (1998) The fauna of Odonata in Bandar Anzali. 13th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Karaj, Iran, 1: 23-27. Riazi, B. (1991) Siah-Keshim, the protected area of Anzali wetland (In Persian, with English summary). Dept. Environment, Tehran, Iran, 102 p. Schmidt, E. (1954) Die Libellen Irans. Sitzungsberichte der osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Kl. I, 163: 223-260, Vienna. Trueman, W. H. J. (2007) A brief history of the classification and nomenclature of Odonata. Zootaxa 1668: 381-394.}, keywords = {biodiversity,Dragonflies,Freshwaters,Iran,Kerman province}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1028.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1028_2d17d670fb39e7c859673e58d7d1a1df.pdf} }