@article { author = {Tabari, M.}, title = {Composition and structure of a Fagus orientalis-dominated forest managed with shelterwood aim (A Case study in the Caspian forests, northern Iran)}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {35-40}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Composition and structure of a three-storied Fagus orientalis-dominated forest was investigated in the Caspian forests, north of Iran. Circular sampling plots of 1000 m2 occupied by advance growth and natural regeneration were randomly chosen where the initial cuttings (with shelterwood aim) were performed. Abundance of species at different growth stages and quality of seedlings and saplings were registered and basal area and standing volume determined. The measurements were carried out before the first shelterwood cutting (in 1974) and after the last shelterwood cutting (2004). The results after 30 years (in 2004) revealed that frequency, basal area and standing volume significantly enhanced for beech and reduced for hornbeam but did not statistically differ for alder, maple and other species. Sapling and thicket groups were observed in parts of the investigated site and where the mature trees were not felled. Generally, the research area was converted into an irregular uneven-aged 2-4-storied forest, owing to recruits, advance regeneration, aged trees and small and large pole groups maintained through the forest.   REFERENCES  Amani, M. and Hassani, M., (1998). An investigation typology of the stands of Fagus orientalis at the two research projects. Trials of uneven-aged and even-aged methods at Sangdeh (northern Iran), J. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi, 37, 4-27. Biglar-Beygi, B., (1985). Evaluation of silvicultural methods in the Caspian forests. Symposium of Forest Policy, Publication of Forestry Technical Bureau. Dorostkar, H., (1984). Complementary Silviculture. In press, University of Gorgan, Iran, pp. 115. Emberger, L. 1932 Sur une formule clima-tique et ses applications en botanique. La Meteorologie, No. 92-93, Paris, France. Espahbodi, K. and Mohammad-Nejad, Sh., (2001). Evaluation one of main silvicu-ltural methods in north forest of Iran, pp. 271-290. Linhart, Y.B. and Whelan, R.J., (1980). Woodland regeneration in relation to grazing and fencing in Coed Gorswen, North Wales. J. Appl. Ecol., 17, 827-840.  Marvi-Mohadjer, M.R., (2001). Suitable method of silviculture in north forests of Iran In: Nation symposium on north forests and sustainable development, Forest and Range Organization Publis-hers, pp. 214-218. Marvi-Mohadjer, M. R., (2006). Silviculture. Tehran University Press. Mosandl, R., (1984). Löcherhiebe im Bergmischwald. Forstliche Forschungsberic-hte München. No 61, 298 p. Mosandle, R. and Kateb. H.El., (1988). Die Verjüngung gemishter Bergwälder - Praktische Konsequenzen aus 10 jahriger Untersuchungsarbeit. Fortw. Cbl., 107, 2-13. Mossadegh, A., 1996. Silviculture. University of Tehran, College of Natural Reso-urces, Karadj, Iran, 481 p. Resaneh, Y., Moshtagh, M.H. and Salehi, P., (2001). Quantitative and qualitative study of 40 Composition and structure of Fagus orientalis in shelterwood method north forests. In: Nation Sem-inar of Management and Sustainable Development of North Forests, Ramsar, Iran, August 2000, Forest and Range Organization Press. Vol. 1, 55- 79. Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Sajedi, T. and Yazdian, F., (2003). Forests of Iran. Research Inst-itute of Forests and Rangelands. Technical Publication No. 33, 28 p. Sagheb-Talebi, Kh. and Schütz, J.Ph., (2002). The structure of natural oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) forests in the Caspian region of Iran and the potential for the application of the group selection system. Forestry, 75: 465- 472. Svoboda, P., (1953). Len sí dřeviny a jejich prosity I.SZN. Praha, 110 p. Tabari, M., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Mousavi, S.R., Poormajidian, M. R. and Akbarinia, M., (2004). Determining gap size to favor natural regeneration in a dominant orie-ntal beech forest, In: Proceeding of Improvement and Silviculture of Beech, IUFRO 7th Beech Symposium, Tehran, Iran, May 11-16, 2004, p. 74. Tabari, M., Fayaz, P., Espahbodi, K., Staelens, J. and Nachtergale, L., (2005). Response of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) seedlings to canopy gap size. Forestry, 78, 443-450. Taheri-Abkenar, K., (1993). Assessment of results of shelterwood system in Kileh-Sara, M.Sc. Dissertation, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, 154 p.}, keywords = {Advance growth,Fagus orientalis Lipsky,shelterwood,Stand structure,tree composition,uneven,aged forest}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_974.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_974_d377517260bbeb60488f0f801f07e2b8.pdf} } @article { author = {Kumaresan, P. and Sinha, R.K.}, title = {An analysis of genetic variation and divergence in Indian tropical polyvoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) genotypes}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {11-17}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {The genetic variation and diversity among fifty-eight polyvoltine silkworm genotypes was estimated by using ten economic traits. The results revealed that the single shell weight showed higher genetic variation such as PCV% (17.20%), GCV% (12.93%), and heritability (56.5%) followed by single cocoon weight, shell ratio and matured larval weight. The D2 (Mahalonobis? distance) statistics revealed nine clusters with substantial inter and intra cluster distances. The genotypes included in different clusters varied from 1 to 16. The genotype Pure Mysore was included in isolated cluster indicates its longer adaptation. The genotypes included in cluster VIII and IX showed optimum genetic distance along with higher cluster mean emphasised for utilization in the silkworm breeding.   REFERENCES Anonymous (1997) Principles and techniques of silkworm breeding. ESCAP, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., United Nations, New York, 114 p. Arunachalam, S., Bandyopadhy, S.N., Nigam, R. W. and Gibbons (1984) Heterosis in relation to genetic divergence and specific combining ability in groundnut (Arachis hypgaea). Euphytica, 33‚ 33-39. Chatterjee, S.N. and Mohandas, T.P. (2003) Identification of ISSR markers associated with productivity traits in silkworm Bombyx mori L. Genome, 46: 438-447. Chatterjee, S.N., Ramamohana Rao, P., Ravindra Singh and Datta, R.K. (1993) Genetic variability in mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L. breeds with low silk yield. Indian J. Seric. 32‚ 69- 86. Dalton, D.C. (1987) An introduction to practical animal breeding. 2nd Edition, English Language Book Society/Collins, 182 p. Frankel, O.H. and Brown, A.H.D. (1983) Current plant genetic resources a critical appraisal. In: Genetics: New Frontiers, Volume IV Applied Genetics, Proceedings XV International Congress of Genetics, New Delhi, V.L. Chopra, B.C. Joshi, R.P. Sharma and H.C. Bansal, eds.) (New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co) pp: 3-13. Jolly, M.S., Datta, R.K., Noamani, M.K.R., Iyengar, M.N.S., Nagaraj, C.S., Basavaraj, H.K., Kshamarani, G. and Ramamohana Rao, P. (1989) Studies on the genetic divergence in mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L. Sericologia, 29‚ 545- 559. Krishnaswamy, S. (1978) New technology of silkworm rearing. CSR&TI., Central Silk Board, Mysore, India, Bullettin No. 2. Kumaresan, P., Sinha, R.K., Sahni, N.K. and Sekar, S. (2000) Genetic variability and selection indices for economic quantitative traits of multivoltine mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) genotypes. Sericologia, 40‚ 595-605.  Kumaresan, P. and Sinha, R.K. (2002) Genetic divergence in multivoltine silkworm germplasm in relation to cocoon characters. Indian J. Genet. 62‚ 183-184. Kumaresan, P., Sinha, R.K. and Thangavelu, K. (2003) Heterosis studies in some elite multivoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) races with popular bivoltine NB4D2. Int. J. Indust. Entomol. 7‚ 221- 229. Kumaresan, P., Mahadevamurthy, T.S., Thangavelu, K. and Sinha, R.K. (2003a ) Further studies on the genetic divergence of multivoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) genotypes based on economic characters. Entomon, 28‚ 193-198.  Kumaresan, P., Sinha, R.K., Mohan, B. and Thangavelu, K. (2004) Conservation of multivoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) germplasm in IndiaAn Overview. Int. J. Indust. Entomol. 9‚ 1-13. Kumaresan, P., Sinha, R.K. and Thangavelu, K. (2005) Phenotypic stability and G  E interaction in cocoon weight of multivoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) genotypes. Indian J. Seric. 44‚ 136-138. Murakami, A. (1994) Growth phenomena in Bombyx mori L. with a special reference to genetic factors responsible for growth acceleration and moultinism. Indian J. Seric. 33‚ 12-14. Mukherjee, P., Mukherjee, S. and Kumaresan, P. (1999) An analysis of genetic divergence in Indian multivoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) germplasm. Sericologia, 39‚ 337-347. Narasimharaju, R., Govindan, R., Ashoka, J., Rayar, S.G. (1990) Genetic variability for quantitative traits in silkworm B. mori. Entomon, 15‚ 197-201. Ramamohana Rao, P. and Nakada, T. (1998) Clustering of polyvoltine strains of the silkworm B. mori by image processing method: Significance of cocoon size and weight variables. Indian J. Seric. 37‚ 33-39.}, keywords = {Polyvoltine silkworm genotypes,Genetic variation,divergence analysis}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_975.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_975_f3c2104b7e22441c3d01bc3217262ecc.pdf} } @article { author = {Murugan, M.}, title = {Yield of small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum M) variety PV1 as influenced by levels of nutrients and neem cake under rain fed condition in southern western ghats, India.}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {19-25}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {his paper seeks to understand the influence of different levels of fertilizer nutrients on annual yield of cardamom in Cardamom Hill Reserves (CHR) under rain fed situation. Field experiment conducted at CRS, Pampadumpara during 1994-2002 on nutrient levels with sources revealed that increasing the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium had increased the yields of cardamom up to 125: 125: 200 kg ha-1. Application of fertilizer nutrients at the present level of recommendation (75: 75: 150 kg NPK ha-1 yr-1) in the form of urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash along with 0.5 kg neem cake per plant had not increased the yield significantly over the control. Application of fertilizer nutrients at the rate of 125: 125: 200 kg ha-1 yr-1in two splits (just before and after summer monsoon) increased the yield significantly under Pampadumpara rainfall climatology. Among N, P and K, it appears that K is the most important as indicated by a larger absolute value than that of N and P. Therefore application of fertilizer K is a must to increase the cardamom yield in CHR system. However, rainfall during summer months and number of rainy days had pronounced effect on the production of cardamom. Among rainy seasons (SWM, NEM and SR), SR played significant role in increasing the cardamom yield. Higher than the average SR (366mm) followed by SWM (1162mm) found to influence the yield significantly. The reason for the higher yield by summer rainfall could be due to increased growing season soil moisture which is essential for the growth and panicle initiation and subsequent development of flowers and capsule setting. The recent all India droughts have very little influence on the rainfall climatology of cardamom hill reserves during the period of South West monsoon and therefore the yield was not affected by all India droughts but the summer months? rainfall and its distribution.   REFERENCES Goswami, N.N. 1998. Some thoughts on the concept, relevance and feasibility of IPNS under Indian conditions. In Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply system for sustainable productivity. Acharya C L et al. (ed). Indian Institute of soil science, Bhopal. pp. 3-9. Jackson, M.L. 1973. Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall, Inc., USA. Juo, A.S.R. and Wilding, L.P. 1996. Soils of the low land forest of the West and Central Africa. In Essays on the ecology of the Guinea-Congo rainforest, Proceedings Royal Society of Edinburgh. Vol. 104B, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. pp. 15-26 Kerala Agricultural University (1996) Package of Practices of crops. Kerala Agricultural University press, Thrissur, Kerala, India Korikanthimath, V.S., Hiremath, G.M. and Hosmani, M.M. (2000). Requirement of labour in the mixed cropping system of coconut and cardamom and its relationship with productivity levels. Crop Research 20, 520- 524. Korikanthimath, V.S. 1989. Annual Report. National Research Center for Spices (NRCS), Calicut. pp.33-34. Lui, X. 1999. Perspective of food security in China. Major technical changes. In World food security and crop production technologies tomorrow. (ed) Horic, T., Geng, S., Imamura, T and Suiraiwa, T., Kyoto University, Kyoto. pp. 41-47.  Moench, M. 1991. Soil erosion under a successional agro-forestry sequence: A case study from Idukki District, Kerala, India. Agro forestry systems. 15, 31-50. Murayama, N.1982. Conquest of Law of diminishing returns. Yokendo, Tokyo. 139-186. Murugan, M., Miniraj, N. and Carmelrani, J. 2000. Changes in climatic elements and their impact on production of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum M) in the cardamom hill reserves of Idukki district, Kerala. J. Spices and Aromatic Crops: 9, 157-160.  Murugan, M., Josephrajkumar, A., Sheela, B., Vasanthakumar, K. and Ambikadevi, K. 2005. Essential oil profile of elite small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum M.) accessions and their interaction with thrips (Sciothrips Murugan et al., 25 cardamomi Ramk.) infestation. Indian Perfumer. 49, 219-223. Panse, V.G. and Sukhatme, P.V. 1967. Statistical methods for agricultural workers, ICAR Publications, New Delhi. Saith, N and Slingo, J. 2006. The role of the Madden-Julian Oscillation in the El Nino and Indian drought of 2002 Int.J. Climatol. 26, 1361-1378. Sanchez P.A. 1976. Properties and management of soils in the tropics. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA. Sunderashwar, P.V., Morris, J.T., Koepfler, E.K. and FornWalt, B. 2003. Phosphorous limitation of coastal ecosystem processes. Science 299, 563-565. Swaroop, A. and Ganeshamurthy, A.N. 1998. Emerging nutrient deficiencies in intensive cropping systems and their remedial measures. Fertliser news 43, 37-50. Van Wabeke, A. 1991. Soils of the Tropics: Properties and Appraisal. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.  }, keywords = {Cardamom,neemcake,nutrient levels,Rainfall,tropical evergreen forest,Yield}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_976.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_976_8cb6e6acf5baf091471b70381b64c020.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohammadi Limaei, S.}, title = {A game theory approach to the sawnwood and pulpwood markets in the north of Iran}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {1-10}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Duopoly game theory is applied to the wood industrial markets (sawnwood and pulpwood markets) in the North of Iran. The Nash equilibrium and the dynamic properties of the system based on marginal adjustments are determined. The probability that the Nash equilibrium will be reached is almost zero. The dynamical properties of sawnwood and pulpwood prices derived via the duopoly game model are found also in the real empirical price series.   REFERENCES Angelsen, A. 2001. Playing games in the forest: state-local conflicts of land appropriation. Land-Economics 77, 285-299. Aubin, J.P. 1979. Mathematical methods of game and economics theory. North- Holland 10 Game theory approach to sawnwood and pulpwood markets Publishing Company. 619 p. Bertrnad, J. 1883. Review of Walras’s, Théorie Mathématique de la richesse sociale and Cournot’s, Recherches sur les principes mathématiques de la théorie des richesses. Translated into English by James W. Friedman. Cournot oligopoly. Cambridge University Press, 1988, originally published in Journal des Savants. pp. 499- 508. Cournot, A. A. 1838. Recherches sur les principes Mathématiques de la Théorie des Richesses. M. Riviere and Cie. Paris. Researches into the mathematical principles of wealth (English translation). A. M. Kelly, New York. 1960. Flåm, S.D. 1990. Solving non-cooperative game by continuous subgradient projection methods. (Eds. H.J. Sebastian & K. Tammer) System Modelling and Optimization. Lecture notes in control and information sciences 143, 123-155. Flåm, S.D. 1996. Approaches to economic equilibrium. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 20, 1505-1522. Flåm, S.D. 1999. Learning equilibrium play: A myopic approach. Computational Optimization and Applications 14, 87-102. Flåm, S.D. 2002. Convexity, differential equations and games. Journal of Convex Analysis 9, 429-438. Flåm, S. D. & Zaccour, G. 1991. Stochastic games, event-adapted equilibria and their Computation. University of Bergen, Department of Economics, Norway. Report 91. Gibbons, R. 1992. Game theory for applied economics. Princeton University Press. pp. 267. Kallio, A.M.I. 2001. Analyzing the Finnish pulpwood market under alternative hypotheses of competition. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, 236-245. Lohmander, P. 1997. The constrained probability orbit of mixed strategy games with marginal adjustment: General theory and timber market application. System Analysis - Modelling – Simulation 29, 27-55. Nash, J.F. 1950. The bargaining problem. Econometrica 18, 155-62 Von Stackelberg, H. 1934. Marketform und gleichgewicht. Wien.  }, keywords = {Sawnwood and pulpwood prices,dynamic duopoly game,Nash equilibrium,mixed strategy}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_977.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_977_03651608359e7ef973c53fbcfa2b09c9.pdf} } @article { author = {Rahimzadeh Halagh, N. and Sadeghi, S.H.R.}, title = {Comparison of wheatgrass (A. intermedium) and tall wheatgrass (A. elongatum) in transpiration viewpoint}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {41-44}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Transpiration, as one of the components of hydrological cycle, has not been paid enough attention yet, while it is necessary for sound utilization of rangelands, mostly located in the arid and semiarid regions. The comparison of the different kinds of rangelands species in terms of transpiration rates provides range managers the required information to achieve optimal forage production for a given input precipitation. The present study is a preliminary comparison in transpiration between two important Iranian rangeland species viz. A. intermedium and A. elongatum. The amounts of daily evapotranspiration from aforesaid species of which 4?5 shoots were initially planted in small polyethylene pots with surface area of 50.27 cm2 in five replicates were measured using weighing technique for a period of 33 days under relatively natural conditions. The amounts of daily transpiration of A. intermedium and A. elongatum were respectively varied from 1.4 to 9.4 and 1.5 to 9.1 milliliter. The results of the statistical analyses showed that there is no a significant difference between the amounts of transpiration for the two species on dry matter basis and therefore, the species may have the same value in rangeland improvement from transpiration point of view.   REFERENCES Anderson, M.C. (1981) The geometry of leaf distribution in some south-eastern Australian forests. Agricultural Meteorology, 25‚ 195-205. Calder, I.R. (1978) Transpiration observation from a spruce forest and comparison with predictions from an evaporation model. Journal of Hydrology, 38‚ 33-47. Flerchinger, G.N. and Cooley, K.R. (2000) A ten year water balance of a mountainous semiarid watershed. Journal of Hydrology, 237‚ 86- 99.  Gamougoun, N.D., Smith, R.P., Wood, M.K. and Pieper, R.D. (1984) Soil, vegetation and hydrologic responses to grazing management at Fort Stanton, New Mexico. Journal of Range Management, 37(6)‚ 538-541. Kaufmann, M.R. (1985) Annual transpiration in subalpine forests: Large differences among four tree species. Journal of Forest Ecology and Management, 13‚ 235-264.  Kirnak, H., Kaya, C., Tas, I. and Higges, D. (2001) The influence of water deficit on vegetative growth. Physiology, fruit yield and quality in eggplants. Journal of Plant Physiology, 27‚ 34-46. Mazandaran Province Fishery Organization, 2004. Potential evaluation of trout aquiculture in Haraz River: climatologic and hydrologic studies, pp. 147. Obrist, D., Verburg, P.S.J., Young, M.H., Coleman, J.S., Schorran, D.E. and Arnone, J.A. (2003) Quantifying the effect of phonology on ecosystem evapotranspiration in planted grassland mesocosms using Ecocell technology. Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 118‚ 173-183. Roberts, J. (2000) The influence of physiccal and physiological characteristics of vegetation on their hydrological response. Hydrological Processes, 14‚ 2885-2901. Roberts, J and Rosier, P.T.W. (1993) Physiological studies in young Eucalyptus stands in southern India and derived estimates of forest transpiration. Journal of Agricultural Water Management, 24‚ 103-118. Ryan, M., Bond, B., Law, B., Hubbard, R., Woodruff, D., Cieniala, E. and Kucera, J. (2000) Transpiration and whole-tree conductance in ponderosa pine trees of different heights. Oecologia, 124‚ 553-560. Sadeghi, S.H.R. and Rahimzadeh Halagh, N. (2005) Study on transpiration rates of Vicia villocea and Bromus inermis species. In: XX International Grassland Congress 2005: Proceedings (eds. O’Mara, F.P., Wilkins, R.J., Mannetje, L.T., Lovett, D.K., Rogers, P.A.M. and Boland, T.M.), Ireland, June 26 to July 1, 2005, Wageningen Academic Publishers, pp. 685. Sadeghi, S.H.R. and Rahimzadeh Halagh, N. (2006) Daily transpiration rates of Festuca ovina and Agropyrom intermedium rangeland species, In: Proceedings of 8ICDD, China, Beijing, Feb., 24-28, 2006: p. 63.  }, keywords = {Transpiration,A. elongatum,A. intermedium,Hydrologic Cycle,Range Management,Iran}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_978.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_978_43e048c00b680aa83c59b65c963c18bd.pdf} } @article { author = {Chaudhary, N.}, title = {Isolation and Optimization of Tobacco Decomposing Bacillus and Lactobacillus Sp.}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {45-49}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Three bacteria from a tobacco industry effluent and one from a sewage sample were isolated on a medium comprising of 1% tobacco powder as sole source of nutrients. Bacteria isolated from the industrial waste water were identified as Bacillus cereus, B. alvei and B. circulans. While, Lactobacillus sp. was isolated from the sewage sample. The bacteria were optimized for various growth conditions in a medium comprising of aqueous extract of 1% tobacco powder in MIII. Provision of 0.1% molasses (MIII) enhanced growth of B.cereus as compared to its cultivation in MII. Growth of B.cereus up to two weeks in molasses supplemented 1% tobacco powder (MIV) medium resulted into retroprogressive decreases in total suspended matter, ash content and total organic matter. So that at the last sampling period these parameter reduced up to 92%, 82% and 42%, respectively as compared to control values. The bacterial isolates in general and the B.cereus practically appear promising for designing in situ biotreatment plants for tobacco processing units and are likely to add in reducing environmental contamination originating from tobacco allied toxic compounds.   REFERENCES Bejankiwar, R.S. (2002) Electrochemical treatment of cigarette industry waste water feasibility study. Water. Res. 36, 4386-4390 Campbell, R.C. (1989). Statistics for biologist. Cambridge University Press Cambridge. Civilini, M, Domenis, C, Sebastianutto, N, Bertoldi, M. (1997). Nicotine decontamination of tobacco agro-industrial waste and its degradation by microorganisms’ Waste. Manag . Res. 15, 349-358  Clarke, A.B., Stanley, J. (1964). Process for selective extraction of alkaloid. United States Patent No 3, 319-435 De Lucas, A, Canizares, P, Garcia, M.A, Gomez, J, Rodrigez, J.F. (1998) .Recovery of nicotine from aqueous extracts of tobacco wastes. Indust. Enging. Chem. Res .37, 4783-4791.  Gorrod, J.W ,Jacob, P. (1999). Analytical determination of nicotine and related compounds and their metabolites Part. Environ. Tobacco. Products. ISBN: 0-444-50095-2, Elsevier, 732 p. Gravely, L.E, Geiss, V.L, Newton, R.P. (1977). Process for maximizing the growth and nicotine degrading activity of microorganisms United States Patent No .4.011.141 Gupta, P.K. (2000). Methods in environmental analysis water soil and air .AGROBIOS (INDIA) Behind Nasarani Cinema Chopasani Road Jidhpur. Holt, J.G, kriey, N.R, Sneath, P.H.A, Staley, J.T, Williams, S.T.(1994). Bergeys´s manual of determinative bacteriologyLippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA. pp. 562-568 Ireland, M.S, Larson, T.M , Moring, T.M. (1980). Nicotine transfer process. United States Patent No 4.215.706 Konenan ,E.W, Allen, S.D. Janda, W.M. Schree, Kenberger ,P.C. Winn, Jr. W.C. (1997). Lippincot Williams and Wilkins 530 Walnur street, Philadeiphia, PA 19106 -3621 USA. Meher, K.K, Panchwagh, A.M, Rangrass, S ,Gollakota, K.G. (1995). Biomethanation of Tobacco. Waste. Environ. Pollut. 90, 199–202. Munari, M. (1986). Quantitative Determination of Nicotine Content in Protein Extracted from Tobacco.Tobacco Journal International, 2, 128– 132. Saunders, J.A , Blume, D.E. (1981). Quantitation of major tobacco alkaloids by high performance liquid chromatography. Chromatog. 205, 147–154. Sax, N.I, Lewis, R.J. (1989). Dangerous properties of industrial materials. New York USA:248 Sponza,D.T. (2002). Toxicity studies in a tobacco industry biological treatment plant. Water, Air and Pollution, 134, 137-164.}, keywords = {Tobacco effluents? biotreatment,Tobacco detoxifying bacteria,Water pollution}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_979.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_979_08156f1728b4220fb63d7e268ea43eaa.pdf} } @article { author = {Zhao, Y.}, title = {Key principles for breeding spring-and-autumn using silkworm varieties: from our experience of breeding 873 × 874}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {57-61}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {The successfully breeding of the hybrids 873?874 had settled the problem that the yield was not uniform to the silk quality in silkworm varieties. In this paper, we illuminated the key technology, principle, hints and methods for selection in breeding spring-and-autumn rearing silkworm varieties were analyzed using the procedure of breeding the hybrid of 873 × 874 as example.   REFERENCES He, S.M. et al. (1998). Breeding of summer-autumn using silkworm varieties 415 and 416 and the preparation of their hybrids. Acta Sericologica Sinica, 24, 215-220. He, S.M. et al. (1998). Breeding of vigorous and hypersilkgeneous silkworm varieties 871 and 872. Acta Sericologica Sinica, 24, 86-90. He, S.M. et al., (2000). Breeding of vigorous and hypersilkgeneous silkworm varieties 871 and 872. A report of the 9th Five Year Plan on Silkworm Breeding. June 2000.}, keywords = {Breeding,873?874,key technology}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_980.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_980_93385d030ddce5d561ca1570b1502d37.pdf} } @article { author = {Sashindran Nair, K.}, title = {Alteration in the primary metabolites in three different tissues of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. under the influence of a Juvenoid, R394}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {27-33}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {A bivoltine silkworm hybrid, KA x NB4D2 was treated with the juvenoid R394 (Ethyl-9 cyclohexyl-3,7-dimethyl-2,4-nonadienoate) at a dose of 0.039 nl/larva at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of 5th instar for silk yield improvement. Treatment specific significant increase was observed in the cocoon and shell weight with no such marked variation in the shell percentage. Notable changes were also seen in traits such as larval duration, larval weight and silk gland weight in the treated silkworm. Total protein, total carbohydrate and total lipid were analyzed in the posterior silk gland (PSG), haemolymph and fat body of fully grown larvae. The result indicated that the content of these primary metabolites varied significantly in the selected tissues depending on the time of juvenoid application. The highest content of protein in the haemolymph and silk gland was in the larvae treated at 72 h whereas the fat body protein content was lowest in the same group. The total carbohydrate was recorded lowest in the 72 h treated larvae as against the highest in the control both in haemolymph and fat body with no significant change in PSG. The total lipid content did not show any notable variation in the concentration on juvenoid administration except in the silk gland treated up to 72 h which showed a decline. The result indicates that the juvenoid induces tissue specific responses in terms of turnover in primary metabolites.   REFERENCES Akai, H., Kimura, K., Kiuchi, M. and Shibukawa, A. (1985) Increase of silk production by repeated treatments with a juvenile hormone analogue. J. Seric. Sci. Jpn. 54, 297-299. Carrol, N.V., Longley, R.W. and Rose, J. H. (1956) Glycogen determination in the liver and muscle by use of anthrone reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 220, 583-593. Chen, P.S. (1985) Amino acid and protein metabolism. Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmcoclogy. Vol. 10. (eds. Kertkut, G. A. and Gilbert L. I), pp. 177-218. Pergamon Press. Oxford. Chowdhary, S.K., Raju, P.S. and Ogra, R. K. (1990) Effect of JH analogues on silkworm, Bombyx mori L., growth and development of silk gland. Sericologia 30, 155-165. Cymborowski, B. and Stolarz, G. (1979) The role of juvenile hormone during larval pupal transformation of Spodoptera littoralis: Switchover in the sensitivity of the prothoracic gland to juvenile hormone. J. Insect Physiol., 25, 939-942 Folch, J.M., Lees, P. and Stane-Stanely, G.H. (1957) A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226, 497-509. Gilbert, L.I. (1967) Lipid metabolism and function in insects. Advances in Insect Physiology. Vol. 4. (eds. Beament, J. W. L., Treherne, J. E. and Wigglesworth, W. B.) pp. 69-211. Academic Press, New York. Harper, H.A., Rodwell, V.W. and Mayes, P.A. (1993) Review of physiological chemistry. Lange Medical Publication. Los Altos, California, pp. 131-182. Hugar, I.I. and Kaliwal, B.B. (1998) Effect of Benzyl-6-aminopurine and indole –3-acetic acid on the biochemical changes in the fat body and haemolymph of the bivoltine silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Bull. Sericult. Res. 9, 63-67. Krishnaswami, S. (1978) New technology of silkworm rearing. Bulletin. Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore India, No.2. pp. 1-24 Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randal, R.J. (1951) Protein measureement with folin- phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193, 265-275. Muroga, A., Nakajima, M., Aomori, S., Ozawa, Y. and Nihmura M. (1975) Utilization of the synthetic juvenile hormone analog to the silkworm rearing on mulberry leaves. J. Sericult. Sci. Jpn. 44, 267-273. Nair, K.S., Vijayan, V.A., Nair, J.S., Trivedy, K. (1999) Juvenilomimic compounds for enhanced productivity in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. – A screening. Indian J. Seric. 38, 119- 124. Nair, K.S., Vijayan, V.A., Nair, J.S., Trivedy, K. and Chinya, P.K. (2002) Hormetic influence on silkworm, Bombyx mori L of a phytojuvenoid, ω-formyl longifolene oxime propargyl ether. Insect Sci. Applic. 22, 145- 150. Nair, K.S., Vijayan, V.A., Trivedy, K. and Nair, J.S (2001) Improvement in the Commercial Traits of Silkworm, Bombyx mori L. by Administration of a Juvenoid, R394. Int. J. Industrial Entomol. 3, 169-175. Nakayama, S., Fuji, S. and Yamamoto, R. (1990) Changes in activities of glycosidases in the haemolymph of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, during larval development. J. Seric. Sci. Jpn. 59, 443-451. Riddiford, L.M. and Truman, J.W. (1978) Biochemistry of insect hormones and insect growth regulators. Biochemistry of Insects. (ed. Rockstein, M.) pp. 308-357. Academic Press, New York. Sehnal, F. and Akai, H. (1990) Insect silk glands: Their types, development and function and effects of environmental factors and morphogenetic hormones on them. Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 19, 79-132 Thomas, K.K. and Nation, J.L. (1966) RNA, protein and uric acid content of body tissues of Periplaneta americana L. as influence by corpora allata during ovarian devlopment. Biol. Bull. 130, 442-449. Tojo, S., Kiguchi, K. and Kimura, S. (1981) Hormonal control of storage protein synthesis, and uptake by the fat body, in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J. Insect Physiol., 27, 491-497.}, keywords = {Bombyx mori,Fat body,Haemolymph,Juvenoid,R394,Silkworm}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_981.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_981_93caeeae08fe52902f73ebccbc70792c.pdf} } @article { author = {Kerenhap, W.}, title = {Biochemical and bioassay studies on the influence of different organic manures on the growth of Mulberry Variety V1 and silkworm, Bombyx mori Linn.}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {51-56}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {The genetic variation and diversity among fifty-eight polyvoltine silkworm genotypes was estimated by using ten economic traits. The results revealed that the single shell weight showed higher genetic variation such as PCV% (17.20%), GCV% (12.93%), and heritability (56.5%) followed by single cocoon weight, shell ratio and matured larval weight. The D2 (Mahalonobis? distance) statistics revealed nine clusters with substantial inter and intra cluster distances. The genotypes included in different clusters varied from 1 to 16. The genotype Pure Mysore was included in isolated cluster indicates its longer adaptation. The genotypes included in cluster VIII and IX showed optimum genetic distance along with higher cluster mean emphasised for utilization in the silkworm breeding.   REFERENCES Bose, P.C., Majumder, S.K. and Sengupta, K. (1991) A comparative biochemical study of six mulberry (Morus alba L.) varieties. Indian. J. Seri. 30, 83-87. Brown, T.T. (1958) Poultry manure – a practical balanced fertilizer. Poultry Dig. 17, 108. Christie, P. (1987) Some long-term effects of pig slurry on grass land. J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 108, 529-541. Das, B.C. and Sikdar, A.K. (1970) Evaluation of some improved strains of mulberry varieties by feeding experiments. Indian. J. Seric. 9, 26- 30. Dhillon, M.S., Baljit S., and Khajuria, H.N. (1996) Organic farming through agro forestry. In (ed.) R.K. Arya. Info- Danes International meet on resource inventory techniques to support agroforestry and environmental activities Daynand Natn. Acad. Environ. Oct. 1-3. DAV College, Chandigarh. pp. 234-242. Dosani, A.A.K., Talashilkar, S.C. and Mehra, V.B. (1999) Effect of poultry manure applied in combination with fertilizers on the yield, quality and nutrient uptake of groundnut. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 47, 166-169. Dubious, N.K., Giller, K.A., Hamiltion, K., Kelers, P.A. and Smith, F. (1956) Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Ann. Chem. 28, 350-356. Edward, D.R. and Daniel, T.C. (1992) A review of bioresource. Tech. 41, 91.P.  Eno, C.P. (1966) Chicken manure, its production, value preservation and disposition. Floride Agric; Exp. Stan. Cric., pp. 5-140. Espiritu, B.M., Chay, P.B., Calibo, R. and Palacpac, N.B.Q. (1995) Mass production of bioorganic fertilizer for country side development (development and utilization of village level production of biofertilizer blend of composting inocula and asymbiotic N2 fixers). College, Lagmna (Philippines) pp. 49. Folch, J., Lees, M. and Soloane Stanley, G.H. (1957) A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipid animal tissue. J. Biol. Chem., 226, 497-509. Fukuda, T., Suto, M. and Higuchin, Y. (1960) Silkworm raising on the artificial food. J. Seric. Sci. Jpn. 29(1), 1-13. Gaur, A.C., Neblakantan, S. and Dargan, K.S. (1984) Organic manures. ICAR, New Delhi Hiratsuka, E. (1971) Researchers on the nutrition of the silkworm, Shanghi Shikenjo Hokoku Tech. Bull. 2, 353-412. Hsieh, C.F. and Hsu, K.N. (1993) An experiment on the organic farming of sweetcorn and vegetable soybeans. Bull. Traichung Dist. Agri. Improv. Stn. 43, 29-39. Kasiviswanathan, K., Krishnaswami, S. and Venkada Ramu, C.V. (1973) Effect of storage on the moisture content of mulberry leaves. Indian J. Seric. 12, 13-21. Kataoka, K., Imai, T. (1986) Cocoon quality and physiological properties of the cocoon filament produced by silkworms reared on mulberry leaves and on an artificial diet. J. Seric. Sci. Jpn. 55, 112. Koul, O., Tikku, K., Saxena, B.P. and Atal, C.K. (1979) Growth and silk production in Bombyx mori L., fed on three different varieties of mulberry. Indian. J. Seric. 18, 1-15. Krichmann, H. and Witter, E. (1992) Composition of fresh aerobic and anaerobic farm animal dung. Bioresour. Technol. 40, 137-142. Krishnaswami, S. (1978) New technology of silkworm rearing. Indian silk 16(12), 7-15. Lowry, O.H., Roseburgh, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. (1951) Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193, 265-275. Machii, H. and Katagiri, K. (1991) Varietal difference in nutritive values of mulberry leaves for rearing silkworm. JARQ. 25, 202-208.}, keywords = {Biochemical composition,Organic manures,V1 mulberry variety,Bombyx mori,Mulberry growth,Bioassay study}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_982.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_982_159cbb8dfa15419cbd5161c611d03a3b.pdf} }