@article { author = {M. G., Daryaei}, title = {Assessment of Yield Loss in Rice due to Yellow Stem Borer, Scirpophaga incertulas, Using Simulation Models}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {59-62}, year = {2005}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {The yield loss simulation (YLS) and the MACROS LIQ.CSM models were used to simulate the effect of stem borer damage at a detillering rate of 5, 15, 30, 60% at vegetative, panicle initiation and grain filing stages, on yield of rice cultivar?s Ratna. This stem borer damage during vegetative and panicle initiation stages was not simulated appropriately by both the models. Relatively MACROS simulated pest effects better than YLS at this stage. The predicted reduction in yield due to detillering at grain filling stage varied from 10.93-62.5 and 2.59-57.2% with the YLS and MACROS models, respectively in comparison to observed reduction of 4.8-56.1%. The simulated and observed pest effects on crop yield during grain filling stage were found to be comparable.   REFERENCES  Boote, K. J., Jones, J. W., Mishoe, J. W. and Berger, R. D. (1983) coupling pests to crop growth simulators to predict yield reductions. Phytopathology, 73, 1581-7. Dale, D. (1994) insect pests of the rice plant – their biology and ecology, pp. 363-485. In (Ed. E. A. Heinrichs), Biology and management of rice insects.wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi & IRRI, Philippines. p. 779 de Vries, F. W. P., Jansen, D. M., ten Berge, H. F. M. and Bakema, A. H. (1989) simulation of ecophysioogical processes of growth of several annual crops. Simulation monograhs. Pudoc, Wageningen, the Netherlands. pp. 201. Khan, M. Q. (1967) Control of paddy stem borers by cultural practices, pp. 369-389. In Major Insect Pests of rice plant. John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, USA. Yield loss in Rice 62 Kropff, M.J., Van Laar, H.H. and ten Berge, H. F. M. (1993) ORYZA1, a basic model for irrigated Lowland rice production. In Simulation and Systems Analysis for Rice Production, (SARP), IRRI, Los Banos, TPEWAU, CABODLO, Wageningen. 89 p. Kropff, M. J., Van Laar, H. H., Matthews, R. B. and ten Berge, H. F. M. (1994) ORYZA1, an ecophysiological model fore irrigated rice production. In Simulation And Systems Analysis for Rice Production, IRRI, Los Banos, TPE-WAU, CABODLO, Wageningen.  100 p.  Nordh, M. B., Zavalete L. R. and Ruesink, W. G. 1988. Estimating multidimensional economic injury levels with simulation models. Agricultural Systems, 26, 19-33. Panda, N., Samalo, A.P., Patra, N. C. and Reddy, T. G. (1976) Relative abundance of lepidopterous stalk borers of rice in Bhubaneswar. Indian J. Ent., 38, 301-304. Pathak, M. D. (1975) Insect Pest of rice. IRRI, Philippines. Prasad, J. S., Reddy, P. R., Nayak, S. K., Rao, K. S., and Panwar, M. S. (1992) Simulation of damage caused by the yellow stem borer and gall midge on rice. Oryza, 29, 253-258.  Rabbinge, R., Ward, S.A. and Van Laar, H. H. (1989) Simulation and Systems Management in Crop Protection. Simulation Monograhs, PUDOC, Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp. 420. Rubia, E. G. and de Vries, F. P. (1990) Simulation of yield reduction caused by stem borers in rice. J. Plant Prot. Trop., 7, 87-102. Teng, P. S. and Savary, S. (1992) Implementing the system approach in pest management. In (Eds. Teng, P. S. and de Vries, F. P.) Systems approaches for agricultural development, Elsevier Applied Science, New York, 309 p. Walker, P. T. 1975. Pest control problems (Pre-harvest) causing major in losses in world food supplies. FAO Plant Prot. Bull., 23: 70-77.  Willocqet, L., Savary, S., Fernandez, L., Elazegui, F. and Teng, P. (1998) Simulation of yield losses caused by rice disease, insect and weeds in tropical Asia. IRRI, Philippines, 62 p.  }, keywords = {Scirpophaga incertulas,Simulation Models,stem borer,Yield loss}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_934.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_934_e8651aaf13736016534835c738c5d9f2.pdf} } @article { author = {Chandra, S. and Joshi, H.C. and Pathak, H.}, title = {Impact of Distillery Effluent and Salts on Hydraulic Conductivity of a Sandy Loam Soil}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {9-14}, year = {2005}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Irrigation with distillery effluent, besides influencing crop yield, may have considerable impact on physical properties of soil because of its high salt and organic carbon contents. This experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effect of distillery effluent on hydraulic conductivity of a sandy loam alluvial soil and compare the effect of inorganic salts of potassium (K) with that of distillery effluent on hydraulic conductivity of soil. The treatments consisted of 4 sources of K: potassium chloride, potassium sulphate, post methantion distillery effluent (PME) and oxidized PME (PME minus organic carbon) at 4 levels equivalent to 10, 20, 40 and 100% of the K concentration in the PME. There were 4 replications for each treatment. Soils, collected from the upper 15 cm of a farm were crushed, passed through a 2-mm sieve and packed in 6.5 cm diameter and 50 cm long columns. Each of the solutions was applied 4 times at the interval of 20 days to the soil column, which were subsequently flushed with distilled water and saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil was measured using the constant head technique. Application of PME and salts increased the hydraulic conductivity of soil to 3 to 4 fold as compared to that of the untreated soil. With the increasing levels of salt concentration, the rate of increase in hydraulic conductivity initially decreased, but at 100% salt level soil hydraulic conductivity increased sharply. The oxidized PME, which contained only the inorganic salts present in the PME, had highest hydraulic conductivity at 100% salt level followed by PME and inorganic salts. The exchangeable K content of soil (x) and hydraulic conductivity (y) showed a polynomial relationship (y = 15.28 ? 1.61x + 0.05x2). The study showed that application of PME has significant impacts on soil hydraulic conductivity suggesting that impact assessment of PME application on physical properties of soil be recommended to find an optimum application rate before the practice is adopted.   REFERENCES  APHA (1980) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 15th Edition. (APHA, AWWA, WPCF), XIVII, 1134 p. Cecconi, S., Salazsand, A. and Martelli, M. (1963) The effect of different cations on the structural stability of some soils. Agro Chimica 7, 185-204.  Chandra, S., Joshi, H.C., Pathak, H., Jain, M.C. and Kalra, N. (2002) Effect of potassium salts and distillery effluent on carbon mineralization. Bioresource Tech. 83, 255-257. Chen, Y., Banin, A. and Borochovitch, A. (1983) Effect of potassium on soil structure in relation to hydraulic conductivity. Geoderma 30, 135-147. Devarajan, L., Rajannan, G. S., Ramnathan, G. and Oblisami, G. (1993) Sugarcane cultivation with distillery effluent. SISSTA Sugar J. 20, 23-25. Goldberg, S., Suarez, D. L. and Glaubig, R. A. (1988) Factors affecting clay dispersion and aggregate stability of acid-zone soils. Soil Sci. 164, 317-325. Joshi, H. C., Kalra, N., Choudhary, R., Pathak, H., Chaudhary, A. and Singh, N. N. (1996) Agrocycling – A pollution control strategy for Distilleries in India. The Botanica 46, 170-176. Joshi, H. C., Pathak, H., Chaudhary, A., Joshi, T. P., Phogat, V.K. and Kalra, N. (2000) Changes in soil properties with distillery effluent irrigation. J. Environ. Res. 6, 153- 162. Klute, A. and Dirksen, C. (1986) Hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity: Laboratory Methods. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1, Physical and Mineralogical Methods. (Ed: A. Klute) Agr. Monogr. 9.ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, USA, 687-734. Knudsen, D., Peterson, G. A. and Pratt, P. F. (1982) Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium: In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 2, Chemical and microbiological properties, (Eds. Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R.), 2nd edition, Agronomy No. 9, ASA-SSSA, Madison, WI, USA, 225-246. Effluent on soil hydraulic conductivity 14  Levy, G. J. and Vander Watt, H. V. H. (1990) Effect of exchangeable potassium on the hydraulic conductivity and infiltration rate of some South African soils. J. Soil Sci. 149, 69-77. McNeal, B. L. and Coleman, N. T. (1966) Effect of solution composition on soil hydraulic conductivity. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 20, 308-312. Mitchell, A. R. and Donovan, T. J. (1991) Field infiltration of a salt-loaded soil: evidence a permeability hystersis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55: 706-710. Page, A. L., Miller, R. H. and Keeney, D. R. (1982) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd edition, Agronomy No. 9, ASA-SSSA, Madison, WI, USA. Pathak, H., Joshi, H. C., Chaudhary, A., Chaudhary, R., Kalra, N. and Dwivedi, M. K. (1999) Soil amendment with distillery effluent for wheat and rice cultivation. Water, Air Soil Pollut. 113, 133-140. Quirk, J. P. and Schofield, R. K. (1955) The effect of electrolyte concentration on soil permeability. J. Soil Sci. 6, 163-178. Ravina, T. (1973) The mechanical and physical behaviour of Ca-clay soil and K-clay in soil. Ecological Studies 4, 131- 140. Singh, Y. (1992) Report on utilisation of distillery waste from VAM Organic Chemicals Gajrauala in Agriculture. G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technolgy, Pantnagar, India, pp 150. Wiegand, C. L., Lyles, L. and Carter, D. L. (1966) Interspersed salt-affected and unaffected dryland soils of the lower Rio Grande Valley: II Occurrence of salinity in relation to infiltration rates and profile characteristics. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 30, 106-110.}, keywords = {Exchangeable potassium,Infiltration,post methanation distillery effluent,potassium chloride,potassium sulphate,soil salinity}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_935.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_935_29265e0f2981fd31100cd4220c1cd73a.pdf} } @article { author = {Etebari, K. and Bizhannia, A.R.}, title = {Bio-Economic Changes Due to Long Time Treatment of Carbenda-zim on Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.)}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {23-27}, year = {2005}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {The effect of fungicides on silkworm larvae was analyzed with regard to the fact that these beneficial insects are usually affected by fungicides, Daily feeding on 1 and 2g/liter of carbendazim, a systemic fungicide, did not have significant effects on larval and pupal mortality. However the weight of the treated larvae showed considerable weight decrease up to 37% weight.. All the economic traits of male and female adults treated with fungicide decreased but this decrease is not significant in cocoon shell weight and hatching percentage. The comparison of means using Tukey test at 5% confidence level did not show any effect related to the concentration   REFERENCES Dutta, M., Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Nataraju, B., Sharma, S.D., Chandrasekharan, K, Selvakumar, T. and Thiagarajan, V. (2003) Systemic fungicide application for the control of white muscardine in silkworm rearing. Int. J. Indust. Entomol. 5, 103-106. Etebari, K., Ebadi, R. and Matindoost, L. (2004) Effect of feeding mulberry’s enriched leaves with ascorbic acid on some biological, biochemical and econo-mical characteristics of silkworm Bombyx mori L., Int. J. Indust. Entomol. 8, 81-87 Gunasekhar, V., Govindaiah and Himantharaj, M.T. (1995) Efficacy of fungicides in controlling mulberry leaf rust caused by Cerotelium fici. Indian J. Seric. 34, 60-62 Kuberappa, G. C. and Jayaramaiah, M. (1988) Effect of fungicidal application against the white muscardine disease on the cocoon weight of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. Mysore J. Agric. Sci. 22, 43-47. Kumar, P., Kishore, R., Datta, R. K. and Goel, S. C. (1992) Mortality of the silkworm larvae (Bombyx mori L.) on feeding mulberry leaves sprayed with insecticides. Biotechnology and control of insect pests, Proceedings of the National Symposium on Growth, Development & Control Technology of Insect Pests, 179- 183. Kuribayashi, S. (1988) Damage of silkworms caused by pesticides and preventive measures. Jap. Agri. Res. Quar. 21, 274-283. Lim, S. H., Kim, Y.T., Lee, S. P., Rhee, I. J., Lim, J.S. and Lim, B.H. (1990) Sericulture training manual. FAO, Agricultural Services Bulletin, Rome. Lin, Y. S. and Tzeng, D. D. (1994) Effect of alpha-DL-diflouromethylornithine on Aecidium mori Barclay and its efficacy for controlling mulberry red rust. Plant Pathol. Bull. 3, 168-174.  Mavvajpour, M., Biabany, M. R. and Hosainy, S. E. (1996) Country report in Iran sericulture, national sericulture and entomology research institute of rural development administration, Korea, pp. 45-56. Mallikarjuna, M., Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Nataraju, B. and Thiagarajan, V. (2002) Effect of systemic fungicide on total hemocyte count and hemolymph biochemical changes in silkworm, Bombyx mori, infected with Beauveria bassiana. Int. J. Indust. Entomol. 5, 189-194.  Pai, I.K., Hegde, S.N., and Krishnamurthy, N.B. (1990) Genetic effects of Apron 35 SD on the germ cells of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. Bollettino di Zoologia. 57, 35-37. Seki, H. (1985) Effects on the moulting of silkworm, Bombyx mori, larvae of administering fungicide (of the imadazole group). Jap. J. Appl. Ento. Zool. 29, 247-250 Sharma, D. D. and Govindaiah (1991) Comparative in vitro toxicity of fungicides against Pseudomonas mori (Boyer and Lambert) Stevens causing bacterial blight of mulberry. Indian J. Seric. 30, 139-140. Siddaramaiah, A. L. and Hegde, R. K. (1989) Control of Cercospora leaf spot of mulberry-I - evaluation of fungicides both under laboratory and in field condition. Sik, K., Ryong S. H. and K. R Sang. 1976. Study of various pollutions on silkworm rearing in autumn. Seric. J. Korea. 18, 17-19.  Snegaroff, J. and Bach, J. (1989) Effects of the fungicide prochloraz on xenobiotic metabolism in rainbow trout: inhibition in vitroand time course of induction in vivo, Xenobiotica, 19, 255–267 Suss, L., Serini, G. B. and Girgenti, P. (1992) Cocoon spinning in the silkworm and the sterol content of mulberry leaves. Informatore Agrario. 48, 79-81. Vandame, R. and Belzunces, L. P. (1998) Joint actions of deltamethrin and azole fungicides on honey bee thermoregulation. Neuroscience Letters. 251, 57–60 Vassarmidaki, M. E., Harizanis, P. C. and Katsikis, S. (2000) Effects of Applaud on the growth of silkworm (Lep., Bombycidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 93, 290-292. Vyjayanthi, N. and Subramanyam, M.V. (2002) Effect of fenvalerate-20EC on sericigenous insects; I. food utilization in the late-age larva of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Ecotoxicol. Envirn. Safe. 53, 206-211.}, keywords = {Carbendazim,Fungicide,Residual toxicity,Silkworm,Bombyx mori}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_936.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_936_8f90a2a9dfb3c2b466127bca5a82e1f6.pdf} } @article { author = {Pule-Meulenberg, F. and Moganane, B. and Dikinya, O.}, title = {Physicochemical Properties of Soil from Five Villages in Botswana with Respect to Soil Degradation}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {29-34}, year = {2005}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {field study was conducted at five villages of Botswana namely, Tsabong, Tshane, Mathathane, Motlhabaneng and Tsetsejwe during the periods of June to August 1999 and June to August 2000. The objective of the study was to assess and compare the soil physicochemical properties of soils at the five villages and to study the effect of cultivation on some soil physical properties. Parameters measured in the field included soil pH, organic carbon (OC), phosphorus (P), cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K and Na), bulk density (BD), soil penetration resistance and infiltration rate. Soil pH, OC, CEC, Mg, Ca and BD were found to be significantly different in the five villages. The non-cultivated soil was found to have significantly lower bulk density, higher infiltration rate and higher penetration resistance compared to the cultivated soil. Soil from the Kgalagadi area was found to be significantly lower in nutrients in comparison with the soil from the Bobirwa area. The cultivated soil was found to have higher, bulk density, lower infiltration rate and lower penetration resistance.   REFERENCES Anon, (1984) Annual Report for the Division of Arable Crops Research. Department of Agricultural Research, Government Printers Gaborone,  99 p. Bhalotra, Y. P. R., (1987) Climate of Botswana, Part II Elements of Climate. Department of Meteorological Survey, Gaborone,  104 p. Bradford, J. M. (1986) Penetrability. In Klute, A. (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical properties. 2nd ed. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, pp. 463-478. Brady, N. C. and Weil, R. R. (1999) The nature and properties of soil 12th ed. Prentice-Hall Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey,  881 p. De Wit, P. and Kgatlwane, K., (1990) Soil Map of the Republic of Botswana 1:1000000. Ministry of Agriculture Dougill, A. J. and Thomas, A. D. (2004) Kalahari sand soils: Spatial heterogeneity, biological soil crusts and land degradation. Land Degrad. Develop. 15, 233-242. Fiantis, D., Van Ranst, E., Shamshuddin, J., Fauziah, I. and Zauyah, S. (2002) Influence Soil Physicochemical Properties 34 of silicate application on p sorption and charge characteristics of Andisols from west Sumatra, Indonesia. 17th World Congress for Soil Science. FAO, (1995) Dryland development and combating desertification. FAO Environmental Energy Papers 14. Rome. Fraser, G. C. G. and Mabusela, L. (2001) Suitability of traditional agriculture in the southern African savannas of Botswana. http://www.savannas.net/botswana/ufh trdag.htm Greenland, D. J., (1981) Characterisation of soils in relation to their classification and management for crop production. Clarendon Press, Oxford. pp. 446. Fox, R. L. and Searle, P. G. E., (1978) Phosphate adsorption by soils of the tropics. Diversity of soils of the tropics. (ed. Drosdoff M.) Amer. Soc. of Agronomy. Special Publication, 34, 97-119. Henao, J. and Baanante, C., (1999) Nutrient depletion in agricultural soils of Africa. 2020 Vision Brief 62. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC.  http://ifripi/org/2020/ briefs/ number62. htm Horn, R., Domzal, H., Slowinska-Jurkiewicz, A. and Van Ouwerkerk, C., 1995. Soil compaction and their effects on the structure of arable soils and the environment. Soil and Tillage Res. 35, 23-26. Islam, K. R. and Weil, R. R. (2001) Land use effects on soil quality in a tropical forest ecosystem of Bangladesh. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 79, 9-16. McQueen, D. J. and Shepherd, T. G. (2002) Physical changes and compaction sensitivity of a fine-textured, poorly drained soil (Typic Endoaquept) under varying durations of cropping, Manawatu Region. New Zealand. Soil Tillage Res. 63, 93-107. Molapong, K. F., (1986) Phosphate sorption and its relation to soil properties. MSc Thesis. Department of Geology and Soil Fertility and Management, Agricultural University of Norway, Ås, Norway. Moleele, N. M., Ringrose, S., Matheson, W. and Vanderpost, C., (2002) More woody plants? The status of bush encroachment in Botswana’s grazing areas. J Arid Environ 64, 3-11. Mullins, C. E., Blackwell, P. S. and Tisdall, J. M., (1992) Strength development during drying of a cultivated, flood irrigated hardsetting soil. 1. Comparison with a structurally stable soil. Soil Tillage Res. 25, 113-128. Page, A. L., Miller, R. H., and Keeney, D. R. (1982) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Amer. Soc. Agronomy, Madison, WI USA, 1159 p . Pardo, M. T., Ristori, G., D’acqui, L. P. and Almendros, G. Assessment of soil fertility and agronomic constraints in Southern African Savannas. Case study of Pandamatenga area (Botswana). http://www.savannas.net/botswana/soil typ.htm Perkins, J. S. and Thomas, D. S. G., (1993) Environmental responses and sensitivity to permanent cattle ranching, semi arid western Botswana. Landscape Sensitivity (eds. Thomas D. S. G. and Allison, R. J.), pp 273-286. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Pule-Meulenberg, F. and Batisani, N. J. (2003) A review of Botswana soil fertility research: Current status and prospects. UNISWA J. of Agric. 12,60-67 Rhebergen, G. J. and Mafoko, T. D., (1984) Soil Map of Palapye 1:250000. Ministry of Agriculture Ringrose, S. and Matheson, W., (1995) Impact of range degradation trends in south east Botswana. Botswana Notes and Records Thompson, M. and Troeh, F. R., (1978) Soils and Soil Fertility. McGraw Hill Publications in Agricultural Sciences. 561 p. Uehara, G. and Gillman, G., (1981) The mineralogy and physics of tropical soils with variable charge clays. West View tropical agriculture series No 4. West View Press Boulder Colorado. 170 p.}, keywords = {bulk density,cultivation,infiltration rate,penetration resistance,physicochemical properties,soil degradation}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_937.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_937_6bbdb3931879eeb1cc63c596ad73140d.pdf} } @article { author = {Solhi, M. and Hajabbasi, M.A.}, title = {Heavy Metals Extraction Potential of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and Canola (Brassica napus)}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {35-42}, year = {2005}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Phytoextraction is a remediation technology that uses plants to remove heavy metals from soil. The success of a phytoextraction process depends on adequate plant yield (aerial parts) and high metal concentrations in plant shoots. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the combination effects of plants [sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and canola (Brassica napus)] with soil treatments (manure, sulfuric acid and DTPA). Treatments, included two plants and seven soil treatments, which were applied baeed on a completely randomized factorial design. Three replicates were used for each treatment.. The largest shoot dry weight biomass production occurred in manure treatments for both plants. The maximum shoot concentrations of Pb and Zn were 234.6 and 1364.4 mg kg-1 respectively in three mmoles DTPA kg-1 treatment of sunflower. Furthermore the results showed that sunflower had a higher extracting potential for removal of Pb and Zn from polluted soil.   REFERENCES Alloway, B. J. (1995) Heavy Metals in Soils, 2nd Ed; Blackie Academic and Professional, London, England,  287 p. Baker, A. J. M. and Walker, P. I. (1990) Ecophysiology of Metal Uptake by Tolerant Plants. In J.A. Shaw (ed), Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants: Evolutionary Aspects; CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 157-177. Blaylock, M, J., Salt, D. E., Dushenkov, S, O., Gussman, C., Kapulnik, Y., Ensley, B.D. and Raskin, I. (1997) Enhanced Accumulation of Pb in Indian mustard by Soil Applied Chelating Agents. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31: 860-865.  Body, P. E., Dolan, P. R. and Mulcahy, D. E. (1991) Environmental Lead, A review. Crit. Rev. Environ. Control 20: 299-310.  Chaney, R. L., Malik, M., Li, Y. M., Brown, S. L., Brewer, E. P., Angle, J. S. and Baker, A. J. M. (1997) Phytoremediation of Soil Metals. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 8, 279-284. Cunningham, S. C., Berti, W. R. and Huang, J. W. (1995) Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soils. TIBTECH 13, 393-397. Day, P. R. (1965) Particle Fractionation and Particle Size Analysis. In C.A. Black (ed.), Method of Soil Analysis Part 1. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 545--565. Ebbs, S. D., Kochian, L. V. (1998) Phytoextraction of Zinc by Oat (Avena sativa), Barely (Hordeum vulgaris) and Indian mustard (Brassica junceae). Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 802-806. Ebbs, S. D., Lasat, M. M., Brady, D. J., Cornish, J., Gordon, R. and Kochian, L.V. (1997) Phytoextraction of Cadmium and Zinc from a Contaminated Soil. J. Environ. Qual. 26, 1424-1430. Holden, T. (1989) How to Select Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies for Soils and Sludges : Alternative, Innovative, and Emerging Technologies. Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ.pp.341. Huang, J. W., Chen J., Berti, W. B .and Cunningham, S. D. (1997) Phytoexraction of Lead-Contaminated Soils: Role of Synthetic in Lead Phytoextraction. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 800-805. Huang, J. W., Cunningham, S. D. (1996) Lead Phytoexraction: Species Variation in Lead Uptake and Translocation. New Phytol. 134, 75-34.  Jorgensen, S. E. (1993) Removal of Heavy Metals from Compost and Soil by Ecotechnological Methods. Ecological Engineering. 2, 89-100. Kayser, A., Wenger, K., Attinger, W., Felix, H.R., Gupta, S.K. and Schullin, R.: 2000, Enhancement of Phytoextraction of Zn, Cd and Cu from Calcareous Soil: The Use of NTA and Sulphur Amendments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24, 217-225 Klute, A. (1986) Water Retention: Laboratory methods, In A. Klute (ed), Method of Soil Analysis, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 635-662. Krueger, E. L., Anderson, T. A. and Coats, J. R. (1997) Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Concentrations, Symp. Series 664; ACS, Washington DC. Heavy metals extraction 42  Kumar, P. B. A. N., Dushenkov, V., Motto, H. and Raskin, I. (1995) Phytoextraction: The Use of Plants to Remove Heavy Metals from Soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 1232- 1238. Lehoczky, E., Szabados, I. and Marth, P. (1996) Cd Content of Plants as Affected by Soil Cd Concentration. Commun. Soil .Sci. Plant Analysis. 27, 1765--1777. Lindsay, W. L., Norvell, W. A. (1978) Development of a DTPA Soil Test for Zinc, Iron, Manganase and Copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42, 421--428. Lombi, E., Zhao, F. J., Dunham, S. J. and McGrath, S.P. (2001) Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils: Natural Hyperaccumulation Versus Chemically Enhanced Phytoextraction. J. Environ. Qual. 30, 1919--1926. McGrath, S. P. (1988) Phytoextraction for Soil Remediation. In R. R.Brooks (ed.). Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals. CAB international, Wallingford, Oxon, Uk, New York. pp. 261--287 McGrath, S. P., Sidoli, M. D., Baker, A. J. M. and Reeves, R. D. (1993) The Potential for the Use of Metal Accumulating Plants for the In Situ Decontamination of Metal Polluted Soils. In Integrated Soil and Sediment Research. H. J. P. Eijsackers and T.Hamers (Eds.). Kluwer Academic publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands. pp. 673--676. Paul, E. A., (1984) Dynamics of Organic Matter Soils. Plant Soil 76, 275--285. Pratt, P. F. (1965) Digestion with Hydrofluoric and Perchloric Acid for Total Potassium and Sodium. In C. A. Black(ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2 Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 1019--1021.  Raskin, I., Kumar, P. B. N. A., Dushenkov, V. and Salt, D. E. (1994) Bioconcentration of Heavy Metals by Plants. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 5, 285--290. Robinson, B. H., Leblanc, M., Petit, D., Brooks, R.R., Kirkman, J.H. and Gregg, P. E. H. (1988) The Potential of Thlaspi caerulescens for Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soils. Plant and Soil. 203, 47- -56. Salt, D. E., Blaylock, M., Kumar, N. P. B. A, Dushenkov, V., Ensley, B. D., Chet, I. and Raskin, I. (1995) Phytoremediation: A Novel Strategy for the Removal of Toxic Elements from the Environment Using Plants. Biotechnol. 13: 468--475. Shen, Z. G., Zhao, F. J. and McGrath, S. P. (1997) Uptake and Transport of Zinc in the Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens and Nonhyperaccumulator Thlaspi ochroleucum. Plant Cell Environ. 20, 898--906. Soil survey staff. (1999) Soil Taxonomy: A basic system of Soil Classification for making and interpreting. Soil Surveys, 2nd ed. Agric. Handbook, Vol. 436. USA. Govt. print. Office, Washington, DC,  869 p.  Walkley, A., Black, C. A. (1934) An Examination of the Degtareff Method for Determining Soil Organic Matter and a Proposed Modification of the Chromic Acid Titration Method .Soil Sci. 37: 29-38. Wenger, K., Gupta, S. K., Furrer. G. and Schulin,R (2002) Zinc Extraction Potential of Two Common Crop Plants, Nicotiana tabacum and Zea mays. Plant and Soil. 242: 217--225.}, keywords = {accumulation,Canola,lead,Phytoextraction,sunflower,Zinc}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_938.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_938_fa1a6c46a374d455fea71f9a721cb98d.pdf} } @article { author = {Allaf Noverian, H. and Vijaya Gopal, P.}, title = {Effects of Different Levels of Protein, Lipid and their Interaction on Growth Factors of Indian White Shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) Post Larvae}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {43-47}, year = {2005}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Three experiments of 60 days duration were conducted in post larval stage of Indian white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus indicus, to explore the appropriate protein: lipid ratios in their diets. A common ingredient mixture consisting of; fish meal, shrimp meal, ground nut oil cake, cholesterol, lecithin, vitamins and minerals blended with chicken egg albumin, tapioca flour and cellulose (filler) was used to formulate nine feeds with protein levels of 35%, 40% and 45% and lipid levels of 6%, 9% and 12%. Nutritional responses in terms of WG, RGR, FCR, FCE, PER and PLV indicated that there was no 2-way significant (p>0.05) interaction between protein and lipids levels in any of parameters mentioned; however, the effect of lipids, when tested individually, showed significant variation (P> 0.05). Comparison of mean values showedsignificantly higher WG, RGR, lower FCR, higher FCE and decreased PLV in 45% protein and 12% lipids.   REFERENCES Bhattacharya, B., Sarkar, S. K. and Maji, P. K (1994) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in flora and fauna of Hooglily Estuary, East Coast of India. Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 42, 123-130. Boughriet, A., Ouddane, B., Fischer, J. C., Wastel, M. and Leman, G. (1992) Variability of dissolved Mn and Zn in the Seine Estuary and chemical speciation of these metals in suspended matter. Water Res., 26, 1359-1378. Chapman, D. (1992) Water quality assessment. A guide to the use of biota, sediments and water in environmental monitoring. Published on behalf of UNESCO, WHO and UNEP. Chapman Hall, London. Davis, A. G. (1983) The effects of heavy metals upon natural marine phytoplankton population. Prog. Phycol. Res., 2,113-145. Goulden, P. D. (1978) Environmental pollution analysis. Heyden and Sons Ltd. Norfolk. Konar, S.K. and Mullick, S. (1993) Pollutional hazards of coastal waters by petrol, detergents and heavy metals. Environ. Ecol. 11, 688-690.  Kraepiel, A. M. L., Chiffoleau, J.F., Martin, J.M., Morel, F.M.M. (1997) Geochemistry of trace metals in the Gironde Estuary. Geochim. Cosmochin Acta., 61, 1421-1436.  Lee, S.H. and Lee, K.W. (1983) Heavy metals in sediments from Juhae Bay, Korea. Haeyang Haklwechi, 18, 49-54. Morris, A.W. (1990). Kinetic and equilibrium approaches to estuarine chemistry. Sci. Tot. Environ, 97, 253-266. Vanzquez, G. F., Diaz, R. A., Salvador, L. G. and Virender, K.S. (1998) Dissolve metals in Alvarado Lagoon, Mexico. Environ. Inter. 24, 721-727.}, keywords = {Fenneropenaeus indicus,Protein: Lipid,Growth performances,Nutritional response}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_939.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_939_f500f0ca6dae31835620237a3977ea23.pdf} } @article { author = {Ajibola, V.O. and Unuaworho, A.E. and Funtua, I.I.}, title = {Pollution Studies of Some Water Bodies in Lagos, Nigeria}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {49-54}, year = {2005}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Over the years, there has been an obvious pollution problem in Lagos area, Nigeria with high population of over eleven million and the near absence of waste management infrastructures. Concentrations of some pollution parameters and trace elements (temperature, pH, salinity, SO42-, NO3-, PO43-, F-, DO, BOD, COD and coliform, Cr, Co, Ni, Ag, Cd and Pb) were determined from water bodies of Isolo Canal, Lagos lagoon and the Seaport in Lagos area, during the rainy season (July, August, September and October) of 2002. Temperature was fairly constant with a range of 26 ? 31oC while salinity, SO42-, NO3-, BOD, COD decreased in the three water bodies as the rains increased. DO and coliform counts increased, while F- was almost constant during the same period. Phosphate was below detection limit in all the water bodies. The concentrations of dissolved metals varied between the water bodies. The concentration of Pb was found to be highest in the Sea and Cd was not detected in all the water bodies. The concentrations of the Cr, Co, Ni and Ag varied differently with salinity in all the water bodies. Pb concentrations did not show any significant variation with salinity in all the water bodies.   REFERENCES APHA (1992) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (18th ed.). Published jointly by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and, Water Pollution Control and Environment Federation, U. S. A. Bhattacharya, B., Sarkar, S. K. and Maji, P. K (1994) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in flora and fauna of Hooglily Estuary, East Coast of India. Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 42, 123-130. Boughriet, A., Ouddane, B., Fischer, J. C., Wastel, M. and Leman, G. (1992) Variability of dissolved Mn and Zn in the Seine Estuary and chemical speciation of these metals in suspended matter. Water Res., 26, 1359-1378. Chapman, D. (1992) Water quality assessment. A guide to the use of biota, sediments and water in environmental monitoring. Published on behalf of UNESCO, WHO and UNEP. Chapman Hall, London. Davis, A. G. (1983) The effects of heavy metals upon natural marine phytoplankton population. Prog. Phycol. Res., 2,113-145. Goulden, P. D. (1978) Environmental pollution analysis. Heyden and Sons Ltd. Norfolk. Konar, S.K. and Mullick, S. (1993) Pollutional hazards of coastal waters by petrol, detergents and heavy metals. Environ. Ecol. 11, 688-690.  Kraepiel, A. M. L., Chiffoleau, J.F., Martin, J.M., Morel, F.M.M. (1997) Geochemistry of trace metals in the Gironde Estuary. Geochim. Cosmochin Acta., 61, 1421-1436.  Lee, S.H. and Lee, K.W. (1983) Heavy metals in sediments from Juhae Bay, Korea. Haeyang Haklwechi, 18, 49-54. Morris, A.W. (1990). Kinetic and equilibrium approaches to estuarine chemistry. Sci. Tot. Environ, 97, 253-266. Vanzquez, G. F., Diaz, R. A., Salvador, L. G. and Virender, K.S. (1998) Dissolve metals in Alvarado Lagoon, Mexico. Environ. Inter. 24, 721-727.}, keywords = {Pollution,water bodies,Lagos,Nigeria}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_940.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_940_21a5206bfc2d7b47ebad8a2a3a56aafa.pdf} } @article { author = {Bonyad, AE and Rostami Shahraji, T.}, title = {Study on Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii) as a Short Rotation Forestry in the North of Iran}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {55-58}, year = {2005}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {Forests of Iran located on the Southern border of the Caspian Sea cover 1.9 million hectares. The Caspian forests are divided into four separate forestry areas. One of these being Guilan influx area with total area of 565000 hectares. About 30 to 40 percent of Guilan province forests are suitable to short rotation forestry for afforestation. Slash pine (Pinus elliottii) is one of the main exotic species planted in the Guilan province. The objectives of this research were to estimate: stand parameters, form factors and a provisional volume table of Slash pine planted forest stands. A total of 142 individual trees were randomly sampled. Individual tree variables such as: dbh, height, volume, and form factors (f13, fm, f0.1 and fh) were measured and analyzed. The site index quality of study area, were broadly compared with stands of site index in the southeast USA. The results were shown that the site index quality at the study area in the north of Iran in agreement and parallel with stands of site index is 21m (63 Ft.) in the southeast USA. Therefore, operation of Slash pine is satisfied as short rotation forestry in the Guilan province of Iran.   REFERENCES Bennett F. (1965) Growth and yield of planted Loblolly pine. A guide to Loblolly and Slash pine plantation management in South Eastern USA. University of Georgia forest research council, USA,  360 p.  Bonyad, A., Rahimnejad, S. (2004) Volume table estimation of Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) in the north of Iran. Pajouhesh-vaSazandegi, 66, 43- 47. Bonyad, A., Poorrastanie R. Majnonian B. (2003) Study on slop effects on slash of Beech trees using log method. J. Natural Resources, 57, 91-95. Jerrold, H. ZAR. (1999) Biostatistical analysis. Fourth edition. Prentice-Hall international Inc. Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey.  666 p. Kleinbaum, D. G., Kupper, L. L., Muller, K. E. (1988) Applied regression analysis and other multivariable methods. Duxbury press. Belmont, California.  718 p. Lohrey E. and Susan V. (2004). Study on Slash pine (Pinus elliottii) plantation management in South Eastern USA. www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_m anual/ Volume_1/pinus/elliottii.htm Loetsch, F., Zohrer, F. Haller, K.E. (1973) Forest inventory, vol. II. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich.  469 p. Mahinpoor H., (2002) Growth and yield of planted Slash pine (Pinus elliottii) in the north of Iran. M. Sc. thesis. Guilan University, Guilan, Iran, 94 p. Michael S. P. (1994) Measuring trees and forest. CAB International, Walling Ford, UK.  310 p. Rahimnejad, S. (2002) Growth and yield of planted Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) in the north of Iran. M. Sc. thesis. Guilan University, Guilan, Iran,  84 p. Rodrigo V., Timothy L, Dudley A. H., Barry D. S., and Donald L. R. (2004) Estimated realized gains for firstgeneration slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) tree improvement in the southeastern United States, Can. J. For. 34: 2587-2600}, keywords = {Caspian forests,form factors,Iran,Slash pine,short rotation,volume table,Pinus elliottii}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_941.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_941_1edaba6085629ddf8277a38c48d7b07a.pdf} } @article { author = {Kaliwal, B.B and Bhattacharya, A.}, title = {Synergetic Effects of Potassium and Magnesium Chloride on Biochemical Contents of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {15-21}, year = {2005}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {The present study deals with the oral supplementation with (50, 100 and 150 ?g/ml) synergetic effect of potassium and magnesium chloride on the fat body glycogen, protein, total lipids and haemolymph trehalose, protein of fifth instar larvae of Bombyx mori L (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). The observed parameters significantly increased in all the treated groups when compared with those of the corresponding parameters of the carrier control. These results may suggest that the minerals may stimulate the enzyme activity which influences the metabolic process thereby increasing the biochemical contents of the fat body and haemolymph of the silkworm, B. mori L.   REFERENCES Bhattacharya, A. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2004) Influence of mineral potassium permanganate on the biochemical constituents in the fat body and haemolymph of the silkworm, B. mori L. Int. J. Indust. Entomol. 9: 131-135. Candy, D. J. and Kilby B. A. (1959) Site and mode of trehalose biosynthesis in locust, Nature London. 183: 1594-1595. Chatterjee, S. N. and Datta, R. K. (1992) Hierarchical clustering of 54 races and strains of the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. significance of biochemical parameters. Theor. Appl. Genet. 85: 394-402. Dasmahapatra, A. K., M. K. Chakraborthi and Medda A.K. (1989) Effect of potassium iodide, cobalt chloride, calcium chloride and potassium nitrate on protein, RNA and DNA content of silk gland of silkworm, (Bombyx mori L.) Nistari race. Sericologia. 29, 355 – 359. Downer, R. G. (1979) Trehalose production is isolated fat body of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 62C, 31-34. Folch J., Lees M. and Stanley Sloane G. H. (1957) A simple method for isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 226, 497-509. Goudar, S. K. and Kaliwal, B. B. (2001) Effect of potassium nitrate supplementation on biochemical parameters of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Int J. Indust. Entomol, 3, 93- 96 Harvey W. R. (1982) Membrane physiology of insecta; in membrane physiology of Invertebrates (ed) R. B. Podesta (New York: Dekkan Press) 495- 566. Horie, Y. (1961) Physiological studies on the alimentary canal of the silkworm, Bombyx mori III. Absorption and utilization of carbohydrates. Bull. Seri. Exp. Jpn. 16, 287- 309. House H. L. (1974) The Physiology of Insect. Academic press, New York. Hugar I. I., Nirwani R. B. and Kaliwal B. B. (1998) Effect of zinc chloride on the biochemical changes in the fat body and haemolymph of the bivoltine silkworm, B. mori L. Sericologia. 38, 299-303. Ito, T. (1967) Nutritional requirements of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Proc. Jpn. Acad., 43, 47-67.  Ito, T. (1978) Silkworm Nutrition, In “The silkworm: An important laboratory tool. (ed.: Tazima, Y.) Kodansha Ltd., Japan. 121-157.  Izhevskiy S. S. (1976) The physiological effects of mineral salts on Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera, chrysomelidae). Ecologiya. 4, 90-92. Krishnaswami, S. (1978) New technology of silkworm rearing. Bulletin No.2. CSRTI, Mysore, 1- 24.  Lowry H., Rosebrough N. L., A. L. Far and Randal, R. J. (1951) Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193, 265 – 275. Murphy, T. A. and Wyatt, G. R. (1965) The enzymes of glycogen and trehalose synthesis in silk moth fat body. J. Biol. Chem., 240, 1500-1508. Nirwani R. B. and Kaliwal, B. B. (1995) Effect of ferrous and magnesium sulphate supplementetion on some commercial characters of B. mori L. Bull. Seric. Res. 6, 21-27. Nirwani, R. B. and Kaliwal, B. B. (1996) Increase of silk production and quantitative changes of carbohydrates and protein in fat body haemolymph after feeding potassium sulphate to bivoltine silkworm, B. mori L. Sericologia. 36, 23–530.  Padaki, P. R. (1991) Some aspects of physiology of the eri silkworm, Philosamia ricini Ph. D. thesis, Karnatak University, Dharwad, India. 48-62.  Pant R. and Morris, I. D. (1969) Changes in active phospholyrase activity and glycogen content during larval and pupal develop-ment of P.ricini. J. Biochem, 66, 29 –31. Primor N, and Zlotkin E. (1980) Penetrability of proteins through the digestive system of Sarcophaga falculata, blowfly. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 627, 82-90. Raghava Rao, D. (1983) Statistical Techniques in Agricultural and Biological Research, Oxford Publishing Co, New Delhi Roe, J. H. (1955) The determination of sugar in blood and spinal fluid with anthrone reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 242, 424-428. Sacchi, V. F. and Giordana, B. (1980) Absorption of glycine, alanine and Lphenylalanine in the midgut of the larva of Bombyx mori. Experentia. 36, 659-660. Sacchi, V. F., Cattaneo G, Carpentar M and Giordana, B. (1981) L-phenylalanine active transport in the midgut of Bombyx mori larva, J. Insect Physiol. 27, 211-214.  Saha, B. N., and A. R. Khan (1995) Effect of nickel chloride, supplementation on the lipid content in B. mori L. Indian. J. Seric. 34, 156-158. Saito, S. (1960) Trehalose of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. J. Biochem. 48, 101-109. Sarangi, S. K. (1986) Studies on midgut protease activity during fifth instar development of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. Entomon. 11, 165-169. Satake, S., Kawabe Y. and Mizoguchi, A. (2000) Carbohydrate metabolism during starvation in the silkworm Bombyx mori L. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 44, 90-98. Bhattacharya and Kaliwal 21 Sciefter S., Dayton S., Novi, C. and Myntiyer, E. (1950) The estimation of glycogen with anthrone reagent. Arch. Biochem., 25, 191. Simex, V. and Kodrik, D. (1986) Changes in the tissue glycogen and free carbohydrates of haemolymph during the last larval instar and metamorphosis silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Acta. Entamol. Bohemaslov. 83, 92-100. Wigglesworth V.B. (1972) The principles of insect physiology, 7th Ed Chapman and Hall, London. Wyatt G. R. and Kalf, G. F. (1957) The chemistry of insect haemolymph. 1. Trehalose and other carbohydrates, J. Gen. Physiol. 40: 833- 847.}, keywords = {Biochemical Contents,Bombyx mori L,Magnesium Chloride,potassium chloride,Silkworm}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_942.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_942_41908e846c2b689b90964abb726210bf.pdf} } @article { author = {Singh, R N and Saratchandra, B.}, title = {The Development of Botanical Products with Special Reference to Seri-Ecosystem}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {1-8}, year = {2005}, publisher = {University of Guilan}, issn = {1735-3033}, eissn = {1735-3866}, doi = {}, abstract = {The search for alternative ways of controlling sericultural pests has led to the investigation of plant sources for naturally occurring compounds which may have Insect growth regulatory, feeding deterrency, repellency and confusantcy characteristics. More than 2000 species of the families Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae are known that possess some insecticidal activity. Plants with insecticidal properties found in India are reported. But to use them it is necessary to conduct an analysis of the risks to the environment and to human health. Various parts of rotenone, pyrethrum, sabadilla, ryania and neem are often used to minimize pest population. Recently several other plants viz. Pongamia, Indian privet, Adathoda, Chrysanthemum, Turmeric, Onion, Garlic, Tobacco, Basili, Custard apple, Ginger and some other plants have been screened and their efficacy has been tested. The efficacy of leaf extracts of basil (Ocimum basilicum), bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina), lemon grass (Cymbopogen citratus), and Chenopodium ambroissoides was investigated for its insecticidal and ovicidal activity against coleopteran bruchids. Several citrus limonoids and limonin derivatives have been found to be insect antifeedants. Among all the plant originated insecticides, neem (Azadirachta indica, A. juss) is known to contain diverse array of biologically active principles of which azadirachtin (a tetranortriterpenoid) is the best known derivatives which is used in sericulture to control various pests. Botanical insecticides are prepared in the form of the crude plant material, extracts or resins. This paper includes the plants that have been reported to be insecticidal against the pests, which visit seri-ecosystem and damage the silkworm and its host plants.   REFERENCES Baskaran, V. and Narayanasamy, P. (1995) Traditional Pest Control. Caterpillar Publications, Mariyappa Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. Carmona, D. M. and. Landis, D. A. (1999) Influence of refuge habitats and cover crops on arsenal activity density of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in field crops. Eviron. and Entomol. 28, 1145 – 1153. Casida, J. E. (1983) Development of synthetic insecticides from natural products: case history of pyrethroids from pyrethrins. In: Natural Products from innovative pest measurement (Ed. Whitehead, D. L. and W. S Bowers.) PP. 109 – 125. Pergamon Press, New York.  Douressamy, S., Chandramohan, N., Sivaprakasam, N., Subramanian, A. and Sundra babu, P. C. (1997) Management of spiralling whitefly. Indian Silk, 36, 15 – 16.   Etebari, K., Matindoost, L. and Singh, R. N. (2004) Decision tools for mulberry thrips Pseudodendrothrips mori (Niwa, 1908) management in sericultural regions; An overview. Entomologia Sinica. 11, 243-258. Isman, M. B. (1997) Leads and prospects for the development of new botanical insecticides. Rev. Pesticide Toxicol. 3, 1 –20.  Jacobson, M. (1975) Insecticides from plants: A review of the literature, 1954-1971. Botanical Insecticides 8 Agriculture Hand Book 461, U.S.D.A., Washington, D. C. pp. 138. Jaiswal, K., Upadhyay,S., Dhami, S. S. and Gangwar, S. K. (2004) Application of different neem (Azadirachtin) formulations for the control of insect pest (Ergolis meriona C.) population infesting castor. Proc. National workshop on Potential and Strategies for sustainable development of Vanya silks in Himalayan states. pp. 93-95.  Klein, A. R. and Dunkel, F. V. (2003) New Pest management frontiers: Linking plant medicine to traditional knowledge. American Entomologist. 49, 7 –73 Saxena, R. C. (1987) Antifeedants in tropical pest management. Insect Sci. Applic. 8, 731 –736. Schmutterer, H. (1990) Properties and potential of natural pesticides from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 35, 271 – 297. Sharma, S. P., Kishore, R. and Thangavelu, K. (2002) Evaluation of azadirachtin against Notolophus antiqua Linn. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) a major pest of primary tasar food plants. Sericologia. 42, 265 - 269. Singh, R. N. (1999) Use of neem against pest of tasar food plants. Indian Silk. 38, 20-22 Singh, R. N. and Sinha, S. S. 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K., Sahay, D. N., Kulshrestha, V., Roy, G. C. and Sinha, B. R. R. P. (2004) Efficacy of Botanicals against virosis in tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury. Proc. National workshop on Potential and Strategies for sustainable development of Vanya silks in Himalayan states. pp. 260-263 Singh, R. N., Maheshwari M. and Saratchandra, B. (2004) Sampling, Surveillance and Forecasting of insect population for Integrated Pest Manage-ment in Sericulture. Int. J. Indust. Entomol. 8, 17-26.}, keywords = {Botanical insecticides,Pest control,feeding deterrent and repellent}, url = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_943.html}, eprint = {https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_943_534f8efc737852b7b44bf9db439c0f17.pdf} }