A model-based approach for mapping rangelands covers using Landsat TM image data
M.
Ajorlo
Faculty of Environmental Studies, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 (UPM), Serdang, Selangor D.E.,
*Corresponding author's E-mail: Ajorlo_m54@yahoo.com
author
H.
Ahmad Husni Mohd
Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 (UPM), Serdang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia.
author
H.
Ridzwan Abd
Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 (UPM), Serdang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia.
author
Y.
Mohd Kamil
Faculty of Environmental Studies, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 (UPM), Serdang, Selangor D.E.
author
text
article
2009
eng
Empirical models are important tools for relating field-measured biophysical variables to remotely sensed data. Regression analysis has been a popular empirical method of linking these two types of data to estimate variables such as biomass, percent vegetation canopy cover, and bare soil. This study was conducted in a semi-arid rangeland ecosystem of Qazvin province, Iran. This paper presents the development of a regression model for predicting rangeland biophysical variables using the original image data of Landsat TM nonthermal bands. The biophysical variables of interest within the rangeland ecosystem were percent vegetation canopy cover, bare soil extent, and stone and gravel which their correlations were analyzed in relation to Landsat TM original data. The results of applying stepwise multiple regression showed that there is a significant correlation between Landsat TM band 2 reflectance values and biophysical variables. The developed models were applied to Landsat TM band 2 and relevant maps were generated. We concluded that such problems as an inexact location of field samples on the image, small size of samples, vegetation heterogeneity may significantly affect the modeling of real rangeland Landsat TM data relationships.
REFERENCES
Ajorlo, M. and Abdullah, B.R. (2007) Develop an Appropriate Vegetation Index for Assessing Rangeland Degradation in Semi-Arid Areas. In: proceedings of 28th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, 12- 16 Nov, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Ajorlo, M. (2005) Evaluation and mapping of rangeland degradation using remotely sensed data. In: proceedings of international symposium on land degradation and desertification, 12-17 May, Uberlandia, Brazil.
Cohen, B.W., Thomas K.M., Gower S.T. and Turner P.D. (2003) An improved strategy for regression of biophysical Variables and Landsat ETM+ data. Rem Sens Environ. 84, 561-571.
Danaher, T., Armston J. and Collett L. (2004) A regression model approach for mapping Ajorlo et al., 7 woody foliage projective cover using Landsat Imagery in Queensland, Australia. In: Proceedings of Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Australia. pp. 514 – 527.
Fazilati, A. and Hosseini E.H. (1984) Rangelands of Iran and their management, development and improvement. Technical Bureau of Rangeland. Tehran, Iran.
Fitzpatrick, B. and Megan, A. (1994) Relationship between vegetation cover field data and Landsat-TM in the pasture development areas of the Douglas-Daily Basin, Northern territory. In: 7th Australian Remote Sensing Conference Proceedings, Melbourne, Australia.
Guo, X., Price K.P. and Stiles J.M. (2000) Modeling Biophysical Factors for Grasslands in Eastern Kansas Using Landsat TM Data. Trans Kans Acad Sci. 103, 122- 138.
Iranian Remote Sensing Center (IRSC) (1998) Landsat 5 TM 10 digital images. Tehran, Iran.
Lillesand, T. M. and Kiefer, R.W. (1994) Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation (3rd Edn). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Montgomery, D.C. and Peck, E.A. (1992) Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis. New York: Wiley, pp. 270-274.
National Cartographic Center (NCC). (1995) Topographic maps (scale 1:50000). Sheets: Karafs 5860 I, Asian 5861 II, Razak 5961 III, Saman 5960 VI. K753 Series, Tehran, Iran.
Rahman, M. M., Csaplovics E., and Koch B. (2005) An efficient regression strategy for extracting forest biomass information from satellite sensor data. Int. J. Remote Sens. 26, 1511 – 1519.
Rawlings, J.O. (1998) Applied Regression Analysis (a Research Tool). Wadsworth book b and Brooks. pp. 183–184.
Salvador, R. and Pons, X. (1998) On the reliability of Landsat TM for estimating forest variables by regression techniques: a methodological analysis. IEEE Trans Geosci Rem Sens. 36, 1888-1897.
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https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1021_8804c868ee7099ad4f4120195399a895.pdf
Total Flavonoids and Phenolics in Catharanthus roseus L. and Ocimum sanctum L. as Biomarkers of Urban Auto Pollution
A.
Qayoom Mir
School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (Central) University, Lucknow. 226 025. India. * Corresponding author's E-mail: qayoommir@rediffmail.com
author
T.
Yazdani
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. 110062.India.
author
S.
Ahmad
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. 110062.India.
author
M.
Yunus
School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (Central) University, Lucknow. 226 025. India.
author
text
article
2009
eng
Present transplant study was carried out across Lucknow, the capital of Utter Pardesh using two medicinally important plants viz., ?Catharanthus roseus L.? and ?Ocimum sanctum L.? to assess whether certain ecophysiological responses (change in total flavonoids and total phenolics) in these two plants may serve as the biomarkers of auto exhaust pollution. Samples were taken from five different sites which differed from each other in terms of the number and type of vehicles plying over and were loaded with different concentrations of air pollutants (such as, SO2, NO2, SPM, RSPM). During the study, it was observed that the concentration of the different air pollutants across the sites correlated with the number and type of vehicles. Total flavonoids and total phenolics in both plants increased by increasing pollution loads across the sites, hence, this validates their role as biomarkers of auto exhaust pollution.
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Gupta, A.K., Karar, K., Ayoob, S. and John, K. (2007) Spatio-temporal characteristics of gaseous and particulate pollutants in an urban region of Kolkata, India. Atmos. Res. Qayoom Mir et al., 15 doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres. 2007, 07-008.
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Zobel, A.M. (1996) Phenolic compounds in defense against air pollution. In: Yunus, M., Iqbal, M. (Eds.), Plant Response to Air Pollution. John Wiley, Chichester, pp. 241- 266.
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https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1017_787bf31637c625082ff9bfc57938b466.pdf
GIS Assessment of site suitability for serial biological concentration (SBC) in Murrumbidgee in Australia
Sh.
Khan
F. Mirzaei1*, Sh. Khan2, Z. Paydar3
1- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Faculty of Soil and Water Engineering. University of Tehran, Iran.
2- Sustainable Water Resources Development Section,UNESCO Paris. France.
3- CSIRO Land and Water, Australia.
* Corresponding author?s E-mail: fmirzaei@ut.ac.ir
author
Z.
Paydar
F. Mirzaei1*, Sh. Khan2, Z. Paydar3
1- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Faculty of Soil and Water Engineering. University of Tehran, Iran.
2- Sustainable Water Resources Development Section,UNESCO Paris. France.
3- CSIRO Land and Water, Australia.
* Corresponding author?s E-mail: fmirzaei@ut.ac.ir
author
F.
Mirzaei
of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Faculty of Soil and Water Engineering. University of Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2009
eng
Researchers of CSIRO Land and Water in Griffith in Australia have found a way to repeatedly reuse drainage water to grow crops. In the process the system will concentrate the salt in the water to a manageable level which can then be used or stored in an environmentally friendly manner. The process, known as sequential biological concentration, is based on a novel system for Land, based treatment of secondary treatment of effluent re-use. This research is regional suitability assessment of SBC for Murrumbidgee Irrigation area (MIA) an multiplication SBC suitability Index was developed by reclassifying and assigning suitability factors to groundwater depth, groundwater quality and soil texture data in a raster environment. In this study depth of watertable, groundwater salinity and hydraulic conductivity of soil for the MIA, are achieved by the combination of fieldwork subsequently followed by the Two-dimensional flow and using MODFLOW/MT3D model software. The groundwater depth and groundwater quality were regrouped by the groundwater depth suitability and groundwater quality suitability factors. To determine the regional SBC suitability we used SBC suitability Index. The results of Regional suitability assessment of SBC are presented. Preliminary GIS assessment in MIA shows that thousands of hectares of agriculture land can be benefit SBC technique of managing and exporting salts.
REFERENCES
Ayars, J.E., W. christen, E., Hornbuckle, J.W. (2007) Managing irrigation and drainage in saline environments. Perspective in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 2, 4-13.
Khan, Sh. (2001) Hydrological assessment of suitable experimental site and regional applicability of SBC technique in Pakistan. CSIRO land and water Mission Report.
Ninghu, su., Bethune, M., Mann, L. and Heuperman, A. (2005) Simulating water and salt movement in tile-drained fileds Irrigated with saline water under a serial biological concentration management scenario. Agricultural Water Management, 78, 165- 180.
Wolf, P. and stein, T.M. (2003) Improving onfarm water management –A never ending challenge. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics, 104, 31-40.
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https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1018_8db7148473ac539d547415a1a8475e14.pdf
Diversification of mulberry (Morus indica var. S36), a vegetatively propagated tree species
K.
Vijayan
Seri Biotech Laboratory, Central Silk Board Campus, Carmelram (P.O.), Sarjapur Road, Kodathi, Bangalore-560 035, India. *Corresponding author's E-mail: kvijayan01@yahoo.com
author
S.N.
Chatterjee
Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan-115, Republic of China.
author
C.V.
Nair
Seri Biotech Laboratory, Central Silk Board Campus, Carmelram (P.O.), Sarjapur Road, Kodathi, Bangalore-560 035, India.
author
text
article
2009
eng
Genetic diversity among plants sprouted from seven year old clones of mulberry (Morus indica var. S36) was studied using molecular markers such as ISSR and RAPD. The clones showed significant variability in sex expression and the sprouting behavior. These changes were appeared after seven years of rigorous pruning and training (pruned once in every 3-4months). Genetic diversity analysis revealed significant DNA polymorphism differences among these clones. Through multiple regression analysis, four DNA markers associated with specific traits were identified. Cloning, sequencing and bioinformatics analyses suggested probable involvement of transposable elements along with enzymes and transcriptional regulating factors. The results of this preliminary report call for detailed analyses at biochemical, physiological and molecular levels coupled with inheritance pattern of these markers and their corresponding phenotypic traits. The markers identified for sprouting and sex expression are of much use in early identification of hybrids with the respective traits. REFERENCES Bennetzen, J.L. (2000) Transposable element contribution to plant gene and genome evolution. Plant Mol. Biol. 42, 251-259. Breto, M.P., Ruiz, C., Pina, J.A. and Asins, M.J. (2001) The diversification of Citrus clementina Hort. Ex Tan., a vegetatively propagated crop species. Mol. Phylogenet. 21, 285-293. Chatterjee, S.N., Nagaraja, G.M., Srivastava, P.P. and Naik, G. (2004) Morphological and molecular variation of Morus laevigata in India. Genetica. 39, 1612—1624. Dandin, S.B., Susheelamma, B.N., Jolly, M.S., Mallikarjunappa, R.S. and Giridhar, K. (1983) Karyomorphological studies in a few varieties of mulberry (Morus spp.). National seminar on Silk Research and Development, Bangalore, March 10-13, 1983, p. 3. Das, B.K. and Mukherjee, S.K. (1992) Modification of sex expression in mulberry by colchicines-B, a potent antigibberllin. Indian J. Sericulture. 31, 173–175. Felsenstein, J. (1993) PHYLIP (Phylogeny inference package) version 3.5c. Department of Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle. Genus, J. (1982) Plant steroid hormones-what are they and what they do. Trans Biochem. Sci. 7, 7-9. Grandbastien, M.A. (1998) Activation of plant transposons under stress conditions. Trends Plant Sci. 3, 181-187. Kasiviswanathan, K., Krishnaswami, S. and Choudhury, P.C. (1979) Long term studies on the cultivar, spacing and nitrogen fertilization for the improvement of yield potential of mulberry. Indian J. Sericulture. 28, 23-29. Kreher, S.A., Fore, S.A. and Collins, B.S. (2000) Genetic variation within and among patches of the clonal species, Vacciniun syaminieum L. Mol. Ecol. 9, 1247-1252. Lal, M. and Jaiwasl, V.S. (1988) Modification of flower sex and acid phosphatase activity by phthalimides in female plant of Morus nigra L. Plant Growth Regulation. 7, 29-37.
Nei, M. (1987) Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Columbia University Press, New York.NY.
Osborne, R. (1985) Sex change in cycads - hope for woodii, Encephalartos. 2, 20-22.
Persson, H.A. and Gustavsson, B.A. (2001) The extent of clonality and genetic diversity in lingonberry (Vaccinium vitisidaea L.) revealed by RAPDs and leafshape analysis. Mol Ecol. 10, 1385-1397.
Sastry, C.R. (1984) Mulberry varieties, exploitation and pathology. Sericologia. 24, 333-359.
Sneath, P.H.A. and Sokal, R.R. (1973) Numerical taxonomy. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.
Suyama, Y., Obayashi, K. and Hayashi, I. (2000) Clonal structure in a dwarf bamboo (Sasa senanensis) population inferred from amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprints. Mol. Ecol. 9, 901-906.
Tikader, A., Vijayan, K., Raghunath, M.K., Chakraborti, S.P., Roy, B.N. and Pavankumar, T. (1995) Studies on sexual varieties in mulberry (Morus spp ). Euphytica. 84, 115-120.
Vijayan. K. and Chatterjee S.N. (2003) ISSR profiling of Indian cultivars of mulberry (Morus spp.) and its relevance to breeding programs, Euphytica. 131, 53-63.
Wessler, S.R. (1996) Plant retrotransposons: Turned on by stress. Curr. Biol. 6, 959- 961.
Wu, J., Krutovskii, K.V. and Strauss, S.H. (1999) Nuclear DNA diversity, population differentiation, and phylogenetic relationnships in the California closed-cone pines based on RAPD and allozyme markers. Genome. 42, 893-908.
Wright, S. (1978) Evolution and Genetics of populations. Vol.4. Variability within and among natural populations. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Yang, L., Yang, S.T., Weid, X.H. and Gui, J.F. (2001) Genetic diversity among different clones of the gynogenetic silver crucian curp, Carassius auratusgibetio, revealed by transferrin and isozyme markers. Biochem. Genet. 39, 213-225.
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Effect of different poultry wastes on physical, chemical and biological properties of soil
B.A.
Alabadan
Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria.
* Corresponding author's E-mail: topealabadan@yahoo.co.uk
author
P.A.
Adeoye
Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria.
author
E.A.
Folorunso
Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria.
author
text
article
2009
eng
The effect of poultry waste application on physicochemical and biological properties of sandy clay loam soil was investigated on a 7m X 7m plot of land. Plot was divided into four portions and 7.5kg each of broiler, cockerel and layers waste was applied to plot A, B, and C in slurry form while plot D was used as control(no application) for eight weeks with two weeks interval. After the fourth application, samples were taken from the plot for laboratory analysis. The results showed that all the wastes have effect on the soil properties with the cockerel waste having the highest effect on the electrical conductivity of the soil. It was between 121.0 and126.1mS. Cockerel waste has the highest BOD5, porosity and organic matter content of the soil which were 52.00mg/l,0.67 and 27.50mg/l, respectively. What can be deduced from this is that while application of poultry wastes improves soil properties, it also increases soil salinity and cockerel waste is recommended because it has ability to increase the porosity and organic matter content of soil.
REFERENCES
Abd El- Hady, B.A. (2005) Relations between some soil properties and soil moisture constants using path analysis. Egyptian J. Appl. Sci. 20,358-370.
Agasimani, C.A. and. Hosmani, M.M. (1989) Response of groundnut (Arachis hypogea) crop to farmyard manure, nitrogen and phosphorus in fallow coastal sandy soils. J. Oilseeds Res. 6, 360-363.
Barth, C.L. (1985) Livestock characterizationA new approach in agricultural waste utilization and management. Trans. ASAE 4, 286-291.
Bauer, A. and Black, A.L. (1992) Organic carbon effects on available water capacity of three soils textural groups. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56, 248-254.
Gupta, S. and Larson, W. (1999) Estimating soil water retention characteristics from pore size distribution, organic matter percent and bulk density. Indian J. Water Res. 15, 1633-1635.
Meck, M. and Westman, C.J. (2002) Water retention capacity in coarse podzol profile predicted from measured soil properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66, 1-11.
Sharma, M.P. and Bali, S.V. (1998) Effect of rice residue management and wheat yield and soil properties in rice-wheat cropping system. Indian J. of Agric. Sci. 68, 695- 696.
Stephenson, A.H., McCaskey, T.A. and Ruffin, B. G. (1989) Treatment to improve the feed nutrient value of deep stacked broiler litter. J. Dairy Sci. 11, 441-448.
Tayel, M.Y. and Abd El- Hady, B.A. (2005) Water movement under saturated and unsaturated flow in coarse textured soils under Baharia oasis conditions. Egyptian J. Appl. Sci. 20, 358-370.
USDA, (1998) United State Department of Agriculture. Monthly Bulletin. 50, 1-40.
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Impacts of food processing industry on some environmental health and safety factors
O.
Chukwu
Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Nigeria.
E-mail: chuogbo@yahoo.com
author
text
article
2009
eng
In developing countries, it is common to site (or locate) industries without environmental impact assessment. In this study the impacts of two food processing industries on land use and land capability, noise and vibration, environmentally sensitive areas and visual quality as environmental elements were investigated. The research method adopted was the investigative survey research approach (ISRA) which included the collection of baseline and screening data. Noise level was determined using the decibel scale. The impacts of the industries on land use and land capability, noise and vibration, environmentally sensitive areas and visual quality included: displacement of agricultural production, quarrying activity and fishermen; loss of forestry and pasture lands; cracks on buildings near or adjacent to the industries due to vibrations from heavy machines; noise pollution from processing machines leading to hearing loss/impairment; reduced shell-fish yield; increased commercial and social activities; and distortion of visual content and coherence. The need for environmental impact auditing and the importance of impact auditing as a project management tool were highlighted. It was concluded that the food processing industries do have positive and negative impacts on the environment and recommendations towards alleviating negative impacts were made. REFERENCES Ajisegiri, E.S.A., Chukwu, O., Odigure, J.O., Jimoh, O.D., Adeniyi, O.D. and Olagunju, R.O. (2002) Environmental impacts from industrial operations: case study of food processing industries in Nigeria. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of Nigerian Association of Teachers of Technology, Minna, Nigeria, 18th – 22nd November 2002, pp. 368 - 371, ISBN: 1119 - 4278. Anazodo, U.G.N. (1975) Systems Approach to Farm Mechanization in Nigeria. Nig. J. Techn. 1, 7 - 10. Anikwe, M.A.N. and Nwobodo, K.C.A. (2002) Long term effect of municipal waste disposal on soil properties and produ ctivity of sites used for urban agriculture. J. Biores. Techn. 83, 241 - 250. Chukwu, O., Ajisegiri, E.S.A., Onifade, K.R. and Jimoh, O.D. (2007) Environmental impact auditing of food processing industry in Nigeria: the case of climate and air quality. AU J. Techn. 11, 77- 85. Chukwu, O. (2008) Performance Evaluation of Locally Manufactured Rice Threshers in Niger State. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 3, 602 – 606. Dalzell, J.M. (2000) Food Industry and the Environment in the European Union: Practical Issues and Cost Implications. Springer, Netherlands. 2nd Ed. 348 p. Hauschild, M. and Wenzel, H. (1998) Environmental Assessment of Products, Vol. 2, Scientific Background. Chapman and Hall Publishers, London. 950 p. Kupchella, C.E. and Hyland, M.C. (1993) Environmental Science: Living within the System of Nature. Kentucky, USA: Prentice-Hall International Inc. 3rd Edn., 579 p. Olesen, J.; Wenzel, H.; Hein, L. and Andreasen, M. M. (1996) Design for Environment. Danish Environmental Protection Agency and Confederation of Danish Industries. Copenhagen, Denmark. Partidario, M. (1996) Strategic environmental assessment: key issues emerging from recent practice. Environ. Impact Assess. Review. 16, 31 - 57. Sadler, B.V. (1996) Strategic Environmental Assessment: Status, Challenges and Future Directions. Report 53: Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency and International Association for Impact Assessment, Hull, Quebec, Canada.
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https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1015_6375ed8c72475771c8273ae540fb2ed5.pdf
Scenario of solid waste management in present Indian context
R.
Rajput
Department of Environmental Science Vishveshwarya Institute of Engineering and Technology Dadri, Gautam Budh Nagar-203 207, Uttar Pradesh. India.
* Corresponding author's E-mail: drrajeevrajput@gmail.com
author
G.
Prasad
Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar - 249 404, Uttarakhand. India.
author
Chopra
A.K.
Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar - 249 404, Uttarakhand. India.
author
text
article
2009
eng
A trend of significant increase in municipal solid waste generation has been recorded worldwide. This has been found due to over population growth rate, industrialization, urbanization and economic growth. Consumerism speed has been found very high covering around more then 50% of total population since last decade due to higher economic growth, which has ultimately resulted in increased solid waste generation. Municipal solid waste generation showed different trend and a positive correlation with economic development in term of kg/capita/day solid waste generation at world scale. Municipal solid waste generation has been recorded much higher in western and some eastern developed countries. Solid waste generation kg/capita/day was found 2 kg in USA, 1.89 kg in Australia, 1.8 kg in Canada, 1.83 kg in Ireland, 1.1 kg in Belgium and Switzerland, 0.99 kg in Spain, 0.96 kg in Italy, 0.85 kg in Mexico and Greece during 1992 as per report and expected to be increased at least 25% by 2005 due to population and economic revolution. Similarly solid waste generation in several developing countries and cities has been found in South East Asia region. Some important data can be mentioned such as 1.2 kg in Changging (1997), 0.6 kg in Shanghai (1993), 0.88 kg in Beijing (1991), 1.17 kg in Hong Kong residential cities and 3.9 kg commercial (1994), 1.5 kg in Tokyo, 2.7 kg in Osaka, Japan (1993), 0.66 kg in Jakarta, Indonesia (1993), 1.29 kg in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1989), 0.53 kg in Metro Manila Philippines (1995), 0.5 kg in Khulana, Dhaka, Chittagong, 0.4 kg Sylhat, Bangladesh (1991). Total Solid waste generated in Tons/day would be proportionate to the population of specific city in that specific/mentioned year. Population growth and solid waste generation in India has varying trend and correlation between population and solid waste generation of specificity is not necessary to be applicable. Population growth and solid waste generation in India has varying trend and correlation between population and solid waste generation of specific city is not necessary to be applicable. Population increased from 8.2 to 12.3 million in Mumbai during the period of Ten years (1981-97) at the rate of 49%. Similarly the population growth has been found to rise exponentially in other Indian cities; however, the growth rate may be varying. Trend of urbanization played significant role in enhancement of solid waste generation and in India it was 27.8% in 2001 and expected to reach 41% by 2021. In certain Indian cities, Solid waste generation has been found in 1995 was 0.64 kg in Kanpur, 0.52 kg in Lucknow, 0.4 kg in Varanasi, 0.59 kg in Ahemadabad and 0.44 kg in Mumbai. Currently total solid waste generated in India is around 42 million tons annually. Waste generation varies from 200-600 kg/capita/day and collection efficiency ranges from 50-90%.
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Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
University of Guilan
1735-3033
7
v.
1
no.
2009
45
53
https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1016_14710f8de32aadb591c5a5d0c5574b0f.pdf